ENGLISH

TYPES OF LISTENING
6. Empathetic or therapeutic

1. Informal Listening – listening listening – to help you see from

with the goal of learning, other people’s perspectives

understanding, and grasping 7. Critical Listening – if you need

information. It is considered a to analyze complex information,

passive form of listening you’ll need to use critical

because the listener is ot listening. To evaluate what’s

judging, criticizing, or evaluating being said.

the message but simply

listening to understand it. WRITING METHODS

2. Discriminative Listening – uses

tone of voice, verbal cues and Cornell – summary

other changes in sound. Outlining – using numbers

3. Biased Listening – is also known Mapping – maps

as selective listening. They will

only listen for information that Paraphrase – restate in your own

they specifically want to hear. words.

4. Sympathetic Listening – it is Knowledge of Vocabulary –

driven by emotion. Instead of increasing mastery of vocabulary

focusing on the message through techniques like learning a new

spoken through words, the word a day.

listener focuses on the feelings Refraining from Judgment – requires

and emotions of the speaker. an open mind. Refrain from judging

5. Comprehensive Listening – people.

comprehensive listening Info listening – make sure you receive

requires language skills. People the same thoughts which speakers are

use comprehensive listening to trying to convey.

understand what someone is Don’t judge or argue prematurely –

saying using words. try to understand the speaker’s ideas

before judging them.
Look for key ideas – listen carefully to
the speaker to find out the main ideas
that he or she is trying to convey.
Concentration – we need to be
motivated to focus.

