1

Assignment Vector and Tensor Analysis

Problem 2. Prove that where n, k and a are constants.

a. grad r
r
=
r
:

2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3
1 2 3
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
grad r x x x
i i i x x x
x x x
x x x i x x x i x x x i
x x x
x x x
i i i
x x x x x x x x x
x i x i
x x x
= V + +
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
| | c c c
= + + + + + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
= + +
+ + + + + +
| |
| = +
|
+ +
\ .
( )
3 3
x i
grad r
r
+
=
r


b.
2 n n
grad r nr

= r :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
n
n
n n n
n n n
grad r i i i x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
i i i
x x x
n x x x x n x x x x n x x x x
i i
x x x x x x x

| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
| |
c + + c + + c + +
|
= + +
|
c c c
|
\ .
+ + + + + +
= + +
+ + + +
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2 2 2
2 3
1
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
2
n
n
n
i
x x
n x x x
x i x i x i
x x x
n x x x x i x i x i
nr

+ +
| |
+ +
|
= + +
|
+ +
|
\ .
= + + + +
= r



c.
3
k k
grad
r r
= r :
2

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 2 3
1/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
3/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1
2
2
k k
grad i i i
r x x x
x x x
i i i k x x x
x x x
k x x x k x x x k x x x
i i i
x x x
k
x x x x

| |
| | c c c
| = + +
|
|
c c c
+ + \ .
\ .
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
| |
c + + c + + c + +
|
= + +
|
c c c
|
\ .
|
= + +

\
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3
3/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
3
2 2
2 2
k k
i x x x x i x x x x i
k x x x x i x i x i
k
x i x i x i
x x x
k
r

| | | | |
+ + + + + +
| | |
. \ . \ .
= + + + +
(
(
= + +
(
+ + (

= r

d.
2
ln grad r
r
=
r
:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
3 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1
2
1
ln ln
ln ln ln
2 2 2
2 2 2
grad r i i i x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
i i i
x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
i i i
x x x x x x x x x
x
x
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
c + + c + + c + +
= + +
c c c
+ + + + + +
= + +
+ + + + + +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 3
2
x x
i i i
x x x x x x x x
x i x i x i
x x x
r
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ +
=
+ +
=
r




e. ( ) ( ) ' grad r r
r
=
r
:
3

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
' ' '
'
'
grad r i i i r
x x x
r r r
i i i
x x x
r x r x r x
i i i
r r r
r
x i x i x i
r
r
r

| | c c c
= + +
|
c c c
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
= + +
= + +
=
r


f.
( ) grad = a r a:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
grad i i i a x a x a x
x x x
a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x
i i i
x x x
a i a i a i
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
c + + c + + c + +
= + +
c c c
= + +
=
a r
a

g.

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ' r
grad r r
r

= + (

r
a r a a r
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2
1 1 2
' '
grad r i i i a x a x a x r
x x x
a x a x a x r a x a x a x r a x a x a x r
i i i
x x x
a x a x a x r x a x a x a x r x
a r i a r
r r




| | c c c
= + + + + (
|

c c c
\ .
c + + c + + c + + ( ( (

= + +
c c c
+ + + + (
= + + +
(

a r
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
| |
( )| |
( ) ( )
| |
( ) ( )
( )
2
1 1 2 2 3 3 3
3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
'
'
'
'
i
a x a x a x r x
a r i
r
a x a x a x r
a r i a r i a r i x i x i x i
r
a x a x a x r
r a i a i a i x i x i x i
r
r
r
r

(
(

+ + (
+
(

+ +
= + + + + + (

+ +
= + + + + +
= +
r
a a r

Problem 3: Prove that .where n, k, a and c are constants.

4

a. 3 div = r :

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 1
3
div x i x i x i
x x x
x x x
x x x
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
c c c | |
= + +
|
c c c
\ .
= + +
=
r


b.
( ) 3 div k k = r :

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
3
div k kx i kx i kx i
x x x
kx kx k x
x x x
k k k
k
| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
= + +
=
r


c.
3
0 div
r
=
r
:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
3 1 2
1 2 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3
3 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
5/ 2 5/
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
3 3
2 2
2
x x x
div i i i
r x x x r r r
x r x r x r
x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x x x x x x x




| | c c c | |
= + + + +
| |
c c c
\ .
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
c + + c + + c + +
= + +
c c c
(
= + + + + +
(

r
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 5/ 2
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 3 3
3/ 2 3/ 2 3/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
5/ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
5/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3
3
2
2 2
3 3
0
0
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x

