INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2 - BIOLOGY
higher concentration to an area of lower
SLG 15.1 - TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
Cell Membrane
It serves as a gatekeeper of the cell-also called as
fluid mosaic. It has 3 primary components:
phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrates.The
fluidity of the cell membrane is essential to its ability
to control the movement of substances into and out of
the cell.
Phospholipid bilayer
Primary structure responsible for the semi-permeable
of the cell membrane.
2 parts: Hydrophilic head (always face the watery
surroundings), hydrophobic tails (“water-heating”,
avoids water).
Proteins - also help in cellular communication
Carbohydrates - help in cell recognition, the ability to
distinguish one cell from another.
TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
Passive transport
does not require of energy or ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) - the energy currency of life.
happens when substances move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
(The three types of passive transport are diffusion,
osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.)
Diffusion - movement of molecules from an area of Active transport
energy is needed to transport materials, across the
concentration.
membrane.
(ex: Applying cologne)
energy is needed because the movement is against
Osmosis - special type of diffusion which focuses on the concentration gradient.
the movement of water molecules across the
moves from an area of low concentration to an area of
membrane.
high concentration.
a. isotonic
- when a cell is in its natural
environment
- normal and functioning
b. Hypotonic
- solution outside the cell has lower
concentration water will move into
the cell & the cell will swell and
burst. Endocytosis
c. Hypertonic
encloses material within a vesicle inside the cell.
- solution outside the cell has higher
solute concentration and water will “cellular eating” -> solid molecules -> phagocytosis
move out of the cell to dissolve the
extra solute. “cellular drinking” -> liquid molecules -> pinocytosis
- cell loses water, shrinks, and dies. Exocytosis
dumps its contents outside the cell
cell transports molecules out of the cell
vesice fuses its membrane
(pagawason ang proteins/waste products for or
anything na gi carry)
Facilitated diffusion - Diffusion of solutes through
transport of proteins ins plasma membrane.Molecules
pass through special gates called transport proteins.
___________________________________________
SLG 15.2 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Consumers get their energy from the food they eat,
such as plants, and other organisms, in a process
known as cellular respiration.
Internal and External respiration
Respiration has two major parts: the external
(physiological) respiration and the internal (cellular)
respiration.
External respiration, commonly known as breathing,
refers to the (inhalation) and releases air from the
body that brings air into the lungs (exhalation). It also
refers to the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide into the bloodstream through diffusion.
Internal respiration occurs at the cellular and tissue
level when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between the cells and the bloodstream in the blood
vessels. Internal respiration has two types: aerobic
and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
These types differ on whether oxygen is present or
absent.
Anaerobic respiration is a cellular respiration that
occurs without oxygen.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of
oxygen.
Internal respiration: gas exchange (carbon dioxide
and oxygen between the blood vessel and
tissue/cells.
cellular respiration allows our cells to get energy from
the food we eat. Food need to be digested and
broken down into smaller sugar, glucose. The energy
stored in glucose is transferred to ATP, which is the
energy-carrier molecule that provides the energy for
cellular (biological) processes.
(food - glucose - ATP)
Aerobic respiration
Glucose & oxygen undergo synthesis reaction,
producing ATP. CO2 and H2O are formed and
released as by products.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and
mitochondria of the cells of eukaryotes.
In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cytoplasm and the
special structure of their cell membrane.
Anaerobic respiration In photosynthesis, plants use the light energy from layer carries out photosynthesis and it s where gas is
the sun to build simple molecules of carbon dioxide stored.
Does not require the presence of oxygen to occur.
(CO2) and water (H2O) to move complex organic
Glucose undergoes decomposition, turning ATP
molecule sugar (C6H1206). Aside from sugar, water
which is caused by the cell and lactic acid in animals
(H2O) is also released during evapotranspiration and
or ethanol in plants, and yeast.
oxygen (O2) as the byproduct.
(New word - Evapotranspiration: Evaporation +
Transpiration-release of water vapor from plant
leaves)
CAM Photosynthesis
open stomata at night PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CHLORPLAST
avoid opening stomata at the heat of the day In all photosynthetic eukaryotes, photosynthesis
occurs in the organelle called chloroplast.
SLG 15.3.1 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
SLG 15.3.2 - PHOTOSYNTHESIS A double membrane organelle consisting of inner and
Humans - secondary consumers outer membranes.

Photosynthesis and Plant leaves

Primary consumers rely on the producers as their
food, while producers get their energy from the sun as
the primary source.
Producers, like plants, make use of the sun’s energy
to manufacture their own food in a process known as
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis. is a multi-step process by which
plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to
produce oxygen (as a waste product) and energy in
the form of sugar.
Photosynthesis occurs in leaves of plants, which are
basically composed of layers of cells: upper
epidermis, mesophyll, and lower epidermis.
The Lower epidermis typically contains small
openings called stomata, which regulate the release
of water and exchange of 6CO2 and O2. An
accessory cell called guard cell regulates the opening
and closing of each stomata.
Mesophyll, is composed of palisade (this is where
the chloroplast is stored) & spongy layers. The
palisade layer is where most of the chloroplasts are
found that efficiently captures sun’s energy and where
photosynthesis is mostly carried out. The spongy
Organelles:
Thylakoid (captures/traps the light) - a disc-shaped
structure where chlorophyll is embedded in its
membrane.
Each thylakoid has luman, which is an internal space
between the thylakoid and membrane.
Granum (pl: grana) - a stack of thylakoids, which
aims to form the third membrane later of the
chloroplast.
Stroma - a liquid-filled space that surrounds the
granum.

STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis involves two stages that occur
sequentially: light-dependent reactions and
light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). As the
name implies, light-dependent reactions occur with
the aid of sunlight while light-independent reactions
occur even without sunlight. These two stages are
compared in the table below.
In the light dependent reactions, the different
processes occur simultaneously. The green pigments
chlorophyll in the chloroplast captures light energy
and becomes highly energized, this is called
photoactivation. Water absorbed by the plants
through its roots will be broken through the process
called photolysis into its constituent molecules
Hydrogen (H + ) and Oxygen (O2 ) through the
process called photolysis. Oxygen will then be
released in the atmosphere as a by-product.
An electron from water is removed and transferred to
NADP+ to form NADPH. In the process, a
phosphorus (Pi) is added to ADP to produce ATP.
ATP and NADPH are energy-carrier molecules, which
will be soon used in the light-independent reaction.
In the light-independent reactions, the energy from
the products of light-dependent reactions, ATP and
NADP, are used to drive the production of glucose.
After the energy from ATP and NADPH is used up,
they revert to ADP and NADP + , return to the
light-dependent reactions, and the process goes on
and on.
Additional notes:
Chlorophyll
- absorbs the light
- pigment can be found in chloroplasts
Pi - Inorganic Phosphorus
ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
Convert first to Acetyl CoA para ma transport to the
citric acid cycle.