Some Basic Concept of Chemistry Ques

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Table of Contents
 Theory .................................................................................................................................. 2
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 10
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 20
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year Competition Questions .......................................................... 25
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................... 30
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year Other Competition Questions ............................................. 37
 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 40

2 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY (MEDICAL)
THEORY
1. CHEMISTRY 2. MATTER
Chemistry is defined as the study of the composition, Matter is defined as any thing that occupies space
properties and interaction of matter. Chemistry is often possesses mass and the presence of which can be felt by
any one or more of our five senses.
called the central science because of its role in connecting
the physical sciences, which include chemistry, with the Matter can exist in 3 physical states viz. solid, liquid, gas.
life sciences and applied sciences such as medicine and Solid - a substance is said to be solid if it possesses a
engineering. definite volume and a definite shape, e.g., sugar, iron, gold,
wood etc.
Various branches of chemistry are
Liquid- A substance is said to be liquid, if it possesses a
1.1 Physical chemistry definite volume but no definite shape. They take up the
shape of the vessel in which they are put, e.g., water, milk,
The branch of chemistry concerned with the way in which oil, mercury, alcohol etc.
the physical properties of substances depend on and Gas- a substance is said to be gaseous if it neither possesses
influence their chemical structure, properties, and reactions. definite volume nor a definite shape. This is because they
fill up the whole vessel in which they are put, e.g., hydrogen,
1.2 Inorganic chemistry
oxygen etc.
The branch of chemistry which deals with the structure, The three states are interconvertible by changing the
composition and behavior of inorganic compounds. All the conditions of temperature and pressure as follows
substances other than the carbonhydrogen compounds
are classified under the group of inorganic substances.
1.3 Organic chemistry
The discipline which deals with the study of the structure,

composition and the chemical properties of organic
compounds is known as organic chemistry.
1.4 Biochemistry
The discipline which deals with the structure and behavior

of the components of cells and the chemical processes in
living beings is known as biochemistry.
1.5 Analytical chemistry 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AT

MACROSCOPIC LEVELL
The branch of chemistry dealing with separation,
identification and quantitative determination of the At the macroscopic or bulk level, matter can be classified as
compositions of different substances. (a) mixtures (b) pure substances.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY (MEDICAL) 3
These can be further subdivided as shown below
Pure substances can be further classified into elements
and compounds.
Matter
Element An element is defined as a pure substance that
contains only one kind of particles. Depending upon the
physical and chemical properties, the elements are further
Mixtures Pure Substances subdivided into three classes, namely (1) Metals (2) Non
metals and (3) Metalloids.
Compound A compound is a pure substance containing

Homogeneous Heterogeneous two or more than two elements combined together in a fixed
Elements Compounds
Mixtures Mixtures
proportion by mass. Further, the properties of a compound
are completely different from those of its constituent
Classification of matter elements. Moreover, the constituents of a compound
cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical
(a) Mixtures : A mixture contains two or more substances
methods. They can be separated by chemical methods.
present in it (in any ratio) which are called its
components. A mixture may be homogeneous or
4. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixture in homogeneous mixture the Every substance has unique or characteristic properties.
components completely mix with each other and its These properties can be classified into two categories –
composition is uniform throughout i.e it consist of only physical properties and chemical properties.
one phase. Sugar solution and air are thus, the examples of
homogeneous mixtures. 4.1 Physical Properties
Heterogeneous mixtures In heterogeneous mixture the
Physical properties are those properties which can be
composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes the
different phases can be observed. For example, grains and measured or observed without changing the identity or the
pulses along with some dirt (often stone) pieces, are composition of the substance. Some examples of physical
heterogeneous mixtures. properties are color, odor, melting point, boiling point,
density etc.
4.2 Chemical properties
Any distinct portion of matter that is uniform throughout Chemical properties are those in which a chemical change
in composition and properties is called a Phase. in the substance occurs. The examples of chemical properties
are characteristic reactions of different substances; these
(b) Pure substances :- A material containing only one
include acidity or basicity, combustibility etc.
substance is called a pure substance.
5. MEASUREMENT
5.1 Physical quantities

In chemistry, a substance is a form of matter that has
constant chemical composition and characteristic All such quantities which we come across during our
properties. It cannot be separated into components by scientific studies are called Physical quantities. Evidently,
physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking the measurement of any physical quantity consists of two
chemical bonds. They can be solids, liquids or gases. parts
(1) The number, and (2) The unit International d’Unités – abbreviated as SI) was established
by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures
A unit is defined as the standard of reference chosen to (CGPM from Conference Generale des Poids at Measures).
measure any physical quantity. The CGPM is an inter governmental treaty organization
created by a diplomatic treaty known as Meter Convention
5.2 S.I. UNITS which was signed in Paris in 1875.
The International System of Units (in French Le Systeme The SI system has seven base units and they are listed in
table given below.
These units pertain to the seven fundamental scientific quantities. The other physical quantities such as speed, volume,
density etc. can be derived from these quantities. The definitions of the SI base units are given below :
Definitions of SI Base Units
Unit of length metre The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
Unit of mass Kilogram The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of
the internationl prototype of the kilogram.
Unit of time second The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium133
atom.
Unit of electric current ampere The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of
negligible circular crosssection, and placed 1 metre apart
in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 × 10–7 newton per metre of length.
Unit of thermodynanic kelvin The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the

temperature fraction 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
Unit of amount of substance mole 1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system
which contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon12; its symbol
is “mol.”.
2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must

be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles.
Unit of luminous intensity candela The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction,
of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity
in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
7. LAW OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

The mass standard is the kilogram since 1889. It has been
defined as the mass of platinumiridium (PtIr) cylinder 7.1 Law of conservation of mass
that is stored in an airtight jar at International Bureau of
“In a chemical reaction the mass of reactants consumed
Weights and Measures in Sevres, France. Pt-Ir was chosen
and mass of the products formed is same, that is mass is
for this standard because it is highly resistant to chemical
conserved.” This is a direct consequence of law of
attack and its mass will not change for an extremely long
conservation of atoms. This law was put forth by Antoine
time.
Lavoisier in 1789.
6. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION 7.2 Law of Constant / Definite Proportions
6.1 Mass and Weight The ratio in which two or more elements combine to form a
compound remains fixed and is independent of the source
Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it of the compound. This law was given by, a French chemist,
while weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. Joseph Proust.
The mass of a substance is constant whereas its weight
7.3 Law of Multiple Proportions
may vary from one place to another due to change in gravity.
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The SI derived When two elements combine to form two or more compounds
unit (unit derived from SI base units) of weight is newton. then the ratio of masses of one element that combines with
a fixed mass of the other element in the two compounds is a
6.2 Volume
simple whole number ratio. This law was proposed by Dalton
Volume is the quantity of threedimensional space enclosed in 1803.
by some closed boundary, for example, the space that a
7.4 Law of Reciprocal Proportions
substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies
or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using
the SI derived unit, the cubic meter. When three elements combine with each other in
combination of two and form three compounds then the
6.3 Density ratio of masses of two elements combining with fixed mass
of the third and the ratio in which they combine with each
The mass density or density of a material is defined as its other bear a simple whole number ratio to each other. This
mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for Law was given by Richter in 1792.
density is  (the lower case Greek letter rho). SI unit of
density is kg m–3. 7.5 Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
6.4 Temperature This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808. He observed
that when gases combine or are produced in a chemical
Temperature is a physical property of matter that
reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all
quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and
gases are at same temperature and pressure.
cold. There are three common scales to measure temperature
— °C (degree celsius), °F (degree fahrenheit) and K (kelvin).
7.6 Avogadro Law
The temperature on two scales is related to each other by
the following relationship: In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at
°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32 the same temperature and pressure should contain equal
number of molecules.
K = °C + 273.15
8. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 9.3 Method 2
In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Mass of 6.022 × 1023 atoms of that element taken in grams.
Philosophy’ in which he proposed the following: This is also known as molar atomic mass.
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2. All the atoms of a given element have identical properties

including identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ
in mass.  Mass of 1 atom in amu and mass of
6.022 × 1023 atoms in grams are numerically equal.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in a fixed ratio.  When atomic mass is taken in grams it is also called
the molar atomic mass.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These
are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.  6.022 × 1023 is also called 1 mole of atoms and this
number is also called the Avogadro’s Number.
9. ATOM
 Mole is just a number. As 1 dozen = 12;
Atom is the smallest part of an element that can participate in a
chemical reaction. {Note : This definition holds true only for 1 million = 106; 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023.
nonradioactive reactions}
9.1 Mass of an Atom

10. MOLECULES
A group of similar or dissimilar atoms which exist together in

There are two ways to denote the mass of atoms. nature is known as a molecule. e.g. H2, NH3.
9.2 Method 1 The mass of molecules is measured by adding the masses of
the atoms which constitute the molecule. Thus, the mass of
Atomic mass can be defined as a mass of a single atom which a molecule can also be represented by the two methods used
is measured in atomic mass unit (amu) or unified mass (u) for measuring the mass of an atom viz. amu and g/mol.
where
1 a.m.u. = 1/12th of the mass of one C12 atom
multiply by multiply by
Moles
Mass SUBSTANCE AVOGADRO'S Number
of
of sample MOLAR MASS NUMBER of molecules
substance
divide by divide by
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
multiply by multiply by
Mass Number
ELEMENTAL Moles
of each AVOGADRO'S of atoms
MOLAR MASS of each
element NUMBER of each
element
element
divide by divide by
is called the Excess Reagent. e.g. if we burn carbon in air
11. CHEMICAL REACTIONS (which has an infinite supply of oxygen) then the amount
of CO2 being produced will be governed by the amount of
A chemical reaction is only rearrangement of atoms. Atoms
carbon taken. In this case, Carbon is the LR and O2 is the
from different molecules (may be even same molecule) rearrange ER.
themselves to form new molecules.
13. PERCENT YIELD
Points to remember :
As discussed earlier, due to practical reasons the amount of
 Always balance chemical equations before doing any product formed by a chemical reaction is less than the amount
calculations
predicted by theoretical calculations. The ratio of the amount
 The number of molecules in a reaction need not to be of product formed to the amount predicted when multiplied
conserved e.g. by 100 gives the percentage yield.
N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3. The number of molecules is not
conserved Actual Yield
Percentage Yield = Theoretical Yield × 100
If we talk about only rearrangement of atoms in a
balanced chemical reaction then it is evident that the
mass of the atoms in the reactants side is equal to the
14. REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
sum of the masses of the atoms on the products side. Two solids cannot react with each other in solid phase
This is the Law of Conservation of Atoms and Law of and hence need to be dissolved in a liquid. When a solute
Conservation of Mass. is dissolved in a solvent, they coexist in a single phase
called the solution. Various parameters are used to measure
the strength of a solution.
12. STOICHIOMETRY
The strength of a solution denotes the amount of solute
The study of chemical reactions and calculations related which is contained in the solution. The parameters used to
to it is called Stoichiometry. The coefficients used to balance denote the strength of a solution are:
the reaction are called Stoichiometric Coefficients.
 Mole fraction X : moles of a component / Total moles
of solution.
 Mass% : Mass of solute (in g) present in 100g of
 The stoichiometric coefficients give the ratio of
solution.
molecules or moles that react and not the ratio of
masses.  Mass/Vol : Mass of solute (in g) present in 100mL of
solution
 Stoichiometric ratios can be used to predict the moles of
product formed only if all the reactants are present in the  v/v : Volume of solute/volume of solution {only for
stoichiometric ratios. liqliq solutions}
Practically the amount of products formed is always  g/L : Wt. of solute (g) in 1L of solution
less than the amount predicted by theoretical
calculations mass of solute 6
 ppm : mass of solution  10
12.1 Limiting Reagent (LR) and Excess Reagent (ER)