( (
+ + +
( (

+ + + + + + + + +
(
= + + + + + + +

= + +
=




d.
( ) 3
n n
divr n r = + r :

5

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3
1 2 3
/ 2 / 2 / 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 2
2 2
2 2
n n n
n
n n n
n n
div r x x x x i x x x x i x x x x i
x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
n n
x x x x x x x x x x

| | c c c
(
= + + + + + + + + + +
|
(
c c c

\ .
c + + c + + c + +
= + +
c c c
(
= + + + + +
(

r
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
2
3 1 2 3 3
/ 2 / 2 / 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3
1
2 2 2 2
2
1 2 3 1
2
2
3
n
n n n
n n n
n
n
n
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
nx x x x nx x x x nx x x x
x x x
n x x x x

( (
+ + +
( (

+ + + + + + + + +
( ( (
= + + + + + + + +
( ( (

+ + +
(
= + + +
(

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
/ 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 1 2 3
/ 2 / 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
/ 2
2 2 2
1 2 3
3
3
3
3
n
n n
n
n
x x x x x
n x x x x x x
n x x x
n r
+ + + +
= + + + + +
= + + +
= +


e.
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ' div r r r r = + (

r :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 2
2
' ' '
3 '
3 '
3 '
div r r x i r x i r x i
x x x
r x r x r x
x x x
x x x
r r r x r x r x r
r r r
x x x
r r
r
r
r r
r
r r r






| | c c c
= + + + + (
|

c c c
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
= + + + + +
( + +
= +
(

(
= +
(

= +
r





f.
( )
2 n n
divr nr

= c r c :

6

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
/ 2 / 2 / 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
2 2 2
2
1 1 2 3 1 2
2
2 2
n n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n
div r r c i r c i r c i
x x x
r c r c r c
x x x
r r r
c c c
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
c c c
x x x
n n
c x x x x c

| | c c c
= + + + +
|
c c c
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
c c c
= + +
c c c
c + + c + + c + +
= + +
c c c
| | |
= + + +
|
\ .
c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3
2
2 2 2
2
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
2
2 2
2
n n
n
n
n
n
x x x x c x x x x
n x x x c x c x c x
n x x x c x c x c x
nr

| | |
+ + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
= + + + +
= + + + +
= r c


g.
( ) 0 div = r c :

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 2 1
1 2 3
2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1
1 2 3
0 0 0
0
div
x x x
i r c r c i r c r c i r c r c
x x x
r c r c r c r c r c r c
x x x
| | c c c
= + +
|
c c c
\ .
| | c c c
= + + + + (
|

c c c
\ .
c c c
= + +
c c c
= + +
=
r c r c


h.
( ) ( ) 4 div = (

r r c c r :

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
4 4 4
4
div x i x i x i x c x c x c
x c x x c x x c i x x c x c x x c i x x c x x c x c i
x c x c x c x c x c x c x c x c x c
x c x c x c
x c x c x c
= V + + + + ( (

(
= V + + + + + + + +

= + + + + + + + +
= + +
= + +
r r c
( ) 4 = c r

i.
( ) ( ) div div = = ( (

a r c c a r a c :

7

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
div a i a i a i x c x c x c
x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i
a c a c a c
= V + + + + ( (

= V + + + + + + + + (

= + +
=
a r c
a c


( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
div c i c i c i x a x a x a
x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i
a c a c a c
= V + + + + ( (

= V + + + + + + + + (

= + +
=
c a r
a c

j.
( ) 2 div = (

r a c a c :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1
{
div
a i a i a i x c x c x c x i x i x i a c a c a c
x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i
x a c x a c x a c i x a c x
= V ( (

= V + + + + + + + + (

= V + + + + + + + + (

+ + + +
r a c a r c r a c
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
2
2
} a c x a c i x a c x a c x a c i
a c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c a c
a c a c a c
a c a c a c
+ + + + (

= + +
=
= + +
= a c

k.
( ) 2 div = (

r a r a r :

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 3
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
{
div
a i a i a i x x x x i x i x i a x a x a x
x a x a x a c i x a x a x a i x a x a x a i
x a x a x x a x i x a x x a x a x
= V ( (

(
= V + + + + + + + +

(
= V + + + + + + + +

+ + + + +
r a r a r r r a r
( )
( )
2
2 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
} i x a x x a x x a i
a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
(
+ + +

= + +
=
= + +
= a r