Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 7
Module 7
MODULE 7
Welcome to Module 7! This module will expose you to more creative works,
this time focusing on the literary and/or sociopolitical contexts. These contexts will
help you not only to understand creative works better but also to relate them in the
lives of humanity. This module will also discuss the several orientations of creative
writing where you will be expected to produce a craft essay on your personal creative
process deploying a consciously selected orientation of creative writing. This
module has three lessons:
What I Know
Multiple Choice: To measure your knowledge of the concepts that this module
will develop, answer the following questions. Write only the letter of your answer.
2. Which approach uses “To what extent are the lives of the characters influenced or
determined by the social, political, and economic forces?” as one of its guide
questions in interpreting a work of literature?
a. Feminist b. Marxist c. New Historical d. Cultural
6. What lens can interpret the following lines from Mahasweta Devi’s Dhowli,
“…about her wedding she could not recall much because she must have been very
small at the time. She was sent to live with her husband when her body blossomed.
Her father had to take a large loan from the Misras for her wedding and sending off,
and he had to pay back the loan with his labor until he died. She remembered
nothing nice about her husband. He used to beat her”?
a. Feminist b. Marxist c. Historical d. Cultural
10. What literary theory also studies the members of the opposite sex and the roles
they assume and perform?
a. Cultural b. Feminist c. Marxist d. Historical
What’s In
In the previous lesson, we were able to discuss the elements of drama which
includes character, setting, plot, dialogue, and other literary devices. We also
learned about intertextuality which discusses relationships between texts
especially literary ones.
Finally, your one-act play scripts and concepts were brought into life through
your one-act plays applying your knowledge on the element of drama.
What’s New
⎕ 1.Behavioral
⎕ 2. Cultural
⎕ 3. New Historical
⎕ 4. Biblical
⎕ 5. Personal
⎕ 6. Environmental
⎕ 7. Marxist
⎕ 8. Elitist
⎕ 9. Feminist
⎕ 10. Naturalist
What is It
By now, you must have learned that literature is multi-
dimensional as it encompasses many aspects of society such as its
culture, beliefs, and ideology. This is so because its creator, the creative person, writes
from specific experiences and contexts.
It has been emphasized by our previous lessons that appreciating a creative work,
most especially works of literature, entails a skill that may be developed through
repeated experience and constant practice. Moreover, this regular savouring of the
beauty of literary works can be taken to another level when you want to partake in the
enlightening critical conversations among your teachers and fellow students about
works of literature especially the ones that tackle issues found in your society.
To develop this skill, you must learn a few critical approaches that you can use
to interpret literature. Some of these have been used in our previous analysis on
poetry, fiction, and drama/play. To make sure that you will be able to use these
approaches in our succeeding lessons, we will discuss some commonly used ones
taken from the book of Habib (2008).
After each definition and description, sample questions are given as guide
questions in analyzing a piece of literature using a particular critical approach. Finally,
sample literary pieces that can be analyzed through the lens of the previously
discussed critical approach are also enumerated.
Common Critical Approaches in Analyzing Literary Pieces
What kinds of gender identify, behaviour, and attitudes are reflected in the
work?
Literary pieces that can be studied using Cultural Studies include the
following:
Literary pieces that can be studied using the New Historical Perspectives/
New Historicism include the following:
Literary pieces that can be studied using the Marxist Perspectives include the
following:
Literary pieces that can be studied using the Feminist Perspectives include
Sample Critical Question:
the following:
How are the relations between men and women, or those between members
of the opposite sex, presented in the work? What roles do men and 1. “The
Wedding Dance” by Amador Daguio women assume and perform and with what
consequence?2. “The Virgin” by KerimaTuvera
3. “I’m Wife” by Emily Dickinson
What’s More
Matching literary approaches: Match the descriptions in B with the
literary/critical approaches in A. Write only the letter of your answer.
A B
a. Historical __________1. This approach breaches the
traditional understanding of the terms (like
teaching, learning, text, author among others) in
the process redrawing the limits that formerly
separated them.
What social, cultural, political, and historical issues did you discover or
rediscover through our readings? How are they similar or different from the
real issues that you know about? What approaches will enable us to discern
all of these issues?
What I Can Do
Unlocking of Difficulty: Before reading selection below, let us first define some
words that are used in the selection.
Read the excerpt of the short story entitled Dhowli, by Mahasweta Devi;
identify the cultural, historical, Marxist, and feminist contexts found in it.