moles of solute
If the reactants are not taken in the stoichiometric ratios  Molarity (M) : volume of solution (L)
then the reactant which is less than the required amount
determines how much product will be formed and is known moles of solute
as the Limiting Reagent and the reactant present in excess  Molality (m) : mass of solvent (kg)
IMPORTANT RELATIONS e.g. molality remains unchanged with temperature. Formulae

involving volume are altered by temperature e.g. Molarity.
1. Relation between molality (m) Molarity (M), density (d) of
solution and molar mass of solute (MO) 17. INTRODUCTION TO EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
d : density in g/mL Equivalent concept is a way of understanding reactions
and processes in chemistry which are often made simple
MO : molar mass in g mol–1
by the use of Equivalent concept.
M  1000 17.1 Equivalent Mass

Molality, m 
1000d  MM O
2. Relationship between molality (m) and mole fraction (XB) of “The mass of an acid which furnishes 1 mol H+ is called
the solute its Equivalent mass.”
“The mass of the base which furnishes 1 mol OH– is called

XB 1000 1  X A 1000
m  m  its Equivalent mass.”
1  XB MA XA MA
17.2 Valency Factor (Z)
Valency factor is the number of H+ ions supplied by 1
 Molarity is the most common unit of measuring
molecule or mole of an acid or the number of OH ions
strength of solution.
supplied by 1 molecule or 1 mole of the base.
 The product of Molarity and Volume of the solution
gives the number of moles of the solute, n = M × V Molecular Mass
Equivalent mass, E 
 All the formulae of strength have amount of solute. Z
(weight or moles) in the numerator.
17.3 Equivalents
 All the formulae have amount of solution in the
denominator except for molality (m).
wt. of acid / base taken
No. of equivalents =
15. DILUTION LAW Eq. wt.
When a solution is diluted, more solvent is added, the moles

of solute remains unchanged. If the volume of a solution
having a Molarity of M1 is changed from V1 to V2 we can
write that: It should be always remembered that 1 equivalent of an
acid reacts with 1 equivalent of a base.
M1V1 = moles of solute in the solution = M2V2
16. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 18. MIXTURE OF ACIDS AND BASES

Volume of the solvent increases on increasing the Whenever we have a mixture of multiple acids and bases
temperature. But it shows no effect on the mass of solute in we can find whether the resultant solution would be acidic
the solution assuming the system to be closed i.e. no loss of or basic by using the equivalent concept. For a mixture of
mass. multiple acids and bases find out the equivalents of acids
and bases taken and find which one of them is in excess.
The formulae of strength of solutions which do not involve
volume of solution are unaffected by changes in temperature.
22. EQUIVALENT VOLUME OF GASES

19. LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUIVALENCE
Equivalent volume of gas is the volume occupied by 1
According to this law, one equivalent of a reactant
equivalent of a gas at STP.
combines with one equivalent of the other reactant to
give one equivalent of each product . For, example in a Equivalent mass of gas = molecular mass /Z.
reaction aA + bB  cC + dD irrespective of the
Since 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4L at STP therefore 1
stoichiometric coefficients, 1 eq. of A reacts with 1 eq. of
equivalent of a gas will occupy 22.4/Z L at STP. e.g. Oxygen
B to give 1 eq. each of C and 1eq of D
occupies 5.6L, Chlorine and Hydrogen occupy 11.2L.
20. EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS OF SALTS 23. NORMALITY
To calculate the equivalent weights of compounds which
The normality of a solution is the number of equivalents of
are neither acids nor bases, we need to know the charge on
solute present in 1L of the solution.
the cation or the anion. The mass of the cation divided by
the charge on it is called the equivalent mass of the cation
equivalents of solute
and the mass of the anion divided by the charge on it is N
volume of solution (L)
called the equivalent mass of the anion. When we add the
equivalent masses of the anion and the cation, it gives us
the equivalent mass of the salt. For salts, Z in the total The number of equivalents of solute present in a solution is
amount of positive or negative charge furnished by 1 mol given by Normality × Volume (L).
of the salt. On dilution of the solution the number of equivalents of
the solute is conserved and thus, we can apply the
21. ORIGIN OF EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
formula : N1V1 = N2V2
Equivalent weight of an element was initially defined as
Caution :
weight of an element which combines with 1g of hydrogen.
Later the definition wad modified to : Equivalent weight of Please note that the above equation gives rise to a lot of
an element is that weight of the element which combines confusion and is a common mistake that students make.
with 8g of Oxygen. This is the equation of dilution where the number of
equivalents are conserved. Now, since one equivalent of
a reactant always reacts with 1 equivalent of another
reactant a similar equation is used in problems involving
titration of acids and bases. Please do not extend the same
logic to molarity.
Same element can have multiple equivalent weights
depending upon the charge on it. e.g. Fe2+ and Fe3+.
Relationship between Normality and Molarity
N = M × Z ; where ‘Z’ is the Valency factor

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Example - 5
Classify the following substances into elements, What is the S.I. unit of mass ?
compounds and mixtures.
Sol. S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
(i) Air (ii) Diamond (iii) LPG (iv) Dry ice (v) Graphite
(vi) Steel (vii) Marble (viii) Smoke (ix) Glucose
(x) Laughing gas. Example - 6
In the reaction, A + B2  AB2, identify the limiting
Sol. reagent, if any, in the following mixtures
Elements : Diamond; Graphite (i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules B2
Compounds : Marble; Glucose; Laughing gas; Dry ice
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B2
Mixtures : Air; LPG; Steel; Smoke
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B2
Example - 2
(iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B2
Classify the following mixtures as homogeneous and
heterogeneous. (v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B2
(i) Air (ii) Smoke (iii) Petrol (iv) Sea water (v) lodized Sol. (i) According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A reacts
table salt (vi) Aerated water (vii) Mixture of sand and with 1 molecule of B2.
common salt (viii) Gun powder (ix) Milk (x) Muddy water.
 200 molecules of B2 will react with 200 atoms of A and
Sol. Homogeneous : Air; Petrol; Iodized table salt; Sea water; 100 atoms of A will be left unreacted. Hence, B2 is the
Aerated water; Milk. limiting reagent while A is the excess reagent.
Heterogeneous : Smoke; Gun powder; Mixture of sand (ii) According to the given reaction, 1 mol of A reacts
common salt; Muddy water. with 1 mol of B2 . Hence A is limiting reagent.
Example - 3 (iii) No limiting reagent.

Why Law of conservation of mass should better be called (iv) 2.5 mol of B2 will react with 2.5 mol of A. Hence, B2 is
as Law of conservation of mass and energy ? the limiting reagent.
Sol. In nuclear reactions, it is observed that the mass of the (v) 2.5 mol of A will react with 2.5 mol of B2. Hence, A is
products is less than the mass of the reactants. The the limiting reagent.
difference of mass, called the mass defect, is converted
into energy according to Einstein equation, E =  m c2. Example - 7
Hence, we better call it as a low of conservation of mass Is the law of constant composition true for all types of
and energy. compounds ? Explain why or why not.
Example - 4
Sol. No, law of constant composition is not true for all types of
If the speed of light is 3.0 × 108 m s–1, calculate the compounds. It is true only for the compounds obtained
distance covered by light in 2.00 ns. from one isotope. For example, carbon exists in two common
isotopes, 12C and 14C.
Sol. Distance covered = Speed × Time = 3.0 × 108m s–1 × 2.00 ns
10 9 s
= 3.0 × 108m s–1 × 2.00 ns × = 6.00 × 10–1m
1 ns
= 0.600 m
Example - 8
Example - 11
Why atomic masses are the average values ?
Carbon and oxygen are known to form two compounds.
Sol. Most of the elements exist in different isotopes, i.e., atoms The carbon content in one of these is 42.9% while in
with different masses, e.g., Cl has two isotopes with mass the other it is 27.3%. Show that this data is in agreement
numbers 35 and 37 existing in the ratio 3 : 1 Hence, average with the law of multiple proportions.
value is taken.
Sol. Oxide 1 Carbon Oxygen
Example - 9 42.9% 57.1%
What mass of sodium chloride would be decomposed by
 Amount of oxygen that combines with 1 g carbon
9.8 g of sulphuric acid, if 12 g of sodium bisulphate and
2.75 g of hydrogen chloride were produced in a reaction
57.1
assuming that the law of conservation of mass is true ?  = 1.33 g
42.9
Sol. NaCl + H2SO4 = NaHSO4 + HCl
Oxide 1 Carbon Oxygen
According to law of conservations of mass,
27.3% 72.7%
Total masses of reactants = Total masses of products
 Amount of oxygen that combines with 1 g carbon
Let the mass of NaCl decomposed be x g; so
x + 9.8 = 12.0 + 2.75 72.7
 = 2.66 g
27.3
= 14.75
x = 4.95 g Ratio of oxygen in oxide (1) and (2) = 1 : 2
Thus, Law of multiple proportion is verified.

