HST_1101: Pre-Cal Reviewer Solution:

Lesson 1: Arithmetic Sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

 Sequence 𝑎85 = 𝑎1 + (85 − 1)𝑑

- A sequence is a set of numbers {𝑎𝑛} whose
515 = 11 + (85 − 1)𝑑
elements called terms, are the range of the
function 𝑓(𝑛). 515 = 11 + 84𝑑
- The domain of 𝑓(𝑛) is the set of natural
numbers. 515 − 11 = 84𝑑
- The order of each term of a sequence
corresponds to the value of 𝑛. 504 = 84𝑑
- A sequence is finite if it has countable number of 504
terms while it is infinite if it has infinitely
countable number of terms. 84 = 𝑑
- The three dots (...) at the end of a given
sequence signifies that it is infinite. 𝑑=6

Example:
Example 1: Consider the function 𝑓(𝑛) = 2𝑛 + 5. Using 𝑎1 and 𝑑, generalize 𝑎𝑛 for each of the sequences
below:
a. Determine the sequence {𝑎𝑛} by listing the first three
terms. a. {1,11,21, 31,41, ... }

b. Find the 30th term of the sequence. b. {𝑥 + 1, 2𝑥 + 5, 3𝑥 + 9, ... }

Solution: Solution:

a. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛) = 2𝑛 + 5 a. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ; 𝑎1 = 1 ; 𝑑 = 10

𝑎1 = 𝑓(1) = 2(1) + 5 = 7 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + (𝑛 − 1)10

𝑎2 = 𝑓(2) = 2(2) + 5 = 9 b. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ; 𝑎1 = 𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑑 = 𝑥 + 4

𝑎3 = 𝑓(3) = 2(3) + 5 = 11 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 + 1 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)

{𝑎𝑛} = {7, 9, 11, ... }

b. 𝑎30 = 𝑓(30) = 2(30) + 5 = 65  Formula for the Arithmetic Series

 Series
- A series 𝑆𝑛 is the sum of the 𝑛 terms of a given
sequence. In summation notation 𝑆𝑛 is given by - First formula: first and last terms are given
the equation 𝑆𝑛 = ∑ni=1 ai - Second formula: common difference is given
Example:
 Arithmetic Sequence Given the 1st and the 20th terms of an arithmetic
- Is a sequence wherein the difference of every sequence as 7 and 102 respectively, find 𝑆20.
pair of consecutive terms is constant.
- This constant is referred to as the common Solution:
difference, denoted by 𝑑.
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1+𝑎𝑛)𝑛
2 -> first formula
 Arithmetic Series
- The sum of the terms in an arithmetic sequence. 𝑆20 = (7+102)20
2 = (109)20

 Formula for the nth term of an Arithmetic Sequence 2 = 2180

- 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 2 = 1090
Example:
Given the arithmetic sequence {9, 21, 33, 45, ... }, find The first term of an arithmetic sequence is 13, common
the common difference and the 100th term of the difference is 4. Find the sum of the
sequence.
first 30 terms.
Solution: Common difference: 21 − 9 = 𝟏𝟐 ; 𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1+(𝑛−1)𝒅]𝑛
𝑎100 = 9 + (100 − 1)(𝟏𝟐)
2 -> second formula
𝑎100 = 9 + (99)(𝟏𝟐)
𝑆30 = [2(13)+(30−1)𝟒]30
𝑎100 = 9 + (99 ∙ 𝟏𝟐)
2 = [26+(29)𝟒]30
𝑎100 = 9 + 1188
2 = [26+(116)]30
𝑎100 = 1197
2 = [142]30
2 = 4260
Given the 1st and 85th terms of an arithmetic sequence
as 11 and 515, respectively, find the common difference. 2 = 2130
 The sum of the first 30 terms of an arithmetic sequence 𝑎10 = 2 ∙ (−3)10−1
is 2130. If the first term of the
𝑎10 = 2 ∙ (−3)9
sequence is 13, find the common difference.
𝑎10 = 2 ∙ (−3)9
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1+(𝑛−1)𝒅]𝑛
𝑎10 = 2 ∙ -19683
2 -> second formula
𝑎10 = -39366
𝑆30 = [2𝑎1+(𝑛−1)𝒅]𝑛
2
The first and fourth terms of a geometric sequence are 2
2130 = [2(13)+(30−1)𝒅]30 and 16/27, respectively. Find
2 the common ratio of the sequence.
2130 = [26 + (29)𝒅](𝟏𝟓) Solution:
2130 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑟𝑛−1
𝟏𝟓 = 26 + 𝟐𝟗𝒅 𝑎4 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑟4−1
𝟏𝟒𝟐 = 26 + 𝟐𝟗𝒅 16
𝟏𝟒𝟐 − 26 = 𝟐𝟗𝒅 27 = 2 ∙ 𝑟3
116 = 𝟐𝟗𝒅 8
116 27 = 𝑟3
𝟐𝟗 = 𝒅 2
𝟒=𝒅 3=𝑟