Dhowli
An excerpt
(Taken from drlouisapicard.files.wordpress.com)
She thought a lot, while tending the goats alone in the woods. She thought
about everything she could remember from her childhood—going to the fair, perched
on her father’s shoulders; spending the day looking at all the shops with their
expensive things, and then coming home happy with a paisa worth of sesame candy.
Of her marital home, all she remembered where the two rooms, the days of work at
the farm of the moneylender to whom they were indebted, and her mother-in-law
making the gruel at the end of the day, for the men to eat first before the women ate
what was left over.
About her wedding she could not recall much because she must have been
very small at the time. She was sent to live with her husband when her body
blossomed. Her father had to take a large loan from the Misras for her wedding and
sending off, and he had to pay back the loan with his labor until he died. She
remembered nothing nice about her husband. He used to beat her. He died of
afever. After he died, her mother-in-lawasked her to stay on.
“You have to work at your mother’s place too in order to eat. Do the same
here.”
Dhowli knew that much: she could spend the rest of her life there, working all
day, clad in the widow’s borderless sari, coarse and short, working every day from
sunrise to sunset either on the creditors threshing floor or as some farmers’ labourer
or levelling the layer of brick pieces with a mallet making some road or other, and
then falling asleep by the side of her mother-in-law after eating whatever was there to
eat. But her husband’selder brother came there and started eyeing her. Her mother-
in-law then turned against her and Dhowli left.
Read the excerpt of the short story Unseen War by Antonio Enriquez. Identify
the cultural, historical, Marxist, and feminist contexts found in it.
That very second the first volley burst from the 80 canons of the Spanish
armada, Senor Capitan Esteban de Murga, Maestre de Campo General Felipe
Macombong, Battalion Commander Santiago the Handsomer, the guide Orancaya
Sofocan, and the musketeers, lancers, bowmen, artillery men, and foot soldiers,
sprang from waiting behind Sultan Kudarat’s stronghold.
They would have rushed up like soldiers do smelling certain victory but for the
thick bushes, thickets, woody trees, and rough land; instead they marched or tramped
quickly, fast, northeastward; the infidel Moros, however, were aware only of the
Spanish Armada facing them at the bay, not of the forces behind them on land; which,
meticulously and systematically, started burning everything in sight; cottas, sitios, and
villages of the heathen Moros.
What’s More
Multiple Choice: Please read the questions below and answer the
questions that follow. Write only the letter of choice.
1. What cultural practice can be inferred from the following lines, “About her wedding
she could not recall much because she must have been very small at the time. She
was sent to live with her husband when her body blossomed”?
a. Poverty b. Fixed marriage c. Education d. Prostitution
2. What could have been Dhowli’s experience after the wedding as revealed by the
following lines, “But her husband’s elder brother came there and started eyeing her.
Her mother-in-law then turned against her and Dhowli left”?
a. Happy b. Contented c. Miserable d. Boring
3. What era in Philippine history is shown in the following lines from Unseen War,
“That very second the first volley burst from the 80 canons of the Spanish
armada…the musketeers, lancers, bowmen, artillery men, and foot soldiers, sprang
from waiting behind Sultan Kudarat’s stronghold”?
a. Martial Law b. Japanese era c. American regime d. Spanish
conquest
4. What perspective contests the older definition of culture and looks not at the stable
coherences of a society or a civilization’s history but its conflicts?
a. Historical b. Cultural c. Marxist d. Feminist
5. What approach considers the literary work as a “product” in relation to the actual
economic and social conditions that exist at the time of the work’s composition?
a. Marxist b. Cultural c. Historical d. Feminist
Lesson
Orientations of Creative Writing
2
What I Know
Multiple Choice: To measure your knowledge of the concepts that
this module will develop, answer the following questions. Write only the letter of your
answer.
1. What type of writing goes beyond the bounds of professional, technical, and
journalistic writing?
a. Descriptive b. Creative c. Narrative d. Persuasive
4. What creative craft refers to the products of careful and deliberate choices of
words?
a. Word craft b. Structural craft c. Audible craft d. Visual craft
What’s In
In our previous lesson, we learned about situating a work of literature
into its cultural, social, and political contexts. We learned that even if
works of literature are imaginary, they somehow portray person,
events, places, and issues that are realistic.
In analyzing these literary works, there are critical approaches that can
be used to situate these products of imagination into the readers’ very own
consciousness and experiences.
Can you recall some of these approaches? What does the cultural
perspective reveal? How about the historical perspectives? What approach focuses
on how women are viewed in a society?
What’s New
Listen to Beyonce’s song entitled “Halo.” Then, fill out the table
below with the necessary information. Take a look at the example
first before proceeding on your own. The lyrics of the song are
provided below.