Example - 10
In an experiment, 2.4 g of iron oxide on reduction with
Example - 12
hydrogen yield 1.68 g of iron. In another experiment
2.9 g of iron oxide given 2.03 g of iron on reduction with In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate :
hydrogen. Show that the above data illustrate the law of
constant proportions. (i) Number of moles of carbon atoms
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms

Sol. In the first experiment
(iii) Number of molecules of ethane
The mass of iron oxide = 2.4 g
The mass of iron after reduction = 1.68 g Sol. (i) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 2 moles of carbon atoms
The mass of oxygen = Mass of iron oxide – Mass of iron  3 moles of C2H6 will Catoms = 6 moles
= (2.4 – 1.68) = 0.72 g
(ii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms
Ration of oxygen and iron = 0.72 : 1.68
 3 moles of C2H6 will contain Hatoms = 18 moles
= 1 : 2.33
(iii) 1 mole of C2H6 contains Avogadro’s no., i.e.,
In the second experiment
6.02 × 1023 molecules
The mass of iron oxide = 2.9 g
The mass of iron after reduction = 2.03 g  3 moles of C2H6 will contain ethane molecules
The mass of oxygen = (2.9 – 2.03) = 0.87 g = 3 × 6.02 × 1023

Ratio of oxygen and iron = 0.87 : 2.03 = 18.06 × 1023 molecules
= 1 : 2.33
Example - 16
Example - 13
Zinc sulphate crystals contain 22.6% of zinc and 43.9% Calculate the mass per cent of different elements
of water. Assuming the law of constant proportions to be present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
true, how much zinc should be used to produce 13.7 g of
zinc sulphate and how much water will they contain ? Sol. Mass % of an element
Sol. 100 g of zinc sulphate crystals are obtained from Mass of that element in the compound
  100
Molar mass of the compound
= 22.6 g zinc
1 g of zinc sulphate crystals will be obtained from Now, molar mass of Na2SO4 = 2 (23.0) + 32.0 + 4 × 16.0
= 22.6/100 g zinc
= 142 g mol–1
13.7 g of zinc sulphate crystals will be obtained from
46
22.6 Mass percent of sodium =  100 = 32.39 %
 × 13.7 = 3.0962 g of zinc 142
100
100 g of zinc sulphate crystals contain water = 43.9 g 32

Mass per cent of sulphur =  100 = 22.54 %
142
1 g of zinc sulphate crystals contain water = 43.9/100 g
13.7 g of zinc sulphate crystals shall contain water 64
Mass per cent of oxygen =  100 = 45.07%
142
43.9
 × 13.7 = 6.0143 g
100
Example - 17
Example - 14 Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be
12
What will be the mass of one C atom in g ? produced when
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.

Sol. 1 mol of 12C atoms = 6.022 × 1023 atoms = 12g
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
Thus, 6.022 × 1023 atoms of 12C have mass = 12g
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
12
12
 1 atom of C will have mass = g
6.022  1023 Sol. The balanced equation for the combustion of carbon in
dioxygen/air is
= 1.9927 × 10–23 g
Example - 15 C (s)  O2 (g) 

 CO2 (g)
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
(32 g) (44 g)
Calculate the molecular mass of :
(i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iiii) CH4 (i) In air, combustion is complete. Therefore, CO2
produced from the combustion of 1 mole of carbon =
Sol. (i) Molecular mass of H2O = 2 (1.008 amu) + 16.00 amu 44 g.
= 18.016 amu (ii) As only 16 g of dioxygen is available, it can combine

only with 0.5 mole of carbon, i.e., dioxygen is the limiting
(ii) Molecular mass of CO2 = 12.01 amu + 2 × 16.00 amu
reactant. Hence, CO2 produced = 22 g.
= 44.01 amu
(iii) Here again, dioxygen is the limiting reactant. 16 g of
(iii) Molecular mass of CH4 = 12.01 amu + 4 (1.008 amu) dioxygen can combine only with 0.5 mole of carbon.
= 16.042 amu CO2 produced again is equal to 22 g.
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) on oxidation gives water and Boron has two isotopes boron-10 and boron-11 whose
chlorine. How many litres of chlorine at STP can be percentage abundances are 19.6% and 80.4%
obtained starting with 36.50 g HCl ? respectively. What is the average atomic mass of boron ?
Sol. Oxidation of HCl takes place according to the following

Sol. Average atomic mass of B =
equation :
4HCl  O 2 
 2Cl2  2H 2 O (10  19.6)  (11 80.4)
4 mol 2 mol = 10.804 amu
100
Mass 36.5 Example - 22
Moles of HCl = Molecular mass  36.5  1 mole
Carbon occurs in nature as a mixture of carbon-12
and carbon-13. The average atomic mass of carbon is
 4 moles HCl give 2 moles Cl2
12.011. What is the percentage abundance of carbon-12
2 in nature ?
 1 mole will give moles Cl2 = 0.5 moles Cl2
4
Sol. Let x be the percentage abundance of carbon12; then
Volume of Cl2 at STP = 22.4 × 0.5 = 11.2 litre (100 – x) will be the percentage abundance of carbon13.
Example - 19 12x  13 (100  x)

Therefore,  12.011
Why is air sometimes considered as a heterogeneous 100
mixture ?
or 12x + 1300 – 13x = 1201.1
Sol. This is due to the presence of dust particles which form a x = 98.9
separate phase.
Abundance of carbon12 is 98.9%
Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) Calculate the mass of 2.5 gram atoms of oxygen.
required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar aqueous solution.
Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol–1.
Sol. We know that
Sol. 0.375 M aqueous solution means that 1000 mL of the Mass of an element in grams
solution contain sodium acetate = 0.375 mole Number of gram atoms = Atomic mass of the element in grams
 500 mL of the solution should contain sodium acetate

So, Mass of oxygen = 2.5 × 16 = 40.0 g
0.375 Example - 24
= mole
2
Calculate the gram atoms in 2.3 g of sodium.
–1
Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0245 g mol
Mass of sodium acetate acquired 2.3

Sol. Number of gram atoms =  0.1
23
0.375
= mole × 82.0245g mol–1 [Atomic mass of sodium = 23 g]
2
= 15.380 g.
Calculate the mass of 1.5 gram molecule of sulphuric What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol
acid. L–1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to make a
final volume up to 2 L ?
Sol. Molecular mass of H2SO4
Sol. Molar mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16
= 2 × 1 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 98.0 amu
= 342 g mol–1
Grammolecular mass of H2SO4 = 98.0 g
20g
Mass of 1.5 gram molecule of H2SO4 = 98.0 × 1.5 = 147.0g No. of moles in 20 g of sugar = 342g mol1 = 0.0585 mole
Example - 26 Volume of solution = 2 L (Given)

Calculate the actual mass of one molecule of carbon
dioxide (CO2). Moles of solute 0.0582 mol
Molar concentration = Volume of sol in L  2L
Sol. Molecular mass of CO2 = 44 amu = 0.0293 mol L–1 = 0.0293 M

1 amu = 1.66 × 10–24 g Example - 29
So, the actual mass of CO2 = 44 × 1.66 × 10–24 How many molecules of water and oxygen atoms are
present in 0.9 g of water ?
= 7.304 × 10–23g
Sol. Given :
Example - 27
Mass of water = 0.9 g
Calculate the mass of a single atom of sulphur and a
single molecule of carbon dioxide. Molar mass of water = 18 g mol–1
Number of molecules of water and number of oxygen atoms

Sol. Gramatomic mass of sulphur = 32 g present in water are to be calculated.
Gram  atomic mass To find :

Mass of one sulphur atom =
6.02  1023
Mass
Number of moles, n = Molar mass
32
 = 5.31 × 10–23 g
6.02  1023
Number of molecules = n × 6.02 × 1023
Formula of carbon dioxide = CO2 Solution :
Molecular mass of CO2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44
0.9
n  0.05
Grammolecular mass of CO2 = 44 g 18
Number of molecules of water = 0.05 × 6.02 × 1023

Gram  molecular mass
Mass of one molecule of CO2=
6.02  1023 = 3.01 × 1022
As one molecule of water contains one oxygen atom,

44
 = 7.308 × 10–23 g
6.02  1023 So, number of oxygen atoms in 3.01 × 1022 molecules of
water
= 3.01 × 1022
Example - 30 One molecule of methane has = 6 + 4 = 10 electrons
What is the mass of 3.01 × 1022 molecules of ammonia ? So, 6.02 × 1022 molecules of methane have
= 10 × 6.02 × 1022 electrons

Sol. Grammolecular mass of ammonia = 17 g
= 6.02 × 1023 electrons
23
Number of molecules in 17 g (one mole) of NH3 = 6.02 × 10
Example - 33
Let the mass of 3.01 × 1022 molecules of NH3 be = x g
Calculate the number of moles in 25 g of calcium
22 carbonate and number of oxygen atoms.
3.01 10 x
So, 23

6.02  10 17
Sol. Formula mass of calcium carbonate
22
17  3.01  10 (CaCO3) = 100
or x = 0.85 g
6.02  10 23
Mass in grams 25
Example - 31 No. of moles of CaCO3 = Formula mass 
100
How many molecules and atoms of oxygen are present
in 5.6 litres of oxygen (O2) at NTP ? = 0.25 mole
No. of oxygen atoms in one mole of CaCO3

Sol. We know that 22.4 litres of oxygen at NTP contain 6.02 ×
1023 molecules of oxygen. = 3 × 6.02 × 1023
So, 5.6 litres of oxygen at NTP contain No. of oxygen atoms in 0.25 mole of CaCO3
5.6 = 0.25 × 3 × 6.02 × 1023

 ×6.02 × 1023 molecules
22.4
= 4.515 × 1023
23
= 1.505 × 10 molecules
1 molecule of oxygen contains Example - 34
= 2 atoms of oxygen One atom of an element weighs 6.644 × 10 –23 g.

Calculate the number of gram atoms in 40 kg of it.
So, 1.505 × 1023 molecules of oxygen contain
= 2 × 1.505 × 1023 atoms Sol. Atomic mass of the element

23
= 3.01 × 10 atoms = Mass of one atom × 6.02 × 1023
Example - 32
= 6.644 × 10–23 × 6.02 × 1023
How many electrons are present in 1.6 g of methane ?
= 40 g
Sol. Grammolecular mass of methane
40 kg = 40,000 g
(CH4) = 12 + 4 = 16 g
ass of the element in grams
1.6 Number of grams atoms = Atomic mass in grams
Number of moles in 1.6 g of methane =  0.1
16
Number of molecules of methane in 0.1 mole 40000
 = 1000
= 0.1 × 6.02 × 10 23 40
= 6.02 × 1022
250 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution contain 24.5 g of How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper
sulphate (CuSO4) ? (Atomic mass of cu = 63.5 amu)
H2SO4. If the density of the solution is 1.98 g cm–3,
determine (i) molarity and (ii) molality.
Sol. 1 mole of CuSO4 contains 1 mole (1 g atom) of Cu
Sol. (i) Molecular mass of H2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 Molar mass of CuSO4 = 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 159.5 g mol–1
Thus, Cu that can be obtained from 159.5 g of CuSO4
24.5
No. of moles of H2SO4 in solution  = 0.25 = 63.5 g
98
 Cu that can be obtained from 100 g of CuSO4
Volume of solution = 250 cm3 = 0.250 L
63.5
=  100g
0.25 159.5
Molarity  =1M
0.250 = 39.81 g
(ii) Mass of solution = 250 × 1.98 = 495.0 g Example - 38

If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1, what is the
Mass of solvent = Mass of solution – Mass of solute volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution ?
= 495.0 – 24.5 = 470.5g = 0.4705 kg
Sol. Molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) = 32 g mol–1
0.25 = 0.032 kg mol–1
Moality = = 0.53 m
0.4705
0.793 kg L1
Example - 36 Molarity of the given solution 
0.032 kg mol1
Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per = 24.78 mol L–1
litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and
mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%. Applying M V
1 1  M V 2 2
(Given solution ) (Solution to be prepared)
24.78 × V1 = 0.25 × 2.5 L or V1 = 0.02522 L = 25.22 mL

