CARBOHYDRATES

short-term energy
storage (sugar).
Major
source of intermediate-term
energy energy storage
(starch and
glycogen).
 CARBOHYDRATES
As structural components in cell
membranes
cellulose in the cell walls of
plants and many protists.

chitin in the exoskeleton of

insects and other arthropods.
 (Park and Kim, 2010)

(Kumar, 2000)
 CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates or saccharides (Greek: sugar).
 Contain three elements: C, H, O and combined
to form the formula of carbohydrate:
(CH2O) n where n = 3 or more.

 Each carbon atom in a sugar molecule carries

both a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (-
OH), except that one carbon atom always
contains a carbonyl oxygen (=O).
Carbohydrates have the following basic composition:
I
(CH2O)n or H - C - OH
 Monosaccharides: I
 Simplest sugars with multiple OH groups.
 Disaccharides:
 Two monosaccharides covalently linked.
 Oligosaccharides:
 A few monosaccharides covalently linked (2-10
monosaccharides).
 Polysaccharides:
 Polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or
disaccharide units (>10 monosaccharides).
 CARBOHYDRATES
 Basic units: monosaccharides.

 Different forms of monosaccharides:

 number of C
 position of carbonyls groups (aldehyde or
ketone)
 linear or circular (ring)
 rearrangement of H and O (α or β)

 The monosaccharides will link together to form

polysaccharides.
MONOSACCHARIDES
Monosaccharide:
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose

Galactose
 Monosaccharides
Simple sugars and cannot be further hydrolysed.

The
number of
carbon • (CH2O)n
atoms

The
functional
•Aldehyde
groups
present •Ketone
 Monosaccharides
1. The number of carbon atoms (CH2O)n
 Trioses (3 carbons): C3H6O3
 Hexoses (6 carbons): C6H12O6

2. The functional group present

 Aldehyde – the sugar is an aldose
 Ketone – the sugar is a ketose
Monosaccharides (Trioses)

Aldehyde
group

Keto
group
 Aldoses vs. ketoses
Aldoses Ketoses

Number Name of Number Name of

of mono- of mono-
carbon saccharides carbon saccharides
3 Aldotriose 3 Ketotriose

4 Aldotetrose 4 Ketotetrose

5 Aldopentose 5 Ketopentose

6 Aldohexose 6 Ketohexose
Aldoses vs. ketoses
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
 Oligosaccharides
 Contain 2-10 monosaccharide molecules.

 Based on the number of monosaccharide units

present, they are further subdivided into:
 Dissaccharides
 Trisaccharides
 Tetrasaccharides
 Pentasaccharides

17
Disaccharide:
• Maltose (glucose+ glucose)
wheat, cornmeal, barley

• Sucrose (glucose+ fructose)

Fruits & vegetables

• Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Dairy prodcuts
 Dissaccharides
 Consist of two monosaccharides.
 Condensation reactions link
monosaccharides together.
 Hydrolysis reactions split molecules and
commonly occur during digestion.
 Linked by a glycosidic bond.
© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth
Joining and cleaving sugar
molecules
 Hydrolysis of lactose

Lactose is a reducing
sugar composed of one
molecule of D-galactose
and one molecule of D-
glucose joined by a β-
1,4-glycosidic bond.
 Polysacharide
 Used as storage forms of energy or as
structural materials.
 Composed of large numbers of
monosaccharide units (hundreds to
thousands) connected by glycosidic
linkages.
 May have linear structure (cellulose or
amylose) or branched shapes (glycogen
and amylopectin).