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    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in networking and the internet. It discusses the chicken-or-egg problem of topics building on each other. It defines web browsers as clients that communicate with web servers over HTTP. It explains clients and servers more broadly and gives examples. It also covers protocols, standards bodies, HTTP requests and responses, URLs, domains, and an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS).

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    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in networking and the internet. It discusses the chicken-or-egg problem of topics building on each other. It defines web browsers as clients that communicate with web servers over HTTP. It explains clients and servers more broadly and gives examples. It also covers protocols, standards bodies, HTTP requests and responses, URLs, domains, and an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS).

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    5 views23 pages

    Csg1105 211 Module One

    Uploaded by

    hello.esolutioner
    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in networking and the internet. It discusses the chicken-or-egg problem of topics building on each other. It defines web browsers as clients that communicate with web servers over HTTP. It explains clients and servers more broadly and gives examples. It also covers protocols, standards bodies, HTTP requests and responses, URLs, domains, and an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS).

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    Module One

    CSG1105 Applied Communications

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 1 / 23


    Introduction

    The Chicken or the Egg? Which came first?


    In dealing with this material, we are often faced with this problem. One
    or more of the topics uses concepts from another topic we have not yet
    covered. It may seem that we are continually returning to topics
    already covered, but it may be necessary to deal with interactions
    Progression through the material is not necesarilly linear: you may
    need to revisit earlier topics multiple times

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 2 / 23


    What is a Web Browser?

    We’re all familiar with a Web browser, be it on a PC, Tablet or phone.


    We use it to access information in the way of text, images, audio, video
    or even applications.
    A Web browser is a HTTP Client
    It communicates with a Web Server, AKA a HTTP Sever
    We will look at HTTP a little later

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 3 / 23


    Client/Server 1

    Browsers, (Firefox, Chrome, Edge etc.) are Web clients and that Web
    sites host Web servers.
    So, what are clients and servers?
    Firstly, a negative definition: A server is not hardware
    A server is a process, running at an advertised location providing a
    service.
    A process is a running program. A single computer will have many
    running processes, some may be servers, some clients
    A client is a process that consumes the product of a service
    Generally, there are many clients using the service provided by a server
    simultaneously. Generally, client and server are on separate computers,
    but not always.

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 4 / 23


    Client/Server 2

    CSG1105 Applied Communications


    Figure Module
    1: Client/Server
    One 5 / 23
    Client/Server 3

    There are thousands of types of servers


    We will be covering a number of commonly used servers in this unit
    Some examples are:
    I Web (http) server
    I Email (smtp) server
    I DNS server
    I Directory (ldap) server
    I File (smb) server

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 6 / 23


    Protocols

    The clients and servers for any service communicate using an accepted
    protocol
    The previous slide identifies the protocols used
    (http,smtp,DNS,ldap,smb)
    A protocol is simply an accepted method of exchanging messages
    between the client and server
    Question: Who creates the protocols?

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 7 / 23


    Standards Bodies

    There are Open and Proprietary standards


    Some standards are created by International groups, some by Industry
    bodies
    Many protocols used on the Internet are Open standards
    Three of the major international organizations are:
    I The IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
    I The IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
    I The ISO - International Standards Organization

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 8 / 23


    HTTP Protocol

    We will use some simple HTTP messages to illustrate a protocol in


    action
    If you don’t specify a particular page on a Web server, it will return a
    default page, often index.html
    The browser will establish a connection to the web server (more on this
    later)

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 9 / 23


    Request

    A request is sent:
    GET / HTTP/1.1
    The request consists of:
    I the Method GET
    I the path ”/”
    I the Protocol Version 1.1
    I This line will be followed by a list of headers detailing the client

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 10 / 23


    Response

    If the page exists, it is returned with a protocol version from the server
    and a status code and message.
    This will be followed by headers giving details of the returned content.
    A new line then separates the headers from the content, in this case, a
    HTML page
    HTTP/1.0 200 OK
    Server: SimpleHTTP/0.6 Python/3.6.9
    Date: Tue, 04 Feb 2020 06:11:46 GMT
    Content-type: text/html
    Content-Length: 91
    Last-Modified: Tue, 04 Feb 2020 06:08:17e

    <html>

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 11 / 23


    Response for missing page

    If the page DOESN’T exist


    GET /badpage.html HTTP/1.1

    Error message
    HTTP/1.0 404 File not found

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 12 / 23


    HTTP 2

    The HTTP protocol has many more features which may be found in
    RFC2616 found at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616
    What we have looked at is an example of a request/response style
    protocol
    Many of the protocols used on the Internet follow this mode of
    operation

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 13 / 23


    Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

    The HTTP protocol allows the browser to make requests and receive
    responses over an existing connection
    Earlier, we defined a server as a process running at an advertised
    location
    The method of specifying a location is a Uniform Resource Locator
    (URL)
    The formal specification of URLs is documented in RFC 3986 available
    at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 14 / 23


    URL Syntax

    A simple URL consists of three elements


    I The Scheme
    I The Authority
    I The Path
    Using the address from the previous slide as an example:

    https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 15 / 23


    Scheme

    The scheme is the Protoco used for the connection


    Some examples of protocols used in URLs
    I HTTP
    I FTP (file transfer protocol)
    I mailto (send to email address)
    I file (a file on the client computer)
    There are many other protocols, some of which are now obsolete
    e.g. gopher

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 16 / 23


    Authority

    The Authority provides the location of the resource


    The syntax is userinfo@host:port
    For the moment, we are going to focus on the host and consider the
    others later The host portion of the Authority is a Fully-Qualified
    Domain Name (FQDN) which we will look at later

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 17 / 23


    Path

    The Path locates where the resource is stored on the target machine
    The Web server has a tree structured set of folders to contain content
    The path specifies where in relation to a specified root folder
    As a machine may implement more than one web server, this is usually
    a virtual location

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 18 / 23


    FQDN

    FQDN - Fully Qualified Domain Name


    An FQDN is the complete domain name computer on the Internet
    It consists of two parts:
    I The host name and
    I The domain name An example: www.curtin.edu.au

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 19 / 23


    DNS - Domain Name System

    Your phone has a Contacts app that don’t have to remember them

    Stan 0412 345 678


    Lee +64 0422 987 655

    Stan 0412 345 678


    Lee +64 0422 987 65
    DNS is the ”Contacts app of the Internet” A world-wide distributed
    directory service used to index computers, services and other resources
    DNS is a protocol with cleints and servers
    It is a tiered system, where each level has delegated control over a
    portion of the namespace
    One purpose is to translate human readable FQDN strings into a
    numerical address (IP address)

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 20 / 23


    DNS

    root

    .com .gov .au .nz .tv

    .edu .com .gov .net

    .ecu .uwa .curtin .iinet .bigpond

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 21 / 23


    Tracing a DNS Query

    1 Our browser sends a query to ECU’s DNS server


    2 ECU’s web server queries the .edu.au root server for Curtin’s DNS
    server address
    3 The .edu.au server returns the address of Curtin’s DNS server
    4 The ECU DNS server sends a query to the Curtin DNS Server
    5 The Curtin DNS server returns the address ofwww.curtin.edu.au
    6 ECU’s DNS server returns the address of www.curtin.edu.au to
    the client PC
    7 The client PC can use the address to contact www.curtin.edu.au

    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 22 / 23


    DNS Query

    Figure 2: DNS Query


    CSG1105 Applied Communications Module One 23 / 23

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