Sol. Mass percent of 69% means that 100 g of nitric acid solution
contain 69 g of nitric acid by mass. Example - 39
Pressure is determined as force per unit area of the
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3) = 1 + 14 + 48 = 63 g mol–1 surface. The S.I. unit of pressure, pascal, is
69 g 1 Pa = 1 N m–2
 Moles of 68 g HNO3 = 63 g mol1 = 1.095 mole If mass of air at sea level is 1034g cm–2, calculate the
pressure in pascal.
100 g
Volume of 100 g nitric acid solution = 1.41g mL1 Sol. Pressure is the force (i.e., weight) acting per unit area
But weight = mg
= 70.92 mL = 0.07092 L 1034g  9.8 ms 2
 Pressure = Weight per unit area =
cm 2
1.095 mole
 Conc. of HNO3 in moles per litre =
0.07092L 1034g  9.8 ms 2 1kg 100 cm 100cm 1N 1Pa
2
    2

cm 1000g 1m 1m kg ms 1N m 2
= 15.44 M
= 1.01332 × 105 Pa
Example - 42
Example - 40
Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound that samples:
contains 26.6% potassium, 35.4% chromium and
38.1% oxygen [Given K = 39.1; Cr = 52; O = 16] (a) 800 amu of Ca (b) 800 grams of Ca
Sol. Element Percentage Atomic mass Sol :

(a) Atomic Mass of Ca = 40 amu
Potassium 26.6 39.1
 40 amu is the mass of 1 Ca atom
Chromium 35.4 52.0
Thus, 800 amu is the mass of 800/40 Ca atoms
Oxygen 38.1 16.0 = 20 Ca atoms Ans.
Relative no. Simplest ratio Simplest whole (b) Atomic mass of Ca = 40 g/mole
of atoms no. ratio  40g is the mass of 1 mole Ca atoms
= 6.022 × 1023 Ca atoms
26.6 0.68
 0.68 1 1×2=2 Thus, 800g is the mass of (800 × 6.022 × 1023)/40 Ca atoms
39.1 0.68
= 20 mole Ca atoms
35.4 0.68 = 1.2044 × 1025 Ca atoms Ans.
 0.68 1 1×2=2
52 0.68
Example - 43
38.1 2.38 Calculate the mass of carbon in 1kg of sugar (C12H22O11)
 2.38  3.5 3.5 × 2 = 7
16 0.68
Therefore, empirical formula is K2Cr2O7. Sol : Molecular mass of sugar = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16

= 342 g/mol
Example - 41 342g sugar contains = 144g carbon
1000g sugar contains = 421g carbon

(a) Calculate the mass of KClO3 necessary to produce
1.23 g O2.
Example - 44
(b) What mass of KCl is produced along with this
Find the amount of weight of NH3 being produced when
quantity of oxygen ?
1kg of N2 reacts with 1kg of H2. Which reactant is in
excess and how much?
Sol. (a) The reaction involved is :
2KClO3 
 2KCl  3O2 Sol : N2 + 3H2  2NH3
2 mol 2 mol 3 mol
2  122.5 g 2  74.5 g 3  32 g
1 mole of N2 reacts with 3 moles of H2 to produce
 3 × 32 g O2 is produced by 2 × 122.5 g KClO3 2 moles of NH3. Thus, 28g N2 reacts with 6g of H2

to produce 34g of NH3.
245
 1.23 g O2 will be produced by × 1.23 = 3.139 g Since the weight of N2 and H2 taken are equal, so
96
N2 will be consumed before H2. So, N2 is th LR and
(b)  2 × 122.5 g KClO3 give 2 × 74.5 g KCl
H2 is the ER.
2  74.5  3.139 Since, 28g N2 reacts with = 6g H2;
 3.139 g KClO3 will give = 1.909 g
2 122.5
1000g N2 reacts = with 1000 × 6/28 = 214.3g H2 Moles of NaOH in 2 nd solution = 3 × 5 = 15.
So, H2 is the ER and the amount of H2 in excess Thus on mixing the total moles of NaOH = 24.
= 1000214.3 = 785.7g Ans. Final Molarity = 1M
Also, 28g N2 produces = 34g NH3; Final moles = 24
so, 1000g N2 produces = 1000 × 34/28 Total Volume of solutions = 8L.
= 1.214kg NH3 Ans.  n

 V = 24L  As M   Ans.
 v
Example - 45
The mixture needs to be diluted 3 folds
Calculate the Molarity and molality of a 98%
by mass of H2SO4 solution having a density of 1.25g/cc. Example - 47
An organic containing C,H and N gave the following
Sol : H 2SO 4 taken = 98%  100g of solution contains analysis: C: 40% H:13.3%, N:46.67%. If its molecular
98g H2SO4. formula weight is three times its empirical formula
weight then find out its empirical and molecular formula
mass of solution = 100g of the compound.
mass of solute, H2SO4 = 98g

Sol: Relative no. of atoms of C = 40/12 = 3.33
mass of solvent = 100 – 98 = 2g = 0.002 kg
Relative no. of atoms of H = 13.3/1 = 13.3 and that for N =
98 46.67/14 = 3.33
moles of solute, H2SO4 = 1
98
Thus, simplest atomic ratio C:H:N
mass of solution
volume of solution = = 3.33:13.33:3.33 = 1:4:1
density
Therefore the empirical formula of the compound is CH4N
100
  80mL  0.08L Ans.
1.25
Molecular Formula Mass
moles of solute 1 Also, given: Empirical Formula Mass = 3 = n-factor
Molarity, M  volume of solution (L)  0.08
= 12.5 M Ans. Therefore, molecular formula is (CH4N)3 i.e. C3H12N3
moles of solute 1 Example - 48

molality, m  
mass of solvent (kg) 0.02 Calculate the number of equivalents in the following
samples:
= 500 m Ans.
(a) 490g H2SO4 (b) 1600g NaOH
Example - 46
(c) 730g HCl (d) 0.37g Ca(OH)2
A 3M 3L solution of NaOH is mixed with another 3M
5L solution of NaOH. How much should the mixture be Sol : Eq. wt. of H2SO4 = 98/2 = 49; NaOH = 40/1 = 40;
diluted so that the final Molarity of the solution become
1M ? HCl = 36.5/1 = 36.5; Ca(OH)2 = 74/2 = 37
(a) No. of eq. of H2SO4 = 490/49 = 10 Ans.

st
Sol : Moles of NaOH in 1 solution = MV = 3 × 3 = 9.
(b) No. of eq. of NaOH = 1600/40 = 40 Ans.
(c) No. of eq. of HCl = 730/36.5 = 20 Ans. N Na 2CO3 = 3.948

(d) No. of eq. of Ca(OH)2 = 0.37/37 = 0.01
Now Na2CO3 fresh solution reacts with H2SO4
= 10 milli-eq. Ans
Wt. of Na2CO3 solution = 125 g
Example - 49
A mixture of three acids 3.65 g of HCl, 4.9 g H2SO4 and 125
 Volume of Na2CO3 solution = 100 mL
9 g H2C2O4 is made to react with a mixture of two bases x 1.25
g NaOH and 7.4 g Ca(OH)2. Calculate w for complete
 Meq. of H2SO4 = Meq. of Na2CO3
neutralisation.
0.84 × V = 100 × 3.948
Sol : We know that total equivalents of acids must be equal to
 Volume of H2SO4 required = 470 mL
total equivalents of bases.’
Example - 52
 (w/E)ACIDS =  (w/E)BASES
5 mL of 8N HNO3, 4.8 mL of 5N HCl and a certain
3.65/36.5 + 4.9/49 + 9/45 = x/40 + 7.4/37 volume of 17M H2SO4 are mixed together and made
x = 8g upto 2 litre 30 mL of this acid mixture exactly
neutralizes 42.9 mL of Na2CO3 solution containing 1g
Example - 50 of Na2CO3. 10H2O in 100 mL of water. Calculate the
amount of sulphate ions in g present in solution.
Calculate the Equivalent mass of Al2 (SO4)3 ?
Sol. Meq. of HNO3 = 5 × 8 = 40
3+
Sol : 1 equivalent of Al2(SO4)3 = 1 equivalent of Al + 1 equivalent
Meq. of HCl = 4.8 × 5 = 24
of SO42-
Meq. of H2SO4 = V × 17 × 2 = 34 V (Let V mL of H2SO4)
E (Al2(SO4)3) = E (Al3+) + E (SO42)
 Total Meq. of acid in 2 litre solution = 40 + 24 + 34V
 27   96 
      9  48  57g = 64 + 34V
 3   2 
Now Meq. of acid in 30 mL solution = Meq. of Na2CO3 used
This can be tallied by the method for the salt. For this salt z = for it
6 and M = 342 g therefore E = 342/6 = 57 g.
Meq. of Na2CO3
Example - 51
11000  1 1000 
25 mL of a solution of Na2CO3 having a specific gravity  42.9   3  N Na2CO3   
286 / 2 100  286 / 2 100 
of 1.25g mL–1 required 32.9 mL of a solution of HCl
containing 109.5 g of the acid per litre for complete 3  2000
neutralization. Calculate the volume of 0.84 N H2SO4  Meq. of acid in 2 litre solution =  200
30
that will be completely neutralized by 125g of Na2CO3
solution.  64 + 34V = 200  34V = 200 – 64 = 136
109.5 Now Meq. of H2SO4 = Meq. of SO42 = 34V = 136

Sol : equivalents of HCl = 3
36.5
w
 Meq. of SO42 = 136  1000  136
3 96 / 2
N HCl  3
1
 Weight of SO42 = 6.528g
Since Na2CO3 is completely neutralized by HCl
 Meq. of Na2CO3 = Meq. of HCl

N × 25 = 32.9 × 3
SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY (MEDICAL) 20
EXERCISE– 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Atoms & Molecules 10. Choose the wrong statement :
1. Which of the following contains atoms equal to those (a) 1 mole means 6.02 × 1023 particles
in 12 g Mg ? (At. wt. Mg = 24)
(b) Molar mass is mass of one molecule
(a) 12 gm C (b) 7 gm N2
(c) Molar mass is mass of one mole of a substance
(c) 32 gm O2 (d) None of These
(d) Molar mass is molecular mass expressed in grams
1
2. If 1 moles of oxygen combine with Al to form Al2O3, 11. Which among the following is the heaviest ?
2
the weight of Al used in the reaction is (Al = 27) (a) One mole of oxygen
(a) 27 g (b) 54 g (b) One molecule of sulphur trioxide
(c) 40.5 g (d) 81 g (c) 100 amu of uranium
3. Which has the highest mass ? (d) 44g of carbon dioxide
(a) 50 g of iron (b) 5 moles of N2 12. Rearrange the following I to IV in order of
(c) 0.1 mol atom of Ag (d) 1023 atoms of carbon increasing masses and choose the correct answer [At.
wt. of N = 14 u, O = 16 u, Cu = 63 u]
4. The number of atoms present in 0.5 mole of nitrogen
is same as the atoms in I 1 molecule of oxygen
(a) 12 g of C (b) 64 g of S II 1 atom of nitrogen
(c) 8 g of O (d) 48 g of Mg III 1 × 10–10mol molecule of oxygen

