]]TOPIC 3

BONDING

HOMEWORK BOOKLET
 Topic 3 EXERCISE 1 – dot-cross diagrams

Draw dot-cross diagrams for the following compounds:

1. NaCl
2. MgCl2
3. Na2O
4. MgO

Draw dot-cross diagrams for the following compounds:

5. Cl2
6. NH3
7. CH4
8. AlCl3
9. CO2
10. H2O

Draw dot-cross diagrams for the following compounds:

11. H2SO4
12. HNO3
13. NaNO3
14. NH4Cl
15. NH3AlCl3
Topic 3 EXERCISE 2 - prediction of bond type

Predict the type of bond formed between the following atoms, using electronegativity
differences to explain your answers:

1. Cs and Cl

2. N and Al

3. Cl and Cl

4. Al and Al

5. Al and Cl

6. Al and F

7. Cu and Zn

8. Mg and N

9. C and O

10. C and H
 Topic 3 EXERCISE 3 - molecular shapes

Predict the shape of the following molecules, and suggest bond angles:

1. BeCl2

2. BF3

3. CH4

4. PCl3

5. H2S

6. SnCl2

Predict the shapes of the following molecules, and suggest bond angles:

7. CO2

8. SO2

9. SO3

10. SF6

11. XeF4

12. PCl5

Predict the shapes of the following ions, and suggest bond angles:

13. PCl4+

14. PCl6-

15. SO42-

16. NO3-

17. NO2-

18. NH4+

19. SO32-

20. CH3+

21. CH3-
 Topic 3 Exercise 4 – molecular shapes, polarity and intermolecular forces

1. Explain the meaning of the term electronegativity.

2. Draw the correct dipoles on the following covalent bonds:

a) Cl – Cl

b) H–O

c) B–F

d) N–F

e) N–O

f) H – Cl

g) H–N

h) B–H

3. Draw the following molecules, add dipoles to all the bonds and predict whether or not they
have an overall dipole:

a) CO2

b) SO2

c) BF3

d) NF3

e) Cl2

f) HCl

g) H2O

h) H2S

i) SiCl4
j) PCl3

k) NH3
l) SO3

4. Hence deduce the types of intermolecular force that can exist between the molecules
 Topic 3 EXERCISE 5 – Structure and bonding summary 1

Predict which of the following pairs of substances is likely to have the higher melting point,
giving reasons for your choice:

1. Na and Mg

2. Na and K

3. NaCl and NaBr

4. NaCl and MgO

5. C and Si

6. Ne and Ar

7. F2 and Cl2

8. NH3 and PH3

9. NaCl and HCl

10. SiO2 and CO2

Topic 3 EXERCISE 6 – Structure and bonding summary II

Describe the bonding in the following compounds, and briefly describe their main physical
properties, limited to:
a) melting point b) electrical conductivity

1. magnesium

2. diamond

3. silicon dioxide

4. magnesium oxide

5. carbon dioxide

6. graphite

7. sodium nitrate

8. water

9. sulphur dioxide

10. helium
 AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 3 – STRUCTURE, BONDING AND THE

PERIODIC TABLE

ASSESSED HOMEWORK
Answer all questions

Max 80 marks

Name
……………………………………………………………..

Mark ……../80 ……....% Grade ………

 SECTION A

1. The table below shows the boiling points of some hydrogen compounds formed
by Group 6 elements.

HO2 HS 2 H Se
2 H Te
2

Boiling point / K 373 212 232 271

(a) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in water and in hydrogen
sulfide (H S). 2

Water ...........................................................................................................

Hydrogen sulfide ..........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of water are attracted to each
other by the type of intermolecular force you stated in part (a). Include
partial charges and all lone pairs of electrons in your diagram.

(3)

(c) Explain why the boiling point of water is much higher than the boiling point
of hydrogen sulfide.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Explain why the boiling points increase from H S to H Te 2 2

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
 (e) When H ions react with H O molecules, H O ions are formed.
+
2 3
+

Name the type of bond formed when H ions react with H O molecules.
+
2

Explain how this type of bond is formed in the H O ion. 3

+

Type of bond ................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Sodium sulfide (Na S) has a melting point of 1223 K.

2

Predict the type of bonding in sodium sulfide and explain why its melting
point is high.

Type of bonding ..........................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

2. (a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metal.

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(ii) Explain why magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium.

