Tryout #11 Pahamify (Literasi Bahasa Inggris)

Untuk menjawab soal nomor 1 & 2

Pandemic likely tipped Indonesia into first recession since 1998: Reuters poll

(1) KONTAN.CO.ID - JAKARTA. Indonesia’s assumed entry into its first economic recession
since the 1998 Asian financial crisis will probably be confirmed by third quarter gross domestic
product data (GDP) being released later this week, a Reuters poll showed on Tuesday.
(2) Authorities have predicted 3.5 million people in Southeast Asia’s largest economy could lose
their jobs due to the downturn caused by the novel coronavirus pandemic.
(3) The forecast roughly matched President Joko Widodo’s expectation for a contraction of just
over 3% during the latest quarter. “Indonesia’s economy has been hit hard by the crisis,” said
Alex Holmes of Capital Economics, who predicted a 2.5% contraction.
(4) Indonesia has the biggest COVID-19 outbreak in Southeast Asia with over 415,000
infections and 14,000 fatalities.
(5) The capital city Jakarta went into a second semi-lockdown for four weeks starting in mid-
September with rising cases straining its health system.
(6) The country has more recently reported fewer new COVID-19 cases, but epidemiologists
say this was a result of less daily testing.
(7) Twelve analysts who shared their view for full-year 2020 had a median forecast of 1.59%
GDP decline, compared with the official forecast of contraction in a 0.6% to 1.7% range. The
economy grew 5% last year.
(8) Government officials have pledged to accelerate spending to counter the pandemic’s impact
and push GDP back into growth in the current quarter.

1. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the economic situation is best described as
one of the following...
A. The author is realistic about the situation.
B. The author is hopeful about the growth.
C. The author is critical toward the government.
D. The author is optimistic about the future.
E. The author is uncertain about the future.
2. How did the author organize the passage?
A. Comparison and Contrast
B. Location
C. Chronological order
D. Listing
E. Cause and effect
Untuk menjawab soal nomor 3 & 4
(1) Two states in India, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Farmers have discovered a new kind
of pesticide. Instead of paying large sums of money to international chemical companies for
chemical pesticides, they are spraying their cotton and chili pepper fields with Coca-Cola.
(2) In the past month there have been reports of hundreds of farmers spraying cola on their
fields. Thousands of others are expected to make the switch to cola from the usual pesticides

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as word spreads about the new spray. A farmer in Andhra Pradesh interviewed by a local
newspaper said he was very satisfied with his new cola spray, which he applied this year to
several acres of cotton. He observed that the insects on his cotton plants began to die soon
after he sprayed his fields with cola.
(3) Local agriculture officials would not comment on this new development, except to note that
the cola spray cost considerably less than the pesticides produced by Monsanto, Shell and Dow
Chemical. The Coca-Cola Company already is in legal difficulties in Andhra Pradesh state,
where it has been accused of taking water away from farmers for its bottling plants. So far,
representatives of the Coca-Cola Company have refused to comment on the new use of their
product. It is not known if or how sales of the soft drinks have been affected, though it is likely
that the company may try to profit from this new market.

3. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Chemical pesticide is more expensive than Cola so the farmers prefer using Cola to
spray their fields.
B. Farmers have discovered Coca – Cola as a new kind of pesticide.
C. Coca spray could kill the insects more effectively than other chemical pesticides.
D. The Coca – Cola company has refused to comment on the new use of their product.
E. Local Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh agreed with the farmer’s discovery of the new kind
of pesticide.
4. What did the farmers do after discovering Coca – Cola as the new kind of pesticide?
A. The farmers did not use other chemical pesticides anymore.
B. The farmers bought a lot of cola spray and applied it to their fields.
C. The farmers used both cola spray and other chemical pesticides to their fields.
D. The farmers were very satisfied about the effect of Cola spray.
E. The farmers still use other chemical pesticides to their fields.
Untuk menjawab soal nomor 5 – 7
(1)Ecologists generally agree that trees and forests in the temperate zone will shift polewards in
a warming world. Much research has been focused on the advancing edges of these ranges.
Oddly, the retreating low-latitude and low-elevation limits of forests have been left largely
unexplored until very recently. This is despite grim forecasts: the retreat threatens multiple
ecological and socioeconomic services, and will require an active human response. Our
understanding of how forests will behave at these trailing ends is surprisingly insufficient.
(2)In the 1970s and 1980s, central Europe was hit by mass forest dieback. The damage
affected many commercial species, wiping out about 15% of oaks in a decade. Losses were so
serious that some countries kept their tree mortality data secret to avoid scaring importers. The
culprit was thought to be acid rain, pests or disease.
(3)Looking for alternatives to replace the threatened conifers in my native Hungary, I visited
Morocco in 1992 to investigate the Atlas cedar. I was struck by how the dense cedar forests of
the Moyen Atlas mountain range were bordered on southerly slopes with only scattered trees,
neighbouring crests on which all the trees were dead, and barren, stony hills in the distance.
This was the climatic tolerance limit of the Atlas cedar — a northward-shifting drought was
gradually killing trees, leaving ugly mass mortality at the trailing edge. I realized that the main
cause of forest decline in my own country could also be progressive climate change,
challenging the limits of genetically set aridity tolerance in local species, and making weakened

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trees more vulnerable to assault. The line between life and death — the 'xeric limit' — was
probably on the move.
(4)A workshop on xeric limits that I convened in May 2009 was unanimous that the issue has
wide-ranging ecological and evolutionary consequences, and requires a transdisciplinary
approach. Researchers should prioritize studies of how forest ecosystems respond to extreme
environmental stress, and of their mechanisms of persistence. More monitoring systems and
test plots of dominant species need to be established in areas where they will be threatened by
aridity. Long-term, ground-based or remote-sensing monitoring networks have to be adjusted to
improve the observation of forests, especially in drought-threatened flat-lands. These data will
be needed to improve models of xeric-limit shift and for adaptive resource management, land-
use policy and nature conservation.
(5)Tree populations that are close to xeric limits should be conserved, as they are better
adapted to water stress and thus are genetically valuable. Programmes for conservation of
forest genetic resources in Europe and North America should devote more attention to
endangered subpopulations, rather than simply concentrating on species as a whole.
(6)Some scientists argue that the climate selection effects on trees are ineffective and slow, or
that the large genetic variability and long lifespan of temperate trees will support their
persistence and regeneration. These views lead to the doubtful conclusion that there is no
urgency to develop a better understanding of the ecological and genetic conditions that lead to
local extinctions. Such arguments are particularly tenuous with regard to landscapes that have
been transformed by humans; here, little room is left for the balancing forces of spontaneous
natural processes.
5. How does the author start the passage?
A. Breaking general facts about the related research
B. Explaining the Morocco forest’s situation in the past
C. Relating general facts with the topic of discussions
D. Naming the obstacles factors in solving the issues
E. Suggesting alternative ways of solving the issues
6. What can be inferred from the text ?
A. The idea of xeric limit is under review for its accuracy in practical implementation.
B. Most people are still unaware of the definition of the xeric limit and its long term
damages.
C. There is no involvement from the government in solving the ranges widespread of xeric
limit.
D. The different individual perspectives among researchers leads to the slow move of the
xeric limit widespread preventions.
E. The widespread range is still under reasonable scale and is not yet leading into the local
and major extinctions.
7. What is the author’s perspective toward this passage?
A. European tree’s mass dieback was massive in the 70’s to 80’s.
B. The investigation in Morocco came up with unexpected results and worrying conditions.
C. Scientists’ different points of view cause uncertain conclusions in handling this issue.
D. The rest of still-green areas should be taken care of first in maintaining the diverse tree
varieties since they are considered as robust.