IV 1 × 10–10mol atom of copper
5. Which of the following weighs the least ?
(a) II < I < III < IV (b) IV < III < II < I
(a) 2 g atom of N (at. wt. of N = 14)
(c) II > I > III > IV (d) I < II < IV < III
(b) 3 × 1023 atoms of C (at. wt. of C = 12)
13. The number of moles of SO2Cl2 in 13.5 g is :
(c) 1 mole of S (at. wt. of S = 32)
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
(d) 7 g silver (at. wt. of Ag = 108)
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
6. If NA is Avogadro’s number then number of valence
14. The largest number of molecules is in
electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ions (N3–) is
(a) 36 g of water
(a) 2.4 NA (b) 4.2 NA
(b) 28 g of carbon monoxide
(c) 1.6 NA (d) 3.2 NA
(c) 46 g of ethyl alcohol
7. Haemoglobin contains 0.33% of iron by weight. The (d) 54 g of nitrogen pentoxide.
molecular weight of haemoglobin is approximately
15. An organic compound on analysis was found to
67200. The number of iron atoms (at. wt. of Fe = 56) contain 0.032% of sulphur. The molecular mass of
present in one molecule of haemoglobin is the compound, if its molecule contains two sulphur
(a) 6 (b) 1 atoms, is :
(c) 4 (d) 2 (a) 200 (b) 2000
8. The number of molecules in 4.25 g of ammonia is (c) 20000 (d) 200000
about Stoichiometric calculations
23 23
(a) 1.0 × 10 (b) 1.5 × 10 16. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4,
23
(c) 2.0 × 10 (d) 2.5 × 1023 the maximum number of mole of Ba3(PO4)2 that can
9. The weight of molecule of the compound C60H122 is be formed is
(a) 1.4 × 10–21 g (b) 1.09 × 10–21 g (a) 0.7 (b) 0.5
(c) 5.025 × 1023 g (d) 16.023 × 1023 g (c) 0.30 (d) 0.10
17. The number of water molecules present in a drop of To make 4g of NaOH, Na required is
water (volume = 0.0018 ml) at room temperature is (a) 4.6g (b) 4.0g
(density of H2O = 1 g/mL)
(c) 2.3g (d) 0.23g
(a) 6.023 × 1019 (b) 1.084 × 1018 Percent Yield
(c) 4.84 × 1017 (d) 6.023 × 1023
24. The mass of CaO that shall be obtained by heating 20
18. What is the weight of oxygen required for the kg of 90% pure lime-stone (CaCO3) is
complete combustion of 2.8 kg of ethylene ?
(a) 11.2 kg (b) 8.4 kg
(a) 2.8 kg (b) 6.4 kg
(c) 10.08 kg (d) 16.8 kg
(c) 9.6 kg (d) 96 kg
25. If potassium chlorate is 80% pure, then 48 g of
19. 30g of magnesium and 30g of oxygen are reacted,
oxygen would be produced from (atomic mass of K
then the residual mixture contains
= 39)
(a) 60g of Magnesium oxide only
(a) 153.12g of KClO3 (b) 122.5 g of KClO3
(b) 40g of Magnesium oxide and 20 g of oxygen
(c) 245 g of KClO3 (d) 98.0 g of KClO3
(c) 45 g of Magnesium oxide and 15g of oxygen
26. NH3 is produced according to the following reaction:
(d) 50 g of Magnesium oxide and 10g of oxygen
20. Silicon carbide, is produced by heating SiO2 and C to N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
high temperatures according to the equation : In an experiment 0.25 mol of NH3 is formed when
SiO2 (s) + 3C (s) SiC (s) + 2CO (g) 0.5 mol of N2 is reacted with 0.5 mol of H2. What is
% yield ?
How many grams of SiC could be formed by
reacting 2.00 g of SiO2 and 2.0 g of C ? (a) 75% (b) 50%
(c) 33% (d) 25%
(a) 1.33 (b) 2.56
Strength of solutions
(c) 3.59 (d) 4.0
21. If 9 moles of O2 and 14 moles of N2 are placed in a 27. A molal solution is one that contains one mole of a
container and allowed to react according to the solute in
equation : (a) 1000 g of the solvent
3O2 + 2N2 2N2O3 (b) onelitre of the solvent
The reaction proceeds until 3 moles of O2 remain, (c) onelitre of the solution
how many moles of N2O3 are present at that instant ? (d) 22.4 litres of the solution
28. An aqueous solution of ethanol has density 1.025
(a) 6 (b) 3
g/mL and it is 2 M. What is the molality of this
(c) 4 (d) 12 solution ?
22. Iron (III) oxide can be reduced with CO tometalic (a) 1.79 (b) 2.143
iron as described by unbalanced chemical reaction
(c) 1.951 (d) None of these
Fe2O3 + CO  Fe + CO2
29. What volume of 0.4 M FeCl3 . 6H2O will contain 600
The number of moles of CO required to form one mg of Fe3+ ?
mole of Fe from its oxide is
(a) 49.85 mL (b) 26.78 mL
(a) 1 (b) 1.5
(c) 147.55 mL (d) 87.65 mL
(c) 2 (d) 3
30. A sample of H2SO4 (density 1.8 g/ml) is 90% by
23. NaOH is formed according to the reaction
weight. What is the volume of the acid that has to be
1 used to make 1 litre of 0.2 MH2SO4?
2Na  O 2  Na 2 O
2
(a) 16 mL (b) 10 mL
Na 2 O  H 2 O  2NaOH (c) 12 mL (d) 18 mL
–1
31. The density (in g mL ) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid 40. What is the weight % sulphuric acid in an aqueous
solution that is 29% H2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol1) solution which is 0.502 M in sulphuricacid ? The
by mass will be specify gravity of the solution is 1.07
(a) 1.45 (b) 1.64 (a) 4.77 % (b) 5.67 %
(c) 1.88 (d) 1.22 (c) 9.53 % (d) 22.0 %
32. An antifreeze mixture contains 40% ethylene glycol 41. Mole fraction of ethanol in ethanol - water mixture is
(C2H6O2) by weight in the aqueous solution. If the 0.25. Hence, percentage concentration of ethanol
density of this solution is 1.05 g mL, what is the (C2H6O) by weight of mixture is
molar concentration? (a) 25 (b) 75
(a) 6.77 M (b) 6.45 M (c) 46 (d) 54
(c) 0.0017 M (d) 16.9 M Molar volume of gas based calculations
2
33. What is the molarity of SO 4 ion in aqueous
42. M g of a substance when vaporised occupy a volume
solution that contain 34.2 ppm of Al2(SO4)3 ? of 5.6 litre at NTP. The molecular mass of the
(Assume complete dissociation and density of substance will be :
solution 1 g/mL)
(a) M (b) 2M
(a) 3 × 10–4 M (b) 2 × 10–4 M
(c) 3M (d) 4M
(c) 10–4 M (d) None of these
43. Number of molecules in 1 litre of oxygen at NTP is :
34. The mole fraction of a given sample of I2 in is 0.2.
The molality of I2 in C6H6 is 6.02  1023 6.02  1023
(a) (b)
32 22.4
(a) 0.32 (b) 3.2
32
(c) 0.032 (d) 0.48 (c) 32 × 22.4 (d)
22.4
35. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a
44. The number of molecules in 89.6 litre of a gas at
solution remains independent of temperature ?
NTP are :
(a) Molarity (b) Normality
(a) 6.02×1023 (b) 2×6.02×1023
(c) Formality (d) Molality (c) 3×6.02×1023 (d) 4×6.02×1023
36. With increase of temperature, which of these 45. The mass of 112 cm3 of CH4 gas at STP is
changes?
(a) 0.16 g (b) 0.8 g
(a) molality
(c) 0.08 g (d) 1.6 g
(b) weight fraction of solute
46. 1 c.c. of N2O at NTP contains :
(c) fraction of solute present in unit volume of water
1.8
(d) mole fraction. (a) 1022 atoms
224
37. Molarity and Normality changes with temperature
because they involve : 6.02
(b) 1023 molecules
22400
(a) Moles (b) equivalents
(c) weights (d) volumes 1.32
(c)  1023 electrons
224
38. When 500.0 mL each of 1.0 M LaCl3 and 3.0 M
NaCl are mixed. What is molarity of Cl–ion ? (d) all the above
(a) 4.0 M (b) 3.0 M 47. Which of the following contains maximum number
of atoms ?
(c) 2.0 M (d) 1.5 M
(a) 6.023 × 1021 molecules of CO2
39. When 50 mL of 2.00 M HCl, 100 mL of 1.00 M HCl
and 100 mL of 0.500 M HCl are mixed together, the (b) 22.4 Lof CO2at STP
resulting HCl concentration of the solution is (c) 0.44 g of CO2
(a) 0.25 M (b) 1.00 M (d) None of these
(c) 3.50 M (d) 6.25 M
Empirical & Molecular Formula 56. One part of an element A combines with two parts of
48. An oxide of metal (M) has 40% by mass of oxygen. another element B. Six parts of the element C
Metal M has atomic mass of 24. The empirical combine with four parts of the element B. If A and C
formula of the oxide is combine together the ratio of their weights will be
(a) M2O (b) M2O3 governed by
(c) MO (d) M3O4 (a) law of definite proportions
(b) law of multiple proportions
49. What is the empirical formula of a compound
composed of O and Mn in equal weight ratio ? (c) law of reciprocal proportions
(a) MnO (b) MnO2 (d) law of conservation of mass.