Lesson 2: Geometric Sequence  Formula for Geometric Series

 Geometric Sequence
- A sequence wherein the ratio of every pair of
consecutive terms is constant. This constant is
referred to as the common ratio, denoted by r,
where 𝑟 ≠ 0. The first term cannot take the value
of 0. Example:
Given a geometric sequence where 𝑎1 = 7 and 𝑟 = 4, find
𝑆10.
 Geometric Series
- The sum of the terms in a geometric sequence.
Example:
Find the common ratio of the following sequences:
a. {3,6,12,24,48,96, ... } r=2
b. {800,400,200,100, ... } r=1/2
c. {2, −6,18, −54,162, ... } r=-3

Find the first four terms of the geometric sequence

defined by 𝑎𝑛 = (1/3)n-1
Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the sequence {6,
−12,24, −48, ... }.

 Formula for the nth term of a Geometric Sequence

- 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 ∙ 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
Example:
Given the geometric sequence {2, −6,18,54,162, ... },
determine the 10th term.
Solution:
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑎 1 ∙ 𝑟𝑛
 Formula for Infinite Geometric Series  Radian Measure
- Also known as the ratio between the length of
the arc intercepted by a central angle and the
length of the radius.
- Formula for the radian measure where 𝒔 is the
length of the subtended arc/arc length and 𝒓 is
Example: the length of the radius:
- 𝜃 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = 𝒔
A wealthy man decided to pledge P1,000,000 to a 𝒓
charity fund that aims to help orphans. He then thought
of a strategy to invest 10% less than the pledged amount
in the year that followed. On the third year, he invested
10% less than what he invested during the second year,
and so on. He also planned to entrust this deed to his
successor and hoped that his successor would also do
the same. If this deed continued indefinitely, what is the
total amount of donations that charity would have
received.

Example:
Lesson 3: Angles and Measurement
 Trigonometry
- Derived from Greek words “trigon” and “metron”
which means triangle and measure,
respectively.
- Branch of mathematics that deals with
relationships between the sides and angles of a
triangle.

 Angle in Standard Position and Coterminal Angles

- An angle is in standard position if the vertex is
 Angle
located at the origin and the initial side is on the
- Formed by two lines or rays intersecting at a
positive x-axis.
common point called the vertex.
- If the rotation is counterclockwise, the
- One ray or line determines the initial side, and
measurement is positive.
the other one determines the terminal side.
- If the rotation is clockwise, the measurement is
negative.
- Coterminal angles – angles in standard position
 Angle Measure having the same terminal side.
- Amount of the rotation done by the terminal side - ±180° 𝑜𝑟 ± 2𝜋
away from the initial side.
- Degrees (°) and radians (rad) are the two basic
unit used in angle measures.

 Conversion of Angle Measures from D to R and vice

- 1 revolution = 360° = 2𝜋
- 1° = 60’ (minutes)
- 1’ = 60’’ (seconds)
- Radian to degree = × 180°
𝜋
- Degree to radian = × 𝜋  Unit Circle
180° - Circle whose radius has a length of 1 unit.
 Reference Angle: (Mirror)  Product Identities
- Negative Q1 = Q4 & vice versa
- Negative Q2 = Q3 & vice versa

Lesson 4: Trigonometric Sequence

 Trigonometric Functions
Sin x = y
Cos x = x

 Reciprocal Identities

 SOH, CAH, TOA

 Pythagorean Identities

- Opposite side = katapat ng theta

- Hypotenuse = pinakamahaba/slanted  Even-odd Identities
- Adjacent = kung nasan ang theta

Lesson 5: Trigonometric Identities

 Sum and Difference

 Quotient Identities