Memory – with good memory, we can

recall experiences and information
from our lives.
LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH,
CAMPAIGN AND ADVOCACIES
These terminologies include: theories,
● Language plays a huge role
concepts, variables, hypotheses, and
in our lives. More than just
serving as a way for us to
communicate with one another,
language also enables us to
inform, entertain, influence, and
persuade others. This is usually
the case when we engage
various fields of interest like
doing research work,
campaigning for a specific
cause, and supporting an
advocacy. While the fields differ
to some extent, one common
aspect that can be observed is
the use of a common language.
● Research makes use of
formal, academic, and
persuasive language to
communicate discussions and
present corresponding findings
for variable studies.
a. In the case of
research studies, the
language a researcher
uses also adds up to how
reliable and convincing
the research findings can
be.
b. Familiarizing
terminologies associated
with research studies is
also important.
samples.
● Campaign and advocacies
are two closely related
concepts.
Seen in form of speeches, print-
based materials, songs, video
clips, and informational
advertisements, among others.
● Campaign, usually social or
political in nature, is technically
defined as a planned set of
activities that people carry out
to attain a certain goal or
objective.
a. A well planned
speaking activity that
convinces listeners to
adhere to the speaker's
ideas.
b. Convincing the
listeners can be achieved
by employing strong and
emphasized persuasive
language leaving them
with good and
impressive points to
remember.
● An advocacy, meanwhile,
refers to activities that argue,
plead, support, or favor a
certain cause.
 a. Usually aim to
influence decision
making especially with
issues involving social,
political, environmental
and economic
perspectives.
LANGUAGE FEATURES OR DEVICES
EMPLOYED IN PERSUASIVE WRITING
● Emotive Language – involves
the use of words that evoke
emotions and make people feel
a certain way. Through the use
of words that appeal to emotion,
the writer can sound more
convincing. This is a commonly
used technique when writing
headlines in newspapers or
delivering speeches.
● Modal Verbs – the use of
words that express modality
helps adjust the level of
certainty of events to suit
arguments, when carefully
chosen, these words can help
improve the quality of
persuasive writing.
● Involving the Reader – this is
done through the use of
personal pronouns and
indicative words. Using these
words establishes a connection
between the author and the
reader. This way, the issue is
made personal and more
important to the readers.
● Rhetorical Questions – these
are questions that are not
supposed to be answered.
Instead, they are asked for
effect, to illustrate a point or let
a reader think. The use of
questions that sometimes state
the obvious can convince the
reader to agree on the points
being presented.
● Using Evidence – this
involves the use of facts, figures
or quotes from experts to
highlight the writer's authority
and make the arguments
presented more convincing.
● Repetition – this technique
involves repeating keywords,
phrases, or ideas to appeal to
the readers.
● Adjectives and Adverbs –
using carefully selected
adjectives and adverbs makes it
possible for the writer to
influence how the reader feels.
● Association – this technique
tries to link an object or an idea
with something already liked or
desired by the target audience
such as wealth, success,
pleasure, and security.
● Bandwagon – commonly
used by advertisements, this
persuasion technique makes
the audience believe the idea
that everyone is doing it or that
everyone likes something.
 ● Experts – this means relying
on expert advice from trusted
people like doctors, scientists,
and other professionals for
things that the audience doesn't
know. The idea that these
experts are risking their
credibility to support an object
or idea makes the persuasion
more effective
ARGUMENTATION
● While expressing claims/opinions
about an issue seems to be easy,
writing argumentative texts, such as an
argumentative essay, is actually not.
● One must know the structural
patterns and must have a clear
understanding.
● Sometimes called persuasive
writing because it seeks to
convince readers.
● Requires a writer to analyze a
topic or an issue. It further
emphasizes the writer's
agreement/disagreement on a
particular opinion.
● Proposition is very essential
in argumentative writing. It
serves as a point of reference of
the argumentative writer. It is
where a writer decides whether
to express their agreement or
disagreement. In doing so, it is
necessary that they gather
information and/or evidence to
support their stand.
KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF
ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
● Basic Component – claim,
reason behind the claim, and
evidence to support the claim.
● The idea of argumentative
writing may vary from one writer
to another.
● The structure of developing
an argumentative essay largely
depends on how a writer intends
to present their ideas using
evidences.
● As an essay is usually made
up of an introduction, body,
and a conclusion,
argumentative essays may use
a pattern or structure that
confronts how a writer intends
to present and further establish
a point.
● Various patterns of how an
argumentative essay is
presented:
a. Pattern A: thesis statement, first
pro, second pro, con(s) +
refutation(s), conclusion.
b. Pattern B: thesis statement,
con(s) + refutation(s), first pro,
second pro, conclusion.
c. Pattern C: thesis statement,
first con + refutation, second con +
refutation, third con + refutation,
conclusion.
 ● In Pattern A, the thesis
statement is presented in the
topic sentence, followed by the
first set of pros (supporting
idea) relative to the thesis
statement. Then, the second pro
to further strengthen the claim,
followed by the presentation of
cons (counter-arguments) and
refutations. Lastly, summarizing
the ideas through a conclusion.
● Pattern B, meanwhile, is
almost similar to the first one.
The only difference is that it
presents the cons and
refutations first before the pros.
● Lastly, Pattern C, the simplest
flow of arguments. The three set
of cons along with their
refutations are provided. No pro
is given in this pattern. This
means that the conclusion
needs to focus on justifying the
refutations to fully support the
claim.
LANGUAGE FEATURES OF AN
ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
● Like in other forms of writing,
the use of language, particularly
the choice of words to be used,
is an essential consideration in
writing focused on proving the
worth of an argument or idea,
there is a need to choose words
that will contribute to the main
purpose of writing.
1. Modals – the use of
modal verbs like should
and must to express
suggestion and
obligation respectively,
contributes to the
achievement of
sentences that provide
support to the main
argument.
Examples: A. The public
should consider wearing
face shields as additional
protection against covid-
19 infection.
B. Every Filipino must
conserve water, energy
and other environmental
resources
2. The use of linguistic
particles helps indicate
the mood or attitude of
the writer with respect to
the ideas being
presented.
● Evaluative Language – the
use of evaluative language,
usually in the form of adjectives,
reflects the writer’s attitude
towards a certain idea. These
words expresses feelings,
opinions, or judgements on what
they’re describing.
● Transitions – the use of
appropriate transitional device
plays a great part in
maintaining the smooth flow of
ideas in an argumentative text.
 Depending on the need to
bridge one idea to another,
these words also known as
connectives, help achieve
coherence in writing. Through
these words, the danger of the
essay sounding like a group of
disjointed opinions can be
avoided.

OPINION OR ASSERTION

When we read or view different materials, it is a common reaction to have

something to say about what we have read or watched. These reactions
usually focus either on the material as a whole or on specific details that form
part of the material. Sometimes it can also be how we perceive, understand
and value whatever we got from reading or viewing a given material. The
most common reactions can be an opinion or an assertion.

OPINION
● A view, judgement, or appraisal drawn from facts.
● A concept or impression based on factual evidence.
● Changes often and reflects one person.
ASSERTION
● A declaration of expression of strong belief towards a particular topic, often
without evidence.
● Usually includes forceful or confident and positive statements regarding a
belief or fact.
● Compared to an opinion, an assertion—which is subjective—expresses
vindication, mostly with no support evidence.