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E. Prioritizing the varieties close to the border is considered as an effective move in

inhibiting the xeric limit widespread.
Untuk menjawab soal nomor 8 – 12
(1) On July 24, 1911, American archeologist Hiram Bingham got his first look at the ruins of
Machu Picchu, an ancient Inca settlement in Peru that is now one of the world’s top tourist
destinations.
(2) Tucked away in the rocky countryside northwest of Cuzco, Machu Picchu is believed to have
been a summer retreat for Inca leaders, whose civilization was virtually wiped out by Spanish
invaders in the 16th century. For hundreds of years afterwards, its existence was a secret
known only to the peasants living in the region. That all changed in the summer of 1911, when
Bingham arrived with a small team of explorers to search for the famous “lost” cities of the
Incas.
(3) Traveling on foot and by mule, Bingham and his team made their way from Cuzco into the
Urubamba Valley, where a local farmer told them of some ruins located at the top of a nearby
mountain. The farmer called the mountain Machu Picchu, which meant “Old Peak” in the native
Quechua language. The next day—July 24—after a tough climb to the mountain’s ridge in cold
and drizzly weather, Bingham met a small group of peasants who showed him the rest of the
way. Led by an 11-year-old boy, Bingham got his first glimpse of the intricate network of stone
terraces marking the entrance to Machu Picchu.
(4) The excited Bingham spread the word about his discovery in a best-selling book, sending
hordes of eager tourists flocking to Peru to follow in his footsteps up the Inca trail. The site itself
stretches an impressive five miles, with over 3,000 stone steps linking its many different levels.
Today, more than 300,000 people tramp through Machu Picchu every year, braving crowds and
landslides to see the sun set over the towering stone monuments of the “Sacred City” and
marvel at the mysterious splendor of one of the world’s most famous man-made wonders.

8. Which of the following is TRUE about Machu Picchu?

A. Machu Picchu was found as ruins of an ancient Inca settlement in Prague.
B. Machu Picchu, which means “Old Peak”, was hidden for hundreds of years.
C. The existence of Machu Picchu was intentionally hidden by Inca leaders.
D. Machu Picchu is now considered a sacred historical site.
E. Machu Picchu is a tourist destination built and popularized by Bingham.
9. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To criticize the shift of purpose of Machu Picchu
B. To promote more tourism places in Peru
C. To provide a detailed origin and history of Machu Picchu
D. To inform readers about the discovery of Machu Picchu
E. To encourage readers to visit more tourist site like Machu Picchu
10. The word ‘splendor’ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to …
A. Grandeur
B. Magical
C. Existence
D. Nature
E. Simplicity

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11. How did Bingham reach the mountain?

A. Bingham and his team spent five days climbing the mountain until they arrived at the
peak.
B. The local farmer contributed to Bingham’s expedition by being a hiking guide.
C. Bingham and his team were led to the entrance of Machu Picchu by an 11-year-old boy.
D. There was a conflict between Bingham and the locals about the permit on finding Machu
Picchu.
E. Bingham and his team used several horses to climb the ridgy and cold mountain.
12. "For hundreds of years afterwards, its existence was a secret known only to the peasants
living in the region" in paragraph 2 is best paraphrased into …
A. The local farmer spent some time living around Machu Picchu.
B. The Machu Picchu remained hidden by locals for quite a long time.
C. Machu Picchu was not found after hundreds of years hidden by farmers.
D. Machu Picchu was considered a local treasure by the peasants.
E. Machu Picchu was not revealed to the public until hundreds of years later.
13. (1) Spotted Bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus maculatus) are best known for their nests, but
these birds are also capable of mimicking the vocalizations of many different species of
birds. It was believed bowerbirds were mimicking the sounds of predatory birds as a way of
defense, but a new study in Naturwissenschaften determined that is not the case, but
rather that stress and stressful situations account for the vocalizations they choose to
mimic.
(2) Dr. Laura Kelly from the University of St. Andrews led the team of researchers. Kelly
has been studying the bowerbirds for some time, and just last year published a study
in Biology Letters, “Vocal mimicry in male bowerbirds: who learns from whom?” In this
previous study, they looked at different male bowerbirds to determine if the male birds were
learning their vocalizations from other male bowerbirds or from the direct species
themselves.
(3) In studying 19 different male bowerbirds, they found that the males were not learning
from other males, but rather directly from other bird species, as each bird mimicked the
sounds in slightly different ways. In that study, Kelly believed that finding evidence that the
bowerbirds learned from their environment was only the start and planned to find out why
they mimic certain birds.
(4) This brings us to the recent study published in Naturwissenschaften. While it was
believed that these bowerbirds mimicked predators, Kelly and her team found that predator
calls accounted for only 20% of the calls the birds had learned. They found the birds were
mimicking sounds from “bully” species and aggressive birds, as well as alarms calls from
other species.
(5) From what the researchers determined, these birds mimic alarm and mobbing calls
(sounds birds make when their areas are violated by predators) of the different species in
their local environment. They believe the bowerbirds learn these vocalizations under
stressed circumstances and later reproduce the sounds when they themselves are
stressed. Kelly believes that this is the first study to suggest a possible link between stress
and vocal mimicry.
What can be concluded from Kelly’s final research?
A. Bowerbirds producing vocalization mimicry could be the result of a stressful situation.