Halo by Beyonce
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is it
Creative writing is a different genre of writing. When writing
under this genre, it is essential that you learn its different
orientations. To understand this topic better, recall the craft of a creative writer. To
give you a clearer idea, let us go back to our definition of creative writing first.
Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal
professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically
identified by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use of
literary tropes or with various traditions of poetry and poetics.
The creative works that we have been analyzing in this subject are all
products of this craft that we will learn in this part of our lesson. Laminack (2007) and
Ray (1999) who referred to craft to it as the art of writing. Specifically, the writer’s
intentional use of the following to create an effect on the reader:
• Figurative language
• Snapshots/imagery/details
• Thoughtshots
• Word choice/word placement
• Sound/dialogue
• Sentence structure/stylistic devices
• Text features Text structure
1. Word Craft –This category refers to the usage of words in a text such
as the following:
• Print Features – Refers to the mechanics on how texts are printed such as
setting texts inbold and italics, choosing fontstyles and sizes, choice of
color, and use of punctuation marks
• Line breaks - Refers to the spacing of lines/paragraphs in a page
• White space – Refers to the area of a page where there are no texts or
images
• Graphics - Refers to the use of pictures, illustrations, charts, maps, and
other diagrams in a page
What’s More
Group the following pool of terms below into the four craft categories.
There should be three items under each craft.
- Word choice - Language
- Print features - Vivid verbs
- Parallel structure - Repetition
- Alliteration - Text structure
- Line breaks - Assonance
- Onomatopoeia - Graphics
Word Craft Visual Craft
Now that you have unlocked some difficult words, read the following
excerpt from Manuel E. Arguilla’s How My Bother Leon Brought Home a
Wife. Identify the literary devices (such as metaphor, simile, and
personification) and sensory details (such as words/phrases that make you feel,
see, smell, taste, and hear something).
How My Bother Leon Brought Home a Wife
(Manuel Arguilla)
She stepped down from the carretela of CaCelin with a quick, delicate grace. She
was lovely. She was tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was
on a level with his mouth.
"You are Baldo," she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails
were long, but they were not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are
in bloom. And a small dimple appeared momently high on her right cheek. "And this is
Labang of whom I have heard so much." She held the wrist of one hand with the other and
looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He swallowed and brought
up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his insides was like a drum.
I laid a hand on Labang's massive neck and said to her: "You may scratch his forehead
now."
She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long, curving horns. But she
came and touched Labang's forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped
chewing his cud except that his big eyes half closed. And by and by she was scratching his
forehead very daintily.
My brother Leon put down the two trunks on the grassy side of the road. He paid
CaCelin twice the usual fare from the station to the edge of Nagrebcan. Then he was
standing beside us, and she turned to him eagerly. I watched CaCelin, where he stood in
front of his horse, and he ran his fingers through its forelock and could not keep his eyes
away from her.
"Maria---" my brother Leon said.
He did not say Maring. He did not say Mayang. I knew then that he had always
called her Maria and that to us all she would be Maria; and in my mind I said 'Maria' and it
was a beautiful name.
The sun was in our eyes, for it was dipping into the bright sea. The sky was wide
and deep and very blue above us: but along the saw-tooth rim of the
Katayaghan hills to the southwest flamed huge masses of clouds. Before us the
fields swam in a golden haze through which floated big purple and red and yellow
bubbles when I looked at the sinking sun. Labang's white coat, which I had wished
and brushed that morning with coconut husk, glistened like beaten cotton under the
lamplight and his horns appeared tipped with fire.
He faced the sun and from his mouth came a call so loud and vibrant that the
earth seemed to tremble underfoot. And far away in the middle of the field a
cow lowed softly in answer.
"Hitch him to the cart, Baldo," my brother Leon said, laughing, and she
laughed with him a big uncertainly, and I saw that he had put hisput his arm around
her shoulders. "Why does he make that sound?" she asked. "I have never
heard the like of it."
"There is not another like it," my brother Leon said. "I have yet to hear
another bull call like Labang. In all the world there is no other bull like him."
She was smiling at him, and I stopped in the act of tying the sinta across
Labang's neck to the opposite end of the yoke, because her teeth were very white,
her eyes were so full of laughter, and there was the small dimple high up on her
right cheek.
"If you continue to talk about him like that, either I shall fall in love with him or
become greatly jealous."
My brother Leon laughed and she laughed and they looked at each other and
it seemed to me there was a world of laughter between them and in them.
