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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NIT SILCHAR

Chemistry investigatory project on

“ANTIBIOTICS & TETRACYCLINE”

Submitted by - Chirag Das. Submitted to- Mrs. Manju Ma'am

Class - XI
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the investigatory project entitled
“ ANTIBIOTICS & TETRACYCLINE” has been
successfully completed by CHIRAG DAS , Roll no. 33
of Class XI in the session 2022-23 under the
guidance of Mrs. Manju Rani of KV NIT,
SILCHAR.

SUBJECT TEACHER PRINCIPAL

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Contents:-

Introduction
Different classes of antibiotics
Tetracycline and it's need
Chemistry of tetracycline
Mechanism of action
Adverse affects
Monitoring
Reference
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Introduction

Antibiotics are compounds that target

bacteria and thus are intended to treat
and prevent bacterial infection. This
project will examine the various classes of
antibiotics, their mechanism of action,
bacterial susceptibilities and potential
adverse events.
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Different classes of antibiotics

1.Aminoglycosides: Tobramycin, gentamicin,

amikacin.

2.Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins,

carbapenems): Amoxicillin, cefazolin,
meropenem.

3.Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin,

moxifloxacin.

4.Glycopeptides: Vancomycin.

5.Cyclic Lipopeptides: Daptomycin.

6.Nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole.
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Tetracycline and its need

Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is

an oral antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of
medications, used to treat a number of infections,
including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague,
malaria, and syphilis. Common side effects include
vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and loss of appetite.

Tetracycline is used to treat infections caused by

bacteria including pneumonia and other respiratory
tract infections; ; certain infections of skin, eye,
lymphatic, intestinal, genital and urinary systems;
and certain other infections that are spread by
ticks, lice, mites, and infected animals.
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Chemistry of tetracycline

Tetracycline and its analogues have

basic chemical structure consisting
tetracyclic naphthacene carboxamide
ring system as shown in figure 1.
Tetracyclines which illustrate antibiotic
activity have a dimethylamine group at
C4 in the ring A, whose existence is
necessary to show antibiotic properties.
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Mechanism of action

Protein synthesis is an essential requirement of

any cell. It involves the use of ribosomes, whose
job is to translate an mRNA code into functioning
proteins. In eukaryotes, this occurs on ribosomes
with the 40S and 60S subunits. In prokaryotes,
such as bacteria, protein synthesis occurs using
ribosomes with the 30S and 50S subunits. At
these sites, the ribosome transfer RNA (tRNA),
which is charged with an amino acid, binds to the
mRNA template. The subsequent binding of each
tRNA charged with an amino acid contributes to
the formation and elongation of cellular proteins.
Tetracyclines specifically inhibit the 30S ribosomal
subunit, hindering the binding of the
aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the
mRNA-ribosome complex. When this process
halts, a cell can no longer maintain proper
functioning and will be unable to grow or further
replicate. This type of impairment by the
tetracyclines makes them “bacteriostatic.”
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Adverse affects
Tetracyclines can commonly cause GI distress,
including abdominal discomfort, epigastric pain,
nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. While taking
tetracyclines, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of
bone growth in children may occur. Some patients
experience photosensitivity, which can manifest as a
red rash or skin blistering. Photosensitivity reactions
can be lessened by avoiding direct sunlight and
tanning equipment or wearing sunscreen and
protective clothing when outdoors.[11]

More rarely, tetracyclines can cause hepatotoxicity

and might exacerbate preexisting renal failure.
Further, there have been reports of esophageal
ulceration and strictures from tetracycline use, which
can typically be avoided by taking the drugs with
adequate water and staying upright following usage.
Further, intracranial hypertension (IH, pseudotumor
cerebri) correlates with tetracycline use.

Lastly, all antibiotics have implications in the

development of Clostridioides difficile associated
diarrhea, including the tetracycline class of
antibiotics.
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Monitoring
The dosing of tetracyclines is different in adults and
children. Adults may receive 1g total of tetracyclines
daily, which can be broken up into 500 mg twice a
day or 250 mg four times a day. Higher doses may be
given for more severe infections, such as 500 mg
four times a day. Pediatric patients above eight years
old can receive a daily dose of 25 mg/kg up to 50
mg/kg, divided into four equal doses.

Normal levels of tetracyclines achieved in the serum

after oral dosing range from 2 to 5 mcg/ml. The
majority of tetracyclines require dosing two to four
times daily to maintain therapeutic concentrations in
the serum. That said, doxycycline and minocycline
have longer elimination half-lives and permit once or
twice daily dosing.

Achieving adequate serum concentrations of

tetracyclines may be impaired by antacids that
contain aluminum, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, or
sodium bicarbonate. Thus, certain foods high in these
cations, as well as some dairy products, may
interfere with absorption.
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Reference

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549905/#
:~:text=Tetracyclines%20specifically%20inhibit%
20the%2030S,to%20grow%20or%20further%20re
plicate.