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B. The reasons why bowerbirds mimic specific vocalizations are still under research.
C. Bowerbirds produce the same vocalization the way their predators sound.
D. The vocalization produced by bowerbirds is rather more unique than other species.
E. The predators are found to produce different sounds while attacking bowerbirds.
Untuk menjawab soal nomor 15 – 18
(1) Pure water is of course clear. However if it is deep enough, so that light cannot reflect off the
seafloor, it appears dark blue. This is largely because of some basic physics. Human eyes
contain cells capable of detecting electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between around
380-700 nanometres. Within this band, different wavelengths correspond to the different colors
we see in a rainbow.
(2) Water molecules are better at absorbing light that arrives in longer wavelengths, meaning
the reds, oranges, yellows and greens. This mostly leaves the blues, which have shorter
wavelengths. As blue light is less likely to be absorbed, it can penetrate to deeper depths,
making deep water look bluer. Light at a short wavelength is also more likely to be scattered or
deflected in different directions, including back out of the water towards our eyes, making the
sea appear blue.
(3) However, the purity of sea water varies. Particles suspended within it can increase the
scattering of light. Sand and silt carried into the sea from rivers, or kicked up from the seafloor
by waves and storms, can affect the colors of coastal waters. And organic detritus such as
decayed plant matter—known to scientists as color dissolved organic matter—can also
complicate the picture, by adding greens, yellows or browns.
(4) That's the physics. But even more important is the biology, because the biggest impact on
sea color is made by tiny organisms called phytoplankton. Usually smaller than a pinhead,
these single-celled algae use green chlorophyll pigments to capture energy from the sun to
convert water and carbon dioxide into the organic compounds that make up their bodies.
Through this photosynthesis, they are estimated to be responsible for generating about half of
the oxygen we breathe. Crucially, phytoplankton absorb electromagnetic radiation in the red
and blue parts of the visible light spectrum, but reflect greens, which explains why seas in which
they are thriving appear greener.
15. Which factor is NOT STATED to generate different colors in the ocean?
A. The water’s ability to absorb light
B. Particles scattering lights
C. Chemical reaction between water and lights
D. Human eyes’ responds to wavelength
E. The photosynthesis of phytoplankton
16. What is the difference between the physics and the biology of sea color?
A. Both physics and biology aspects of the water play roles in affecting the sea color
changes.
B. The physics aspect focuses on light and particles, while the biology aspect deals with
microorganisms.
C. The biology aspect such as phytoplankton’ photosynthesis is the only important factor
affecting sea color.
D. Since sea color deals with water, light, radiation, etc., the physics plays a major role in
determining sea color.

