GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

•First Semester ꞁ S.Y. 2022-2023

Transport
Mechanism
TYPES OF
TRANSPORT
MECHANISM
 CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
The main the concentration of a substance
between two areas

AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION

GRADIENT

AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION

GRADIENT
 PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Refers to movement of materials in the cell membrane that does not
require energy
• The movement of molecules in passive transport is from an area of
higher concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration
gradient
TYPES OF
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
SIMPLE DIFFUSION •the movement of particles down their
concentration gradient
• Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the
cell membrane

• Water diffuses across a

membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area
of low concentration.
Levels of
Tonicity
 Levels of
Tonicity
•Tonicity refers to the
concentration of solutions in each
side of the membrane. Tonicity will
dictate the movement of solvent
across the semi-permeable
membrane
Pre-activity

Watch the video

Answer the
https://www.youtube.com/wat guide questions
ch?v=SrON0nEEWmo
that follows:
Guide Questions:
1. What happens to the egg after submerging it in vinegar for a
couple of hours?
2. What causes the egg to swell after submerging it in vinegar for a
couple of hours?
3. What happens to the egg after submerging it in corn syrup for a
couple of hours?
4. What causes the egg to shrink after submerging it in corn syrup for
a couple of hours?
5. What happens to the egg after submerging it in water for a couple
of hours?
6. What causes the egg to swell after submerging it in water for a
couple of hours?
 Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher
concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water)

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts
open (cytolysis)!
 Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower
concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water)

shrinks

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks
(Plasmolysis)!
 Isotonic Solution
Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the
concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size!
(Dynamic Equilibrium)
Interactive Red Blood Cell
Click
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
• the movement of larger
molecules like glucose through
the cell membrane
• Because larger molecules are
less to non permeable to the
phospholipid bilayer, molecules
will enter via integral proteins
like channels and uniporters
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOWER to
HIGHER concentration gradient.
• Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the
concentration gradient.
• Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
 EXAMPLES OF
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
PROTEIN PUMPS- are transmembrane proteins, which are involved in
the active transport of ions across the membrane against the
concentration gradient.
Ex: Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding blood vessels to be
carried to the lungs for exhaling. Blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide compared to the
cells, so energy is required to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from LOW
to HIGH concentration.

outside of cell Carbon Dioxide molecules

inside of cell
 + +
SODIUM (Na ) – POTTASIUM (K ) PUMP

THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP SYSTEM FOR EVERY ATP MOLECULE THAT THE PUMP
MOVES SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS AGAINST USES, THREE SODIUM IONS ARE EXPORTED AND
LARGE CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS. TWO POTASSIUM IONS ARE IMPORTED
BULK TRANSPORT
• Happens when large amount of
materials passes through the
membrane.
• This time, integral proteins are not
enough so large vesicles will be used
to transport the materials.
EXOCYTOSIS
• Happens when large amount of
materials exits the cell
• membrane surrounding the material
fuses with cell membrane
• Ex: Hormones, Cellular Wastes
ENDOCYTOSIS

• Happens when large amount of

materials enters the cell.
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis is the mechanism by which very large
molecules (such as food and wastes) get into and out of the cell

Food is moved into the cell by

Endocytosis

Wastes are moved out of the

cell by Exocytosis
Ex: White Blood Cells,
which are part of
the immune
system, surround
and engulf bacteria
by endocytosis.
TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS
•Pinocytosis – Cell drinking.
Liquid enters the cell
•Phagocytosis – Cell eating.
Solids enter the cell
 TRANSPORT MECHANISM

PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

FACILITATED DIFFUSION OSMOSIS SIMPLE DIFFUSION BULK TRANSPORT NA/K PUMP

TONIC LEVELS EXOCYTOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED
HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS
Assignment

• Quiz 7.1