Infinite Series

� 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0

Convergence Test

Alternate Series
∞
All series, especially lim 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ≠ 0 Series contain factorial or
Basic Series 𝑘𝑘→∞ Positive Series mixed � −1 𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 Absolute Convergence
telescoping series
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0

Limit Partial Sum P-Series

Geometric Series
lim 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 exist => Series converges
∞ Alternating Series Test
∞ 1 Divergence Test @ kth term test Integral Test Ratio Test
𝑛𝑛→∞ � i) lim 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 = 0 Absolute Test
lim 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 does not exist => Series � 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 𝑝𝑝 lim 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⬚
𝑡𝑡
lim ∫ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 dx exist => Series converges 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+1 𝑘𝑘→∞
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑡𝑡→∞ 𝑘𝑘0 lim < 1, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+1
if ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 , converges
𝑘𝑘=0
diverges lim 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 = 0 ⇒ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ii) < 1 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑝𝑝 > 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘→∞
𝑡𝑡
lim ∫𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 dx does not exist => Series 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 => ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 absolutely
𝑟𝑟 < 1 𝑡𝑡→∞ 0
𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+1 converges
⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0 < 𝑝𝑝 ≤ 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 diverges ∑∞ 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 −1 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 , converges
lim > 1, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘
𝑟𝑟 ≥ 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+1 if ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 , diverges
𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = Harmonic Series lim = 1, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1 − 𝑟𝑟 ∞ Comparison Test 𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 and ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 converges
1 => ∑∞
� Substitution 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 conditionally
𝑘𝑘 converges
𝑘𝑘=1 ∑∞ ∞
𝑘𝑘=1 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, ⇒ ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝑝𝑝 = 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 if ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 , diverges
∞
∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ ∑∞ 𝑘𝑘=1 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
and ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 diverges
=> ∑∞
𝑘𝑘=𝑘𝑘0 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 diverges
Factorization

Limit Comparison Test

𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘
lim >0
L'Hopital 𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘

∑∞ ∞
𝑘𝑘=1 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ⇒ ∑𝑘𝑘=1 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∞ ∞

� 𝑏𝑏𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, ⇒ � 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘=1

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