57. n g of substance X reacts with m g of substance Y to
(c) Mn2O3 (d) Mn2O7 form p g of substance R and q g of substance S. This
50. Determine the empirical formula of Kelvar, used in reaction can be represented as follows :
making bullet proof vests, is 70.6% C, 4.2% H, X+Y=R+S
11.8% N and 13.4% O : The relation which can be established in the amounts
(a) C7H5NO2 (b) C7H5N2O of the reactants and the products will be
(a) n – m = p – q (b) n + m = p + q
(c) C7H9NO (d) C7H5NO
(c) n = m (d) p = q
51. The carbonate of a metal is isomorphous (similar 58. A sample of CaCO3 has Ca = 40%, C = 12% and O =
formula) with magnesium carbonate and contains 48%. If the law of constant proportions is true, then the
6.091 percent of carbon. The atomic weight of metal mass of Ca in 5 g of CaCO3 from another source will be :
is (a) 2.0g (b) 0.2g
(a) 24 (b) 56 (c) 0.02g (d) 20.0g
(c) 137 (d) 260 59. H2S contains 5.88% hydrogen, H2O contains 11.11%
52. A hydrate of Na2SO3 losses 22.2% of H2O by mass hydrogen while SO2 contains 50% sulphur. These
on strong heating. The hydrate is figures illustrate the law of :
(a) Na2SO34H2O (b) Na2SO36H2O
(a) conservation of mass (b) constant proportions
(c) Na2SO3H2O (d) Na2SO32H2O (c) multiple proportions (d) reciprocal proportions
Laws of chemical combination 60. Hydrogen combines with chlorine to form HCl. It
also combines with sodium to form NaH. If sodium
53. One of the following combinations illustrate law of
and chlorine also combine with each other, they will
reciprocal proportions
do so in the ratio of their masses as :
(a) N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 5 (b) NaCl, NaBr, NaI
(a) 23 : 35.5 (b) 35.5 : 23
(c) CS2 , CO 2 , SO 2 (d) PH 3 , P2 O 3 , P2 O5 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 23 : 1
54. The law of multiple proportion is illustrated by Equivalent Concept
(a) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
(b) Potassium bromide and potassium chloride 61. 2H3PO4 + 3 Ca(OH)2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O
(c) Water and heavy water Equivalent weight of H3PO4 in this reaction is
(d) Calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide
(a) 98 (b) 49
55. The percentage of copper and oxygen in samples of (c) 32.66 (d) 24.5
CuO obtained by different methods were found to be
62. The Ew of H3PO4 in the reaction is
the same. This illustrates the law of
(a) constant proportions Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4CaHPO4 + 2H2O
(b) conservation of mass (Ca = 40, P = 31, O = 16)
(c) multiple proportions (a) 49 (b) 98
(d) reciprocal proportions (c) 32.66 (d) 147
63. What weight of a metal of equivalent weight 12 will 70. 1 L of a normal solution is diluted to 2000 ml. The
give 0.475 g of its chloride ? resulting normality is :
(a) 0.12 g (b) 0.24 g (a) N / 2 (b) N/ 4
(c) 0.36 g (d) 0.48 g (c) N (d) 2 N
64. How many grams of phosphoric acid would be 71. What volume of 0.232 N solution contains 3.17
needed to neutralise 100 g of magnesium hydroxide ?
milliequivalent of solute ?
(The molecular weights are : H3PO4 = 98 and Mg
(OH)2 = 58.3) (a) 137 mL (b) 13.7 mL
(a) 66.7 g (b) 252 g (c) 27.3 mL (d) 12.7 mL
(c) 112 g (d) 168 g 72. 1L solution of NaOH contains 4.0 g of it. What shall
65. 0.116 g of C4H4O4 (A) is neutralised by 0.074 g of be the difference between molarity and the
Ca(OH)2. Hence, protonic hydrogen

(H  ) in (A) will normality?
be (a) 0.10 (b) zero
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0.05 (d) 0.20
(c) 3 (d) 4 73. 100 ml of 0.3 N HCl is mixed with 200 ml of 0.6 N
66. 0.1 g of metal combines with 46.6 mL of oxygen at H2SO4. The final normality of the resulting solution
STP. The equivalent weight of metal is will be
(a) 12 (b) 24 (a) 0.1 N (b) 0.2 N
(c) 6 (d) 36
(c) 0.3 N (d) 0.5 N
67. When 100 ml of 1 M NaOH solution and 10 ml of 10
74. Normality of a mixture of 30 mL of 1N H2SO4 and
N H2SO4 solution are mixed together, the resulting
20 mL of 4N H2SO4 is
solution will be :
(a) 1.0 N (b) 1.1 N
(a) alkaline (b) acidic
(c) 2.0 N (d) 2.2 N
(c) strongly acidic (d) neutral
68. Normality of 0.74 g Ca(OH)2 in 5 mL solution is 75. Normality of solution obtained by mixing 10 mL of
(a) 8 N (b) 4 N 1N HCl, 20 mL of 2N H2SO4 and 30 mL of 3N HNO3
is
(c) 0.4 N (d) 2 N
69. Normality of a 2 M sulphuric acid is (a) 1.11 N (b) 2.22 N
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (c) 2.33 N (d) 3.33 N

(c) N / 2 (d) N / 4
EXERCISE– 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR COMPETITION QUESTIONS