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(4)

(b) Why do diamond and graphite both have high melting points?

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(3)
 (c) Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity?

......................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Why is graphite soft?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

3. (a) The shape of the molecule BCl and that of the unstable molecule CCl are
3 2

shown below.

(i) Why is each bond angle exactly 120° in BCl ? 3

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Predict the bond angle in CCl and explain why this angle is different
2

from that in BCl 3

Predicted bond angle .........................................................................

Explanation .........................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(b) Give the name which describes the shape of molecules having bond
angles of 109° 28'.
Give an example of one such molecule.

Name of shape ............................................................................................

Example .......................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The shape of the XeF molecule is shown below.
4

(i) State the bond angle in XeF 4

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why the lone pairs of electrons are opposite each other in
this molecule.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Name the shape of this molecule, given that the shape describes the
positions of the Xe and F atoms only.

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(d) Draw a sketch of the NF molecule. Indicate in your sketch any lone pairs
3

of electrons on nitrogen.

(2)
(Total 13 marks)
4. The table below shows some values of melting points and some heat energies
needed for melting.

Substance I 2 NaCl HF HCl HI

Melting point/K 387 1074 190 158 222

Heat energy for melting /kJ mol –1

7.9 28.9 3.9 2.0 2.9

(a) Name three types of intermolecular force.

Force 1 ........................................................................................................

Force 2 ….....................................................................................................

Force 3 ….....................................................................................................
(3)

(b) (i) Describe the bonding in a crystal of iodine.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Name the crystal type which describes an iodine crystal.

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Explain why heat energy is required to melt an iodine crystal.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(4)

(c) In terms of the intermolecular forces involved, suggest why

(i) hydrogen fluoride requires more heat energy for melting than does
hydrogen chloride,

.............................................................................................................

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 (ii) hydrogen iodide requires more heat energy for melting than does
hydrogen chloride.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(5)

(d) (i) Explain why the heat energy required to melt sodium chloride is
large.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) The heat energy needed to vaporise one mole of sodium chloride
(171 kJ mol ) is much greater than the heat energy required to melt
–1

one mole of sodium chloride. Explain why this is so.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(e) In terms of its structure and bonding, suggest why graphite has a very high
melting point.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)

5. Sodium sulphide, Na S, is a high melting point solid which conducts electricity

2

when molten. Carbon disulphide, CS , is a liquid which does not conduct electricity.
2

(i) Deduce the type of bonding present in Na S and that present in CS 2 2

Bonding in Na S ..................................................................................
2

Bonding in CS .....................................................................................
2

(ii) By reference to all the atoms involved explain, in terms of electrons,

how Na S is formed from its atoms.
2

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
 (iii) Draw a diagram, including all the outer electrons, to represent the
bonding present in CS 2

(iv) When heated with steam, CS reacts to form hydrogen sulphide, H S,

2 2

and carbon dioxide.

Write an equation for this reaction.

.............................................................................................................
(7)
(Total 7 narks)

6. (a) Both HF and HCl are molecules having a polar covalent bond. Their boiling
points are 293 K and 188 K respectively.

(i) State which property of the atoms involved causes a bond to be

polar.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain, in terms of the intermolecular forces present in each

compound, why HF has a higher boiling point than HCl.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

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(4)
 (b) When aluminium chloride reacts with chloride ions, as shown by the
equation below, a co-ordinate bond is formed.

AlCl 3 + Cl –
→ AlCl 4
–

Explain how this co-ordinate bond is formed.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Draw the shape of the PCl molecule and of the PCl ion. State the value(s)
5 4
+

of the bond angles.

PCl 5 PCl 4
+

Bond angle(s) ................................. Bond angle(s) ..................................

(4)
(Total 10 marks)

7. Phosphorus and nitrogen are in Group V of the Periodic Table and both elements
form hydrides. Phosphine, PH , reacts to form phosphonium ions, PH4+ , in a similar
3

way to that by which ammonia, NH , forms ammonium ions, NH4+

3

(a) Give the name of the type of bond formed when phosphine reacts with an
H ion. Explain how this bond is formed.
+

Type of bond ................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Draw the shapes, including any lone pairs of electrons, of a phosphine
molecule and of a phosphonium ion.
Give the name of the shape of the phosphine molecule and state the bond
angle found in the phosphonium ion.