I climbed into the cart over the wheel and Labang would have bolted, for he
was always like that, but I kept a firm hold on his rope. He was restless and would
not stand still, so that my brother Leon had to say "Labang" several times. When he
was quiet again, my brother Leon lifted the trunks into the cart, placing the smaller
on top.
She looked down once at her high-heeled shoes, then she gave her left hand
to my brother Leon, placed a foot on the hub of the wheel, and in one breath she
had swung up into the cart. Oh, the fragrance of her. But Labang was fairly dancing
with impatience and it was all I could do to keep him from running away.
• List down the literary devices such as metaphors, similes, personification that you
found in the excerpt.
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
• List down the sensory details that made you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel something
in the story.
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
Based on the same excerpt above, focus on the sound devices this
time and list down five examples
• List down the sound devices such as repetition of words and phrases, alliteration,
assonance, and onomatopoeia that you found in the same excerpt.
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
What I have learned
From this lesson, you learned about creative writing and how it is
different from other types of writing such as journalistic, technical,
scientific, and academic writing. This writing is characterized by
literary devices with emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use
of literary tropes or with various traditions of poetry and poetics.
What categories do word, structural, audible, and visual craft? How are
alliteration and assonance similar and different? What is the difference between
repetition and cadence?
What I can do
5. Which CRAFT acronym refers to the readers for whom the text is written for?
a. Topic b. Context c. Audience d. Format
Lesson Craft Essay
3
What I know
Multiple Choice: To measure your knowledge of the concepts that this module will
develop, answer the following questions. Write only the letter of your answer.
3. From what French word did the word essay come from?
a. Essai b. Esaie c. Essaye d. Eshay
What’s In
Last time, we talked about the writer’s craft which is the art of writing. It
is the writer’s intentional use of figurative language and other textual features to
create an effect on the reader.
What does it include? What craft refers to the careful, deliberate word
choice? What refers to organizational features? What are some examples of audible
craft?
What’s New
Titles of Creative Essay: Take a look at some essay titles below
and decide if these are written creatively. Write a check (√) mark
before each number if the titles can be used in creative essays.
What is It
Another genre of literature aside from poetry, drama, and short story
are the essays. The word essay came from the French word
“essais” (Cantular, 2011). Have you written an autobiography
before? How about writing on your embarrassing or unforgettable
experience? Or, your new years’ resolution as soon you came back to school from
the Christmas holiday?
An essay can be written by you on almost any subject reflecting your attempts
to express your experiences, ideas, and feelings about whatever topic you are
writing on. An essay may be written creatively especially the ones that are reflections
of a writer’s personal experience, feelings, and ideas. It uses ordinary, colloquial
language and is conversational in tone and style. It considers the following acronym
to make it effective:
• Content
• Role
• Audience
• Format Topic
There are different kinds of essays. According to Cantular (2011), essays are
classified into its content and purpose. Here are the tyoes of essays:
Just like any other prose composition, essays can be organized in the
following patterns or methods of organization.
B. Order of importance – In this order, ideas or steps are prioritized by the writer
or speaker according to a hierarchy of value. When using the order of importance
pattern of organization, information can be structured from most important to least
important or least important to most important.
What’s More
Matching the CRAFT: Match the terms that correspond to the CRAFT
acronym in A with their descriptions in B.
A B
_____1.Context a. The type of writing produced
_____2.Topic b. The situation for which you are
writing
_____3.Role c. The person or people for which
you are writing
_____4.Audience d. The voice with which you are
writing
_____5.Format e.The subject matter on which you
are writing
The first letters of the words in column A under Self-Test 3.1 will form an
acronym that will read as C-R-A-F-T. You will use this acronym to make sure that
your essay will fit the standards as a literary genre distinct from poetry, fiction, and
play.
You also learned about the different types of essays. Which types will you use
when you want to express your personal feeling, perceptions, and experiences? How
about when you want to expound or make something clear to the readers? How will
you express these essays? What method of paragraph development can writers
use?
What I can do
A. Chronological order
B. Order of importance
C. Sequential order
D. Spatial order
Additional Activity
Post-test
Multiple Choice: Read the following questions below and choose the best answer
from the choices. Write only the letter of your choice.
1. What critical approach relates the literary work with non-literary document written
at the same time?
a. Marxist b. Feminist c. Cultural d. New Historical
3. What composition is written about the personal experiences, ideas, and feelings of
the writer?
a. Poetry b. Essay c. Play d. Fiction
7. What critical approach sees literature’s value in promoting social and economic
revolution and social conditions that exist at the time of the work’s composition or the
time and place of the action it describes?
a. Feminist b. Marxist c. New Historical d. Cultural