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E. There is not much difference between the physic and biology aspect in determining the
sea colors.
17. What can be inferred about sea color?
A. Contrary to popular opinion, the blue color doesn’t come simply because the sea reflects
the sky.
B. The color of sea water is changing simultaneously by the amount of lights absorbed by
the water.
C. The sea water plays an important role in determining the changing of its color.
D. The blue color falls on the same wavelength with other colors, resulting in the gradual
changes of sea water.
E. Contrary to popular belief, sea water has a different range of colors rather than just blue.
18. The writing organization of the passage is best described as …
A. Comparison and Contrast
B. Chronological Order
C. Cause and Effect
D. General to Specific Order
E. Statement and Clarification
Untuk menjawab soal nomor 19 & 20
1)Disney’s latest princess film, Raya and the Last Dragon, delivers a lush, beautifully animated,
endearing, and engaging story. It’s funny and well written, with dark, layered themes,
memorable characters, a pair of deliciously kickass teen girl rivals, and perhaps the most
overtly political messaging Disney has pushed in decades. Plus, it’s a fantasy adventure that
promises to bring Disney fans a long-awaited treasure: Raya, the first Southeast Asian Disney
princess. But it has drawn its share of skeptics, and for good reason: The film, premiering on
Disney+ and in select theaters March 5 (with an accompanying short film, Us Again), is a
conundrum.
(2)The film’s writers, Qui Nguyen (The Society) and Adele Lim (Crazy Rich Asians) are,
respectively, Vietnamese American and Malaysian American, and copious research has gone
into Raya to make the film feel true to Southeast Asian viewers. The dragons in Raya are
mainly based on Southeast Asian folklore, and the visuals and settings are mainly drawn from
the region’s real geography.
(3)But the film’s production team has drawn criticism from Southeast Asian viewers for casting
East Asian actors in many of its most important roles, rather than Southeast Asian actors.
Though the title role went to Kelly Marie Tran, a Disney fan favorite of Vietnamese descent
(known for Star Wars), the main cast also includes Awkwafina in the role of the “last dragon,”
Daniel Dae Kim as Raya’s father, and Gemma Chan as Raya’s nemesis Namaari. They are
respectively Chinese and Korean American, Korean American, and British Chinese.
(4)Voice actors have been fighting to win roles that reflect their ethnicity, a fact that led to early
criticism around Raya and its casting. But there is another worry about the use of East Asian
actors: The blending of the distinct and varied cultures of Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia,
Singapore, the Philippines, and half a dozen other nations has left Raya and the Last
Dragon feeling indistinct and insensitive.
(5)Fans of the Airbender/Korra franchise might be reminded of those series and note that they
did much of what Raya is trying to do now, better, 15 years ago. Movie buffs may feel
like Raya has taken 80 percent of its beats from other animated stories, from The Lion

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King to The Dark Crystal. But the most disappointing thing about Raya is that Southeast Asian
Disney fans may struggle to find any identifiable part of their specific cultures in the film’s
gorgeous but messy world-building.
(6)And so the film mainly leaves me questioning who Raya’s intended audience is — and
whether it was meant to appeal to Southeast Asian viewers. It seems clear that fans deserved a
better movie that more fully and overtly embraced their cultures, instead of simply borrowing
their beautiful settings for an average fantasy story.
19. The best paraphrase for “The dragons in Raya are mainly based on Southeast Asian
folklore, and the visuals and settings are mainly drawn from the region’s real geography” is
…
A. Southeast Asian local culture inspires the creation of dragons which are artificially
visualized with several additional improvisations for the film.
B. The dragons in Raya are a cultural adaptation from Southeast Asian locals’ tale and it is
visually implemented with real background from the locals’ geography.
C. The dragons in Raya come from the Chinese local’s folklore that is well-visualized to the
film with special CGI and animation.
D. In the film, the dragons are purposely adapted from non Southeast Asian cultures with
several upgrades with no geographical considerations.
E. The Raya film originally comes with dragons which are adapted without any specific
region’s cultural points.
20. What is the main idea of the passage above?
A. Several movie aspects in “Raya and The Last Dragon” lead to huge dissatisfaction of
cultural manifestation within.
B. The Southeast Asian reflection in the “Raya” character’s voice actor does not represent
the whole of its culture.
C. The criticisms are massively directed to the development of “Raya” in its CGI animation
concept appearances.
D. Public’s perception about “Raya” is caused by the abstract and uncertain storyline and
timeline about how the Southeast Asian truly is.
E. "Raya" is considered way too representing the non-Southeast Asian culture rather than
bringing the originality intentionally.