In the field of astronomy:

1. Objects: Stars, planets, galaxies, black holes, nebulae, and other cosmic phenomena such as
supernova explosions and dark matter constitute the major focus of the main line.
2. Strategies: Thus, the astronomers use approaches like spectroscopy, radio astronomy, optical
astronomy, and high-energy astrophysics, including many advanced technologies such as space
telescopes or ground-based observatories.
3. Activities: The key activities are observational studies with telescopes, theoretical modeling,
computational simulations, data analysis, and publishing research results.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: The types of projects range from short-term studies (a
few months) to long-term missions covering many years or even decades. Generally, teams
include astronomers and astrophysicists, engineers and technicians, as well as international
scholars.
5. Budget: The amount of funding varies greatly based on the size of a project, from thousands
for minor research to billions for large space missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope or
the James Webb Space Telescope.
6. Success Indicator: Achievement of goals, for example, new celestial objects’ discovery,
theoretical model validation, advancing knowledge about the cosmos, and contributing to
technological advances in observational methods, serve as a measure of success.

Zoology
1. Objects: Animals are the main focus, and there is tremendous variety, from microscopic
organisms to complex multicellular forms such as invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
and mammals.
2. Strategies: Zoological research strategies are taxonomy, ethology, and ecology, which include
animal classification, their behavior, and how they interact with their surroundings,
respectively. It also encompasses genetic, molecular, and evolutionary studies in order to shed
light on life histories and adaptations.
3. Activities: Most activities in zoology involve fieldwork, including wildlife surveys and
ecological monitoring; laboratory research consists of genetic sequencing and physiological
experiments. Conservation measures such as breeding programs and rehabilitation of habitat
are also important.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: Projects may be considered short-term investigations,
such as seasonal behavior studies of animals, or long-term conservation and research programs
lasting years. The personnel consists of zoologists, wildlife biologists, ecologists, and
conservationists, potentially collaborating with other scientific fields in an interdisciplinary
manner.
5. Budget: Governments, universities, and private foundations typically provide funding for
conservation programs, which may range in size from specific grants for single research projects
to large budgets for larger-scale initiatives.
6. Success Indicator: Zoology is successful when there are major scientific achievements in
terms of the understanding of animal life, conservation and restoration of species and habitats,
as well as implementation into policy and environmental management.
Physics
1. Objects: Physics studies a variety of objects, from the smallest particles such as quarks and
electrons to large bodies like planets and the sun. It also discusses forces, energy, and the
essential laws of nature.
2. Strategies: Important physics strategies are empirical studies, mathematical modeling, and
numerical simulations. This multidisciplinary technique makes it possible to understand and
predict physical phenomena.
3. Activities: Activities in physics vary from laboratory and field experiments to theoretical
calculations and computer simulation. Physicists carry out observations by means of particle
accelerators, telescopes, and other specific equipment to test hypotheses and collect data.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: Research in physics may be lengthy, from temporary
investigations to longitudinal experiments as seen in particle and astrophysics. The personnel
involved are physicists, engineers, technicians, and sometimes interdisciplinary teams consisting
of mathematicians, computer scientists, etc.
5. Budget: The physics research budget is also highly divergent. Some projects, such as small-
scale laboratory experiments, might require a little funding; however, large-scale commercial
enterprises like the Large Hadron Collider need billions of dollars.
6. Success Indicator: Physics success is typically measured by verifying theoretical models
through experiments, discovering new phenomena or particles, and advancing our
understanding of the fundamental principles of nature, as well as by fostering technological
advancements through the growth of physics practice.