Atoms & Molecules 11. The number of gram molecules of chlorine in
6.02×1025 hydrogen chloride molecule is [KCET]
1. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas is
(a) 10 (b) 100
( N A  6.022  1023 ) [CBSE AIPMT]
(c) 50 (d) 5
22 23
(a) 6.026 × 10 (b) 1.806 × 10 12. Gram molecular volume of oxygen at STP is
22 23
(c) 1.800 × 10 (d) 3.600× 10 [KCET]
2. Number of atoms present in 4.25 g of NH3 is 3 3
(a) 3200 cm (b) 5600 cm
3
[AFMC] (c) 22400 cm (d) 11200 cm3
(a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 4 × 6.023 × 1023 13. The crystalline salt Na2SO4.xH2O on hearing loses
(c) 1.7 × 10 24
(d) 4.25 × 6.023 × 10 23 55.9% of its weight. The formula of crystalline salt is
3. The mass of one mole of electron is [CPMT] [Kerala CEE]
(a) 9.1×10 –28
g (b) 0.55 μg (a) Na2SO4.5H2O (b) Na2SO4.7H2O
–24
(c) 9.1×10 g (d) 6×10–12 g (c) Na2SO4.2H2O (d) Na2SO4.10H2O
–22
4. One atom of an element weighs 1.8 × 10 g. Its 14. A gas mixture contains O2 and N2 in ratio of 1:4 by
atomic mass is [Manipal] weight. The ratio of their number of molecules is
(a) 29.9 (b) 154 [AFMC]
(c) 108.36 (d) 18 (a) 1:8 (b) 1:4
5. The number of molecules in 18 mg of water in terms (c) 3:16 (d) 7:32
of Avogadro number NA is [J&K CET] 15. Which among the following is the heavist?
–3 –2
(a) 10 NA (b) 10 NA [Kerala CEE]
(c) 10 NA–1
(d) 10 NA (a) 1 mole of oxygen
(b) 1 molecule of sulphur trioxide
6. Mass of 0.1 mole of methane is [KCET]
(c) 100u of uranium
(a) 1 g (b) 16 g
(d) 44 g of carbon dioxide.
(c) 1.6 g (d) 0.1 g
16. Total number of protons in 10 g of calcium
7. The maximum number of molecules are present in
carbonate is (NA = 6.023 × 1023) [RPMT]
[BCECE]
(a) 15 L of H2 gas at STP (b) 5 L of N2 gas at STP (a) 3.01 × 1024 (b) 4.06 × 1024
(c) 2.01 × 1024 (d) 3.24× 1024
(c) 0.5 g of H2 gas (d) 10 g of O2 gas
17. A sample of phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) contains
8. Number of atoms of He in 100 u of He (atomic
1.4 moles of the substance. How many atoms are
weight of He is 4) are [BCECE]
there in the sample? [BHU]
(a) 25 (b) 100
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 50 (d) 100 × 6 × 10–23 3
(c) 8.431 × 10 (d) 3.372 × 1024
9. The weight of one molecule of a compound C60H122
18. Number of atoms of oxygen present in 10.6 g of
is [BHU] Na2CO3 will be [J&K CET]
(a) 1.3×10–20 g (b) 5.01× 10–21 g
(a) 6.02×1023 (b) 12.04×1022
(c) 3.72×1012 g (d) 1.4×10–21 g
(c) 1.806 × 1023 (d) 31.80×1028
10. 25 g of MCl4 contains 0.5 mole chlorine then its
19. Avogardro’s number is the number of molecules
molecular weight is [Punjab PMET] present in [AFMC]
(a) 100 g mol–1 (b) 200 g mol–1 (a) 1 L of molecule (b) 1 g of molecule
(c) 150 g mol–1 (d) 400 g mol–1 (c) gram molecular mass (d) 1 g-atom of molecules
20. A signature, written in carbon pencil weighs 1 mg. 29. Sodium bicarbonate on heating decomposes to form
What is the number of carbon atoms present in the sodium carbonate, CO2 and water. If 0.2 moles of
signature? [KCET] sodium bicarbonate is completely decomposed, how
(a) 5.02×1023 (b) 5.02×1020 many mole of sodium carbonate is formed?
(c) 6.02 × 1020 (d) 0.502×1020 [J&K CET]
21. 720 g water contains, the number of moles (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
[JCECE] (c) 0.05 (d) 0.025
(a) 2 (b) 190
30. The oxygen obtained from 72 kg of water is [RPMT]
(c) 40 (d) 55
(a) 72 kg (b) 46 kg
22. The number of electrons required to reduce
+3 (c) 50 kg (d) 64 kg
4.5×10–3g of Al is [MHT CET]
31. The mass of BaCO3 produced when excess CO2 is
(a) 1.03×1018 (b) 3.01×1020
bubbled through a solution of 0.205 molBa(OH)2 is
(c) 4.95×1026 (d) 7.31×1020
Stoichiometric Calculations [AMU]
(a) 81 g (b) 20.25 g
23. 20.0 kg of N2(g) and 3.0 kg of H2(g) are mixed to
(c) 162 g (d) 40.5 g
produce NH3 (g). The amount of NH3(g) formed is
32. The volume of oxygen liberated from 0.68 g of
[Kerala CEE]
H2O2at STP [Punjab PMET]
(a) 17 kg (b) 34 kg
(a) 112 mL (b) 224 mL
(c) 20 (d) 3 kg
24. A mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 4.44 g is (c) 56 mL (d) 336 mL
treated with sodium carbonate to precipitate all the 33. In Haber process, 30 L of dihydrogen and 30 L of
Ca2+ ions as calcium carbonate. The calcium dinitrogen were taken for reaction which yielded only
carbonate so obtained is heated strongly to get 0.56 g 50% of the expected product. What will be the
of CaO. The percentage of NaCl in the mixture composition of gaseous mixture under aforesaid
(atomic mass of Ca = 40) is [KCET] condition in the end? [CBSE AIPMT]
(a) 75 (b) 30.6 (a) 20 L of ammonia, 10 L nitrogen, 30 L hydrogen
(c) 25 (d) 69.4 (b) 20 L of ammonia, 25 L nitrogen, 15 L hydrogen
25. 10 gm of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in (c) 20 L of ammonia, 20 L nitrogen, 20 L hydrogen
a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water (d) 10 L of ammonia, 25 L nitrogen, 15 L hydrogen
produced in this reaction will be [CBSE AIPMT] 34. What will be the volume of the gaseous mixture after
(a) 3 mol (b) 4 mol the reaction
(c) 1 mol (d) 2 mol NH 3  HCl  NH 4 Cl? [DUMET]
4L 1.5 L (solid)
26. How many moles of lead (II) chloride will be formed
from a reaction between 6.5 g of PbO and 3.2 g of (a) 0.5 L (b) 1 L
HCl? [CBSE AIPMT] (c) 2.5 L (d) 0.1 L
(a) 0.044 (b) 0.333 35. The amount of H2S required to precipitate 1.69 g BaS
(c) 0.011 (d) 0.029 from BaCl2 solution is [Haryana PMT]
27. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated (a) 3.4 g (b) 0.24 g
yield a residue weighing [BHU] (c) 0.34 g (d) 0.17 g
(a) 2.16 g (b) 2.48 g 36. If 1 mL of water contains 20 drops the number of
(c) 2.64 g (d) 2.32 g molecules in a drop of water is [AFMC]
28. How many grams of NaOH will be required to (a) 1.67×1021 molecules
neutralise 12.2 g benzoic acid? [MP PMT] (b) 1.376×1026 molecules
(a) 12.2 g (b) 16g (c) 1.344×1018 molecules
(c) 40 g (d) 4 g (d) 4.346×1020 molecules
37. 1 L of a gas at STP weighs 1.97 g. What is the 48. The decomposition of a certain mass of CaCO3 gave
vapour density of the gas? [Kerala CEE] 11.2 dm3 of CO2 gas at STP. The mass of KOH
(a) 44.1 (b) 22.05 required to completely neutralise the gas is[KCET]
(c) 88.2 (d) 10.10
(a) 56 g (b) 28 g
38. A gas has a vapour density 11.2. The volume
occupied by 1 g of gas at NTP is [BCECE] (c) 42 g (d) 20 g
(a) 1 L (b) 11.2 L 49. The number of moles of oxygen present in 1 L of air
(c) 22.4 L (d) unpredictable under standard conditions (it contains 21% oxygen)
is [Punjab PMET]
39. Volume of a gas at NTP is 1.12×10–7 cm3. The
number of molecules in it is [Manipal] (a) 0.246 mol (b) 0.07438 mol
12 24
(a) 3.01×10 (b) 3.01×10 (c) 2.0078 mol (d) 0.0093 mol
23 20
(c) 3.01×10 (d) 3.01×10 Empirical & Molecular Formula
40. 1 L oxygen gas at STP will weigh [JCECE]
(a) 1.43 g (b) 2.24 g 50. 60 g of a compound on analysis produced 24 g
carbon, 4 g hydrogen and 32 g oxygen. The empirical
(c) 11.2 g (d) 22.4 g
formula of the compound is [BVP]
41. The number of moles of H2 in 0.224 L of hydrogen
(a) CH2O2 (b) CH2O
gas at STP (273K, 1atm) is [JCECE]
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.01 (c) CH4O (d) C2H4O2
(c) 0.001 (d) 1 51. A gas is found to have a formula [CO]x. If its vapour
42. If the density of water is 1 g cm–3 then the volume density is 70, the value of x is [AMU]
occupied by one molecule of water is approximately (a) 2.5 (b) 3.0
[CMC Ludhiana]
(c) 5.0 (d) 6.0
(a) 18 cm3 (b) 22400 cm3
52. Law of multiple proportions is illustrated by one of
(c) 6.02×10–23 cm3 (d) 3.0×10–23 cm3 the following pairs [JCECE]
43. What volume of CO2 will be liberated at NTP, if 12g (a) H2S and SO2 (b) NH3 and NO2
of carbon is burnt in excess of oxygen?[AFMC]
(c) Na2S and Na2O (d) N2O and NO
(a) 11.2 L (b) 22.4 L
(c) 2.24 L (d) 1.12 L Laws of chemical combination
44. 100 mL of PH3 on heating forms P and H2, the 53. Of two oxides of iron, the first contained 22% and
volume change in the reaction is [DUMET] the second contained 30% of oxygen by weight. The
(a) an increase of 50 mL (b) an increase of 100 mL ratio of weights of iron in the two oxides that
(c) an increase of 150 mL (d) a decrease of 50 mL combine with the same weight of oxygen is
45. How much volume of oxygen at STP in litres is [J&K CET]
required to burn 4 g of methane gas completely? (a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
[J&K CET] (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
(a) 11.2 (b) 5.6 54. What is the percentage of cation in ammonium
(c) 2.8 (d) 8 dichromate? [Kerala CEE]
46. 40 g of a sample of carbon on combustion left 10% (a) 14.29% (b) 80%
of it unreacted. The volume of oxygen required at (c) 50.05% (d) 20.52%
STP for this combustion reaction is [EAMCET] Equivalent Concept
(a) 22.4 L (b) 67.2 L
55. In an experiment, 4 g of M2Ox oxide was reduced to
(c) 11.2 L (d) 44.8 L
2.8 g of the metal. If the atomic mass of the metal is
47. 10 L of O2 gas is reacted with 30 L of CO gas at STP.
56 g mol–1 , the number of O atoms in the oxide is
The volume of each gas present at the end of the
[AFMC]
reaction are [Kerala CEE]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) CO = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L (b) O2 = 10 L, CO= 30 L
(c) 3 (d) 4
(c) CO = 20 L, CO2 = 10 L (d) O2 = 10 L, CO2 = 20 L
56. The number of molecules in 100 mL of 0.02 N 64. A metal M of equivalent mass E forms an oxide of
H2SO4 is [AMU] molecular formula MxOy. The atomic mass of the
(a) 6.02 × 1022 (b) 6.02 × 1021 metals is given by the correct equation [BCECE]
(c) 6.02 × 1020 (d) 6.02 × 1018 (a) 2E(y/x) (b) xyE
57. To dissolve 0.9 g metal, 100 mL of 1N HCl is used. (c) E/y (d) y/E
What is the equivalent weight of metal? [MP PMT] 65. 1.520 g of hydroxide of a metal on ignition gave
0.995 g of oxide. The equivalent weight of metal is
(a) 7 (b) 9
[JCECE]
(c) 10 (d) 6
(a) 1.52 (b) 0.995
58. 74.5 g of a metallic chloride contain 35.5 g of
(c) 190 (d) 9
chlorine. The equivalent weight of the metal is
66. Ca(OH) 2  H 3 PO 4  CaHPO 4  2H 2 O
[Manipal]
(a) 19.5 (b) 35.5 the equivalent weight of H3PO4 in the above reaction
(c) 39.0 (d) 78.0 is [Punjab PMET]
59. When a metal is burnt, its weight is increased by 24 (a) 21 (b) 27
per cent. The equivalent weight of the metal will be (c) 38 (d) 49
[BVP] 67. On reduction with hydrogen, 3.6 g of an oxide of
metal left 3.2 g of metal. If the vapour density of
(a) 2 (b) 24
metal is 32, the simplest formula of the oxide would
(c) 33.3 (d) 76
be [DUMET]
60. A bivalent metal has an equivalent mass of 32. The (a) MO (b) M2O3
molecular mass of the metal nitrate is [KCET]
(c) M2O (d) M2O5
(a) 168 (b) 192
(c) 188 (d) 182 68. Excess of carbon dioxide is passed through 50 mL of
0.5 M calcium hydroxide solution. After the
61. The volume of 2 N H2SO4solution is 0.1 dm3. The
completion of the reaction , the solution was
volume of its decinormal solution (in dm3) will be evaporated to dryness. The solid calcium carbonate
[MHT CET] was completely neutralisedwith 0.1 N hydrochloric
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 acid. The volume of hydrochloric acid required is
(c) 2 (d) 1.7 (At. mass of calcium=40 [KCET]
62. Assertion:Equivalent weight of a base (a) 200cm3 (b) 500cm3
(c) 400cm3 (d) 300 cm3
molecular weight
= 69. The equivalent weight of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) in
acidity
the reaction
Reason:Acidity is the number of replaceable
hydrogen atom in one molecule of the base. NaOH  H 3 PO 4  NaH 2 PO 4  H 2 O is [BHU]
[AIIMS] (a) 59 (b) 49
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is (c) 25 (d) 98
correct explanation of the Assertion.
70. 4 g of copper was dissolved in concentrated nitric
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is acid. The copper nitrate solution solution on strong
not the correct explanation of the Assertion. heating gave 5 g of its oxide. The equivalent weight
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. of copper is [KCET]
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false. (a) 23 (b) 32
63. The equivalent weight of a metal is 9 and vapour (c) 12 (d) 20
density of its chloride is 59.25. The atomic weight of
metal is [DUMET]
(a) 23.9 (b) 27.3
(c) 36.3 (d) 48.3
Mixed 76. Which of the following is dependent on
71. In the Kjedahi’s method for estimation of nitrogen temperature ? (NEET 2017)
present in soil sample, ammonia evolved from (a) Molarity (b) Mole fraction
0.75g of sample neutralized 10 mL of 1M The (c) Weight percentage (d) Molality
percentage of nitrogen in the soil is(AIPMT 2014) 77. A mixture of 2.3 g formic acid and 4.5 g oxalic acid
(a) 37.33 (b) 45.33 is treated with conc. H2SO4. The evolved gaseous
(c) 35.33 (d) 43.33 mixture is passed through KOH pellets. Weight
72. In Duma’s method for estimation of nitrogen, 0.25 (in g) of the remaining product at STP will be
g of an organic compound gave 40 mL of nitrogen (NEET 2018)
collected at 300 K temperature and 725 mm (a) 3.0 (b) 2.8
pressure. If the aqueous tension at 300 K is 25 (c) 1.4 (d) 4.4
mm, the percentage of nitrogen in the compound is 78. For the redox reaction
(AIPMT 2015) MnO4  C2O24  H  Mn2  CO2  H2O
(a) 18.20 (b) 16.76
the correct coefficient of the reactants for the
(c) 15.76 (d) 17.36
balanced equation are (NEET 2018)
73. A mixture of gases contains and gases in the ratio
MnO4 C2O24 H
of 1 : 4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of the two (a)
2 5 16
gases in the mixture ? (AIPMT 2015)
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 16 : 1 MnO4 C2O24 H
(b)
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 2 16 5
74. 20.0 g of a magnesium carbonate sample MnO4 C2O24 H

