I. C.

ENGINES
C-7
Part - II
I. C. ENGINES

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

OTTO CYCLE OTTO CYCLE

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE
PROCESSES

(0-1) : Suction of Air at constant atmospheric

pressure
(1-2) : Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic
compression of air
(2-3) : Reversible heat addition at constant
volume
(3-4) : Reversible adiabatic expansion of air
(4-1) : Reversible heat rejection at constant
volume
(1-0) : Exhaust of Air at constant atmospheric
pressure

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE

THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF OTTO CYCLE (O)

QR
o  1
QA

QA = Heat added during process (2 - 3)

QR = Heat rejected during process (4 - 1)
QA = (Q)2-3 = m Cv (T3 – T2)
QR = (Q)4-1 = m Cv (T4 – T1)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE

THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF OTTO CYCLE (O)

QR m C v (T4 - T1)
o  1   1
QA m C v (T3 - T2 )
T4 - T1 T1  T4 / T1   1
o  1   1
T3 - T2 T2  T3 / T2   1
T1  T4 / T1   1
o  1 
T2  T3 / T2   1
- - - - - - - - - (A)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (O)

Considering process (1 – 2), reversible

Adiabatic or Isentropic compression
 1
T2  v1 
  rc         i
 1
  
T1  v 2 

Considering process (3 – 4)
 1  1
T3  v 4   v1 
  rc        ii
 1
     
T4  v 3   v2 

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (O)

from (i) & (ii)

T2 T3 T4 T3
           iii
T1 T4 T1 T2
Putting (iii) in equation A, we get

T1 T4 / T1   1
o  1 
T2 T3 / T2   1

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 OTTO CYCLE THERMAL EFFICIENCY (O)

T1 1
o  1   1
T2 T2 T1

1
O  1 
 rc   1

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE
DIESEL CYCLE

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE
PROCESSES

(0-1) : Suction of Air at constant atmospheric

pressure
(1-2) : Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic
compression of air
(2-3) : Reversible heat addition at constant
pressure
(3-4) : Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic
expansion of air
(4-1) : Reversible heat rejection at constant
volume
(1-0) : Exhaust of Air at constant atmospheric
pressure

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE
PROCESSES

Point 3 is called cut off point

Cut off point is that point at which
heat supply is cut off or stopped.
In actual case at cut off point,
in diesel engine, Diesel supply to the
engine is stopped means FVC is cut
off point.
FVC : Fuel Valve Closed.

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE
RATIOS

rc, re,  [Defined such that all ratios are > 1]

Volume before compression V1 V4
rc   
Volume after compression V2 V2

Volume after expantion V4 V1

re   
Volume before expantion V3 V3

Volume after heat addition

  Cut off Ratio 
Volume before heat addition
V3

V2

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE
RATIOS

Relation between rc , re ,  :

V4 V2 V4 V2 V1 V2 1
re        rc 
V3 V2 V2 V3 V2 V3 

rc
re 


Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE EFFICIENCY

QR
D  1
QA
QA = Heat added during process (2 – 3)
QR = Heat rejected during process (4 – 1)

QA = (dQ)2-3 = m cp (T3 – T2)

QR = (dQ)4-1 = m cv (T4 – T1)

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DIESEL CYCLE EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL CYCLE
QR m C v T4  T1 
D  1   1
QA m Cp T3  T2 
T4  T1
D  1 
 T3  T2 
Converting in to More Usable form rc, , 
Try to convert T2, T3, T4  T1

1    1 
  1   1  
rc      1 

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

DUAL CYCLE DUAL CYCLE

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE PROCESSES

(0-1) : Suction of Air at constant atmospheric

pressure
(1-2) : Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic
compression of air
(2-3) : Reversible heat addition at constant
volume
(3-4) : Reversible heat addition at constant
pressure
(4-5) : Reversible adiabatic or Isentropic
expansion of air
(5-1) : Reversible heat rejection at constant
volume
(1-0) : Exhaust of Air at constant atmospheric
pressure

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
DIFFERENT RATIOS (rc , re , , )

rc , re ,  ,  [Defined such that all ratios are > 1]

Volume before compression V1 V5 V5
rc    
Volume after compression V2 V2 V3
Volume after expantion V5 V1
re   
Volume before expantion V4 V4
V4

V3

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
DIFFERENT RATIOS (rc , re , , )

rc , re ,  ,  [Defined such that all ratios are > 1]

Volume after heat addition
  Cut off Ratio 
Volume before heat addition
V4

V3

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
Relation between rc , re , 

V5 V3 V5 V3 V1 V3 1
re        rc 
V4 V3 V3 V4 V2 V4 

rc
re 


Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
Relation between rc , re , 

All ratios are exactly similar as in

Diesel Engine, the new ratio is

p3
  Explosion ratio  Pr essure ratio 
p2

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE EFFICIENCY OF DUAL CYCLE

QR
Dual  1
QA
QA = Heat added during process
(2 – 3) & (3 – 4)
QR = Heat rejected during
process (5 – 1)

QR QR
Dual  1  1
QA Q A1  Q A 2

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
EFFICIENCY

QA1 = (Q)2-3 = m cv (T3 – T2)

QA2 = (Q)3-4 = m cp (T4 – T3)
QR = (Q)5-1 = m cv (T5 – T1)
m C v T5  T1 
Dual  1
m C v T3  T2   m Cp T4  T3 

Dual  1 
T5  T1 
T3  T2    T4  T3 

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj

 DUAL CYCLE
EFFICIENCY

Converting in to More Usable form

rc, , , 
Try to convert T2, T3, T4, T5  T1

1     1 
Dual  1   1  
rc      1    1 

Thermal Engineering By R. Krishnani for 3rd Semester RAC, IERT, Prayagraj