Chemistry
1. Objects: The main objects of observation in chemistry are atoms, molecules, compounds, and
different forms of matter—solid state, liquid state, and gaseous state.
2. Strategies: Chemistry approaches include experiments, theoretical modeling, and
computational simulations to describe the mechanisms of chemical interactions and reactions.
3. Activities: Some core activities in chemistry include experimentation, compound synthesis,
analysis of substances, and the development of chemical theories.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: Research projects can vary from short-term studies that
last a few months or one year to long-term research lasting several years or more. The people
involved are often chemists, laboratory technicians, research scientists, and academic staff.
5. Budget: The costs of performing chemistry research may also differ greatly, from thousands of
dollars invested in small-scale laboratory studies to millions associated with major projects or
the creation of novel drugs and materials.
6. Success Indicator: Chemistry success is typically defined by the identification of a new
chemical compound or the development of new materials and drugs, in addition to the
advancement in theory as well as making progress on chemical processes and technologies.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

1. Objects: While the main objects in AI are algorithms, data sets, neural networks, models of
AI, and computer systems.
2. Strategies: AI strategies involve such areas as machine learning (supervised, unsupervised,
and reinforcement learning), deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and
robotics.
3. Activities: Data collection and preprocessing, algorithm design, training models, validation
and testing of AI systems, as well as implementation, are major activities in AI.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: AI projects can be both short-term (a few months) and
long-term (several years). People who participate include data scientists, AI researchers,
software developers, project managers, and domain-specific specialists.
5. Budget: AI project budgets are highly variable. Small projects may not require much funding,
mostly for computing resources. Large-scale AI implementations, such as in use cases involving
autonomous vehicles or healthcare, may involve multi-million-dollar and even billion-dollar
spending.
6. Success Indicator: The effectiveness of AI task performance is typically measured by the level
of accuracy, fastness, and efficiency demonstrated by the system. Many other signs can include
an AI’s capability of improving decision-making processes, lowering costs, or creating new
knowledge in fields such as health care, finance, manufacturing, and recreation.

Genetics
1. Objects: The main objects of genetic research include DNA, genes, chromosomes, and
genomes. This field also studies the structure and behavior of genes at the molecular level,
behavioral aspects of genes within a cell or organism (such as dominance and epistasis),
distribution patterns, and gene population changes.
2. Strategies: Geneticists use a variety of strategies, such as gene cloning, genetic mapping, DNA
sequencing, genome editing (for example, using CRISPR-Cas9 technology), and computational
biology, to analyze genetic material and unravel its nature.
3. Activities: Major features include laboratory experiments (such as PCR and gel
electrophoresis), field studies, genetic screening and counseling, as well as bioinformatic
analysis of gene identification and comparison.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: The scope of research that falls under genetics can vary
from short-term investigations (9 months to a few years) such as genetic sequencing projects to
longstanding endeavors like genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or evolutionary genomics
studies spanning several years. The participants involve geneticists, molecular biologists,
bioinformaticians, and lab technicians, with a medical practitioner in some instances of clinical
genetics.
5. Budget: Genetic research project budgets range greatly based on the scale and intensity of
the project. At the same time, small-scale laboratory experiments may cost a modest sum, and
large projects like the Human Genome Project require billions.
6. Success Indicator: Success in genetics is measured through the discovery of new genes,
understanding gene function, establishing genetic links to diseases, developing genetic
therapies, and improving biotechnology/personalized medicine.
Aeronautics
1. Objects: Aircraft, engines, wings, and control systems, as well as other airplanes’ helicopters
and drones, are the first objects of interest in the aeronautics field.
2. Strategies: Strategies in Aeronautics typically consist of aerodynamic modeling,
computational simulations, and iterative designs that lead to increased aircraft efficiency, safety,
and environmental effectiveness.
3. Activities: The leading activities in this industry include designing and testing airplanes,
conducting wind tunnel tests, simulating conditions of flight completion, and conducting
research on their new materials and technologies for aviation.
4. Time Frame and Personnel Involved: The duration of aeronautical projects can range from
short-term design studies to years of development programs. The participants are mostly
aerospace engineers, pilots who test aircraft, mechanics, and researchers, often working with
partners from different fields such as government agencies, private aerospace companies, and
universities.
5. Budget: In aeronautics, budgets can vary widely between two extremes: small projects that
require several million dollars and mega-projects such as commercial or military aircraft
development, which can cost tens of billions.
6. Success Indicator: Success in aeronautics includes safe and efficient operation of aircraft,
innovations in aviation technology, meeting or exceeding design and performance goals, and
sustainability efforts.