PH 3

Shape of PH ...........................
3 Bond angle in
...........................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
 SECTION B

8. Which one of the following ions has three lone pairs of electrons around the
central atom?

A BF

B NH

C ClF

D PF
(Total 1 mark)

9. Which one of the following bond polarities is not correct?

A in ethane

B in bromoethane

C in ethanol

D in ethanal
(Total 1 mark)

10. Which one of the following has the most covalent character?

A MgF2

B MgBr2

C AlF3

D AlBr3
(Total 1 mark)
 AS LEVEL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 3 – STRUCTURE, BONDING AND THE

PERIODIC TABLE

TEST
Answer all questions

Max 50 marks

Name
……………………………………………………………..

Mark ……../50 ……....% Grade ………

1. Iodine and diamond are both crystalline solids at room temperature.
Identify one similarity in the bonding, and one difference in the structures, of
these two solids.
Explain why these two solids have very different melting points.

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(Total 6 marks)

2. The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.

Element H C N O

Electronegativity 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.5

(a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) State the strongest type of intermolecular force in the following

compounds.

Methane (CH ) .............................................................................................

4

Ammonia (NH ) ............................................................................................

3

(2)
(c) Use the values in the table to explain how the strongest type of
intermolecular force arises between two molecules of ammonia.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Phosphorus is in the same group of the Periodic Table as nitrogen.

A molecule of PH reacts with an H ion to form a PH ion.
3
+
4
+

Name the type of bond formed when PH reacts with H and explain how
3
+

this bond is formed.

Type of bond ...............................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(e) Arsenic is in the same group as nitrogen. It forms the compound AsH 3

Draw the shape of an AsH molecule, including any lone pairs of electrons.
3

Name the shape made by its atoms.

Shape

Name of shape ............................................................................................

(2)

(f) The boiling point of AsH is –62.5 °C and the boiling point of NH is –33.0
3 3

°C.
Suggest why the boiling point of AsH is lower than that of NH
3 3

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
 (g) Balance the following equation which shows how AsH can be made. 3

...... AsCl 3 + ...... NaBH 4 → ...... AsH 3 + ...... NaCl + ...... BCl 3

(1)
(Total 14 marks)
3. (a) The diagram below shows the melting points of some of the elements in
Period 3.

(i) On the diagram, use crosses to mark the approximate positions of

the melting points for the elements silicon, chlorine and argon.
Complete the diagram by joining the crosses.

(ii) By referring to its structure and bonding, explain your choice of

position for the melting point of silicon.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) Explain why the melting point of sulphur, S , is higher than that of 8

phosphorus, P 4

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(8)

(b) State and explain the trend in melting point of the Group II elements Ca–
Ba.

Trend ...........................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
4. At room temperature, both sodium metal and sodium chloride are crystalline
solids which contain ions.

(a) On the diagrams for sodium metal and sodium chloride below, mark the
charge for each ion.

(2)

(b) (i) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium metal.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium chloride.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

(iii) The melting point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of
sodium metal. What can be deduced from this information?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metal with that of solid
sodium chloride. Explain your answer.

Comparison .................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

Explanation ..................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) Explain why sodium metal is malleable (can be hammered into shape).

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
5. (a) Methanol has the structure

Explain why the O–H bond in a methanol molecule is polar.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The boiling point of methanol is +65 °C; the boiling point of oxygen is –183
°C. Methanol and oxygen each have an M value of 32. Explain, in terms of
r

the intermolecular forces present in each case, why the boiling point of
methanol is much higher than that of oxygen.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

6. Predict which one of the following has the highest boiling temperature.

A CH3COOCH2CH3

B CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

C CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

D CH3CH2CH2CHO
(Total 1 mark)

7. Which one of the following has a shape which is not influenced by a lone pair of
electrons?

A CH3OH

B H2F+

C BF3

D NF3
(Total 1 mark)
8. Which one of the following molecules or ions is pyramidal in shape?

A BF3

B CH

C CH

D SF
(Total 1 mark)

9. The ester methyl ethanoate is hydrolysed as shown in the following equation.

CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(l) + CH3OH(l) ΔH = +3 kJ mol−1

Which one of the following compounds from the reaction mixture has no
hydrogen bonding between its molecules when pure?

A CH3COOCH3(l)

B H2O(l)

C CH3COOH(l)

D CH3OH(l)
(Total 1 mark)

10. Which one of the following molecules is not planar?

A BF3

B NCl3

C C2H4

D HCHO
(Total 1 mark)