COMMONPLACE ASSERTION (STEREOTYPE)

● These are statements that sound true but are generally based on common
opinions. ● Example: Men are stronger than women.
In order to easily recognize opinion or commonplace assertion in writing, one might
observe the use of the following words and phrases that signal or which are usually
employed in making these kinds of judgement:
I believe… It could must can
be said never not
In my
that alway best
opinion…
s/all wor
I am sure
Without st
that
question…
I feel that
● In English, assertion is usually formulated after exploring reading materials
such as stories or poems, or viewing a play. Assertions are usually written in
order for a writer to convey their ideas/feelings towards a particular work of
literature and convince or influence the readers to take and agree to their
ideas.
● A writer who is planning to come up with assertions may also find
collecting evidences from other writers a helpful thing.
● In a larger context, assertion may be used in both formal and informal
writing.

COMMON TYPES OF ASSERTION

● Basic Assertion – a type of assertion that directly expresses the writer’s
feelings and beliefs through simple statements. This type is usually used in
standing up for personal beliefs.
 ● Empathetic Assertion – involves expressing empathy and expounding on
how the writer understands the feelings and emotion of the literary author.
This type may be used in both formal and informal.
● I-Language Assertion – expresses the feelings and preferences of the
writer. This type is called I-language because the writer usually uses the
pronoun “I” in asserting disagreement. This type is often used in writing
reviews, reaction or reflection paper.

CLAIMS OF FACT
CLAIMS OF FACT, POLICY, AND
VALUE
Identifying one’s claim is an essential
skill when expressing opinion on a
certain issue especially in the field of
writing.
CLAIM
● Refers to a clear assertion
of a person’s ideas, opinions, or
propositions. The use of claims
may serve the purpose of
convincing or persuading
readers of a specific audience
to agree with a specific stand or
rationale on an issue. Generally,
claims may be classified as
claims of fact, value, and policy.
CLAIMS OF VALUE
● This category of claims
states something about things
in the past, in the present, and
in the future. This also deals
with ideas or claims that can be
proven or disapproved with the
help of factual evidence. This
fact claim is basically debatable
yet verifiable.
● Example: The 2020 national
budget amounting to PHP 4.1
trillion, which is 12% larger than
the 2019 budget, can really help
in boosting the economy
through various infrastructural
projects. (The claims focus on
the budget and the possible
result of its implementation in
terms of economic growth.
These can be proven or
disproven after actual
implementation of the target
infrastructure projects using the
given amount specified in the
national budget).
 ● A claim of value, also known
as a value claim, presents an
assertion as to whether
something is good or bad, or
one concept or idea is better
than the other. This also
emphasizes and weighs the
benefits of the subject matter.
This is debatable in native since
people may have different
opinions on a given claim or
concept.
● Example: Taking vitamins is
better than eating fruits and
vegetables in terms of boosting
your immune system. (This
claim is based on one’s opinion,
judgement or experience as to
which one is better than the
other. The claim may be truthful
to some but not to all).
CLAIMS OF POLICY
● A claim of policy supports
that an action should or should
not be done to address a
certain case or policy. Policy
claim indicates that an action
should be carried out either in
support or in opposition of a
particular argument.
● Example: The city’s health
department must learn from
how other cities successfully
address the concerns against
covid-19. (This claim supports
the idea of learning from the
best practices of other cities
leading to a particular call to
action).
EXPOSITION
● In writing, it is important to
have a clear sense of purpose.
● This merely presents or
provides information about the
topic/issue.
● Sometimes called
informational writing where the
writer provides facts on a given
topic in a way that is
educational and purposed.
KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN AN
EXPOSITION
● Clear and concise thesis
statement – usually presented
in the initial paragraph. The
thesis statement introduces the
topic or idea and provides
overall direction for the text.
● Clear transitions – the use of
clear and proper transitions will
give the introduction, the body,
and the conclusion together.
Without effective use of
transitions, the exposition may
seem like a disjointed collection
of sentences.
● A body that contains
evidence and support – while
most people might think of an
exposition text like an essay at
something that can be written
even without due research and
preparation. The use of
supporting evidences like
examples and explanations
form a huge part of a fact-
based expository text.
● An effective conclusion – it
is essential to remember that a
conclusion is not only meant to
summarize the ideas from the
introduction body. Instead, a
conclusion should tie the ideas
together while highlighting the
true essence of the main idea in
the text.