1.

Delhi Sultanate
 Sultanate ----: Iqta (provinces) headed by Muqti------: Shiqs (Shiqdar)------:
Paragana (Amil)---------: Village (Muqaddam or Chaudhri)
 Nazirs and Waqfs: staff to collect revenues at provincial level
 Village accountant: Patwari
 Walis and Amirs: newly appointed in-charges of provinces. Enjoyed higher
status than muqtis

2. Mauryas
 Rajyukas , Pradeshika, Yuktas (district administration)-----> Gopa----->
Gramini
 Amatyas: civil servants for day to day administration
 Samharta: Chief of Revenue Dept.
 Dharmathikarin: CJI type
 Adyakshas: dept of commerce and industry ; controlled wholesale and
retail prices

3. Gupta
 Bhuktis (Uparika)----> Vishyas (Vishyapatis)-------> Nagara (Nagar Sreshtis)---
-----> Gram (Gramikas)
 Kumaramatyas and Ayuktas: provincial adminitration

4. Chola Administration
 Mandalams (provinces) headed by royal princes-------> Valanadus (district)
headed by periyanattar-------> Nadus (Tehsil) headed by nattar
 Town called nagaram headed by nagarnattar
 Administrative officials ---> perundanam and sirudanam
 Land Revenue dept.---> puravuvarithinaikkalam
 Residential portion of village ----> ur nattam
 Military Administration
 Royal troops: kaikkolaperumpadai
 King's personal troops: Velaikkarar
 Military Cantonments: kadagams
 Peruvazhis : trunk roads

JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020

Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh
 5. Vijaynagar Empire
 Four administrative units-- Mandalams, Nadus, sthalas and gramas
 King assisted by COM ( hereditary but not always)
 Tax on -- land revenue, custom duty at ports, grazing tax, marriage tax, tax
on gardening, tax on manufacture of various articles.
 Land revenue-- four types of classified land --- the wet land, dry land,
orchards and woods. Dept for LR- Ashtavana
 Top grade police officers- nayaks or poligars. They were granted land in lieu
of their services-- amaram
 Police tax- Arasu Svatantram
 Soldiers paid in cash. Military dept. - Kandachara
 Village in charge for forced labour (vishti)
 Gauda- supervised admin of village
 Ayagar- body of 12 people conducted village affairs, were granted tax free
land.

6. Mughal Empire
 Wazir and Wakil saw its revival
 Wazir became too powerful ---> Akbar took away financial powers
 Diwan-i-Kul: revenue and finances
 Mir Bakshi: military administration (appointment of mansabs)
 Sadr-us-Sudur: to protect Shariat law; Muhtasibs: appointed for general
observance of rules of morality
 Chief Qazi: CJI
 Mir Saman: in charge of royal karkhanas
 Empire-----> Subhas (Subedar)----> Sarkars (faujdar: administrative post +
Amalguzar: revenue collector)-------> Paraganas (Shiqdar: administrative
post + Amil: revenue + Quanungo: kept all land records)---------> Village
(Muqaddam: headman + Patwari: revenue records)
 Kotwals: in towns; records of people going in and out
 Mutasaddi: collected taxes on merchandise and maintained a custom
house.
JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020
Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh
  Banik : local traders
 Paintings
 Mir Syyaid Ali and Abul Samad - during Akbar's reign
 Panchatantra and Hitopadesha - miniature paintings estd by Akbar
 Jahangir- employed Abul Hasan, Bishan Das, Madhu, Anant,
Manohar, Govardhan and ustad Mansura
 Attempted to make 3d paintings. Oil paintings are missing.
 Fine Arts
 Tansen

7. Maratha Empire
 Prant--(province)--Subedars
 Taraf--(district)----Havaldar/karkun/paripatyagar
 Mauza--lowest unit of administration

8. Rashtrakutas
 Rashtras---states--rashtrapati
 Vishyas---districts---vishayapatis
 Bhukti- tehsil- Bhogapatis
 Village- Gram Mahajan

JAYANT SINGH RATHORE- AIR 59, CSE2020

Jayant & Rishabh UPSC CSE Notes & Strategy – https://t.me/jayantrishabh