(c)
decomposes on heating to give carbon dioxide and 16 5 2
8.0g magnesium oxide. What will be the
MnO4 C2O24 H
percentage purity of magnesium carbonate in the (d)
16 5 2
sample ?
(AIPMT 2015)
(a) 60% (b) 84%
(c) 75% (d) 96%
75. Suppose 4th elements X and Y combine to form
two compounds XY2 and X3Y2. When 0.1 mol of
XY2 weighs 10g and 0.05 mol of X3Y2 weighs 9g,

the atomic weights of X and Y are (NEET 2016)
(a) 60, 40 (b) 20, 30
(c) 30, 20 (d) 40, 30
EXERCISE– 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. All questions marked “S” are single choice questions
2. All questions marked “C” are comprehension based questions
3. All questions marked “A” are assertion–reason type questions
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If reason is true but assertion is false.
Atoms & Molecules 8.(S) Thehaemoglobin from the red corpuscles of most
1.(A) Assertion : Both 138 g of K2CO3 and 12 g of mammals contain approximately 0.33% iron by
carbon have same number of carbon atoms. weight. If physical measurement indicates a
Reason : Both contains 1 g atom of carbon which molecular weight for haemoglobin of 68000 g/mol,
contains 6.022 × 1023 carbon atoms. how many iron atoms are there in each molecule of
(a) A (b) B haemoglobin ? [AWFe = 56]
(c) C (d) D (a) 1 (b) 2
2. (A) Assertion :Both 12g of carbon and 27g of (c) 3 (d) 4
aluminium contain 6.023 × 1023 atoms. Stoichiometric Calculations
Reason :Molar mass of an element contains
9.(S) A certain element Z reacts with O2 to form the
Avogadro number of atoms.
compound Z2O5. If 0.346g of the element forms
(a) A (b) B
0.552g of the compound, what is the atomic molar
(c) C (d) D
mass of the element?
3.(S) If 1021 molecules are removed from 200mg of
(a) 12.3 g mol–1 (b) 74.6 g mol–1
CO2, then the number of moles of CO2 left are
(c) 67.4 g mol–1 (d) 153 g mol–1
(a) 2.85 × 10–3 (b) 28.8 × 10–3
(c) 0.288 × 10 –3
(d) 1.68 × 10–2 10.(S) If 80.00 g of X combines with 1.5 × 1023 atoms of
4.(S) A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen Y to form X2Y without any of either element
in the ratio of 1 : 4 by weight. Therefore, the ratio remaining, what is the atomic weight of X ?
of their number of molecules is
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 8 (a) 20 (b) 40
(c) 7 : 32 (d) 3 : 16 (c) 120 (d) 160
5.(S) A compound possesses 8% sulphur by mass. The 11.(S) 1 g alloy of Cu and Zn reacted with excess of dil.
least molecular mass is H2SO4 to give H2 gas which occupies 60 ml at
(a) 200 (b) 400
STP. The percentage of Zn in the alloy (Given
(c) 155 (d) 355
only Zn reacts with H2SO4)
6.(A) Assertion :Number of molecules present in SO2 is
(a) 17% (b) 34%
twice the number of molecules present in O2.
(c) 83% (d) 40%
Reason : Molecular mass of SO2 is double to that
12.(A) Assertion :Actual yield in case of most of the
of O2.
reaction is lesser than theoretical yield.
(a) A (b) B
Reason :The reactants are either not 100% pure or
(c) C (d) D
some side reactions follows.
7.(S) How many H2O molecules are in a 0.10g sample
of CuSO4.5H2O (M = 249.7) ? (a) A (b) B
(a) 1.2 × 1021 (b) 4.1 × 1021 (c) C (d) D

(c) 2.4 × 1022 (d) 1.2 × 1023
13.(S) In the preparation of iron from haematite (Fe2O3) Paragraph for Questions 19 to 21
by the reaction with carbon Often more than one reaction is required to change
Fe2O 3  C 
 Fe  CO 2 starting materials into the desired product. This is
How much 80% pure iron could be produced from true for many reaction that we carry out in the
120 kg of 90% pure Fe2O3 ? laboratory and for many industrial process. These
(a) 94.5 kg (b) 60.48 kg are called sequential reactions. The amount of
(c) 116.66 kg (d) 120 kg desired product from each reaction is taken as the
14.(S) NH3 is formed in the following steps : starting material for the next reaction.
I. Ca + 2C CaC2 50% yield I : 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
II. CaC2 + N2CaCN2 + C 100% yield II : 4Al + 3O2  2Al2 O3
III. CaCN2 + 3H2O  2NH3 + CaCO3 50% yield KClO3 decomposes in step I to give O2, which in
To obtain 2 mol NH3, calcium required is : turn, is used by Al to form Al2O3 in step II. First
(a) 1 mol (b) 2 mol we determine O2 formed in step I and then Al used
(c) 3 mol (d) 4mol by this O2 in step II. Both reactions can be added
15.(S) How many moles of ferric alum to determine amount of KClO3 that can give
required amount of O2 needed for Al.
(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 . can be made from the
sample of Fe containing 0.0056 g of it ? Net : 2KClO3 + 4Al  2KCl + 2Al2O3
(a) 10–4mol (b) 0.5 × 10–4mol Thus, 2KClO34Al

(c) 0.33 × 10–4mol (d) 2 × 10–4mol Or KClC32Al.
16.(S) P and Q are two elements which forms P2Q3 and
I :CaO + 3C  CaC2 + CO
PQ2. If 0.15 mole of P2Q3 weights 15.9g and 0.15
mole of PQ2 weights 9.3g, the atomic weight of P II :CaC2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
and Q is (respectively) :
CaC2 (calcium carbide) is prepared in step I. It is
(a) 18, 26 (b) 26,18 used to prepare acetylene (C2H2) in step II.
(c) 13, 9 (d) None of these Suppose we want to determine amount of CaO that
17.(S) 1 mole of oxalic acid is treated with conc. H2SO4. can give enough CaC2 to converted required
The resultant gaseous mixture is passed through a amount of C2H2. Amount of CaO is determined in
solution of KOH. The mass of KOH consumed step I and then amount of C2H2 in step II. We can
will be (where KOH absorbs CO2.) relate CaO and C2H2stoichiometrically by writing
H2SO4 net reaction which is
(COOH)2 CO + CO2 + H2O
CaO + 3C + 2H2 O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 + CO
2 KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O Thus, CaO C2H2
(a) 28 g (b) 56 g 19.(C) NX is produced by the following step of reactions
(c) 84 g (d) 112 g M + X2  M X2
18.(A) Assertion :If 30 mL of H2 and 20 mL of O2 react MX2 + X2  M3X8
to form water, 5 mL of H2 is left at the end of the M3X8 + N2CO3  N X + CO2 + M3O4
reaction How much M (metal) is consumed to produce 206
Reason :H2 is the limiting reagent. gm of NX. (Take At. wt of M = 56, N=23, X = 80)
(a) 42 gm (b) 56 gm
(a) A (b) B
14 7
(c) C (d) D (c) gm (d) gm
3 4
20.(C) The following process has been used to obtain 25.(S) Calculate the number of oxygen atoms required to
iodine from oil-field brines in California. combine with 7.0g of N2 to form N2O3 if 80% of
NaI + AgNO3  AgI + NaNO3 N2 is converted into products.
AgI + Fe  FeI2 + Ag
3
FeI2 + Cl2  FeCl3 + I2 N 2  O 2 
 N 2 O3
2
If 381 kg of iodine is produced per hour then mass (a) 3.24 × 1023 (b) 3.6 × 1023
of AgNO3 required per hour will be
(c) 18 × 1023 (d) 6.02 × 1023
[atomic mass Ag– 108, I– 127, Fe–56, N–14, Cl–
26.(S) A metal oxide has the formula Z2O3. It can be
35.5]
reduced by hydrogen to give free metal and water.
(a) 170 kg (b) 340 kg 0.2g of the metal oxide requires 12mg of hydrogen
for complete reduction. The atomic weight of the
(c) 255 kg (d) 510 kg
metal is
21.(C) 120 gm Mg was burnt in air to give a mixture of
MgO and Mg3N2. The mixture is now dissolved in (a) 52 (b) 104
HClto form MgCl2 and NH4Cl, if 107 grams (c) 26 (d) 78
NH4Cl is produced. The reaction are follows 27.(S) 11.4 gm of a mixture of butene, C4H8 and butane
C4H10, was burned in excess oxygen. 35.2 gm of
1
I. Mg + O 2  MgO , CO2 and 16.2 gm of H2O were obtained. Calculate
2
II. 3Mg  N2  Mg 3 N2 the percentage by mass of butane in original
mixture.
III. MgO + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O,
(a) 50.87% (b) 49.13%
IV. Mg3 N2 + 8HCl  2NH4Cl + 3MgCl2
(c) 50% (d) None of these
Then the moles of MgCl2 formed is :
Strength of Solutions
(At. wt. Mg = 24, N = 14, Cl = 35.5)
(a) 3 moles (b) 6 moles 28.(S) A solution of NaOH is prepared by dissolving 4.0
g of NaOH in 1 L of water. Calculate the volume
(c) 5 moles (d) 10 moles of the HCl gas at STP that will neutralize 50 mL of
22.(S) If 7.0 moles of Y is placed in a container and this solution.
allowed to react with X until equilibrium is
(a) 224 mL (b) 56 mL
reached according to the reaction :
(c) 112 mL (d) 448 mL
2X + Y  2Z
It is found that the equilibrium mixture contains 29.(S) When 80.00 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 is added to
8.0 moles of X and 5.0 moles of Y. How many 120.00 mL of 0.150 M KOH, the reaction
moles of X were present in the original container ?
 KNO3 (aq)  H 2 O(l )
HNO3 (aq)  KOH(aq) 
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 16 occurs and the resulting solution is
23.(S) A 2.70 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon was (a) 0.0160 M KNO3
burned in excess O2 to form 88g of CO2 and 27g of
(b) 0.01800 M KNO3
H2O. What is possible molecular formula of
hydrocarbon ? (c) 0.0800 M KNO3 and 0.0100 M KOH
(a) CH4 (b) C2H2 (d) 0.0160 M KNO3 and 0.0200 M KOH
(c) C4H3 (d) C4H6 30.(A) Assertion :Density is expressed as g mL–1 whereas
24.(S) If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.20 mole of specific gravity is dimension less.
Na3PO4, the maximum number of moles of Reason :Specific gravity is ratio of the masses of
Ba3(PO4)2 then can be formed is solution and solvent.
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.2 (a) A (b) B
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.7 (c) C (d) D
31.(S) A solution containing 12.0% NaOH by mass has a (a) A (b) B
density of 1.131 g/mL. What volume of this (c) C (d) D
solution contains 5.00 mol of NaOH ?
(a) 0.0240 L (b) 1.67 L Paragraph for Questions 38 to 40
(c) 1.47 L (d) 1.00 L The analytical molarity of a solution gives the total
number of moles of a solute in one litre of the
32.(S) If 100 ml of H2SO4 (A) and 100 ml of H2O (B) are
solution. The equilibrium molarity represents the
mixed. Then the mass per cent of H2SO4 would be molar concentration of particular species in a
(Given density of H2SO4 = 0.9 g/ml; density of solution at equilibrium. In order to specify the
H2O = 1.0 g/ml) equilibrium molarity of a particular species it is
necessary to know how the solute behaves when it
(a) 60 (b) 50
is dissolved in a solvent. e.g., if analytical molarity
(c) 47.36 (d) 90 of HCl is 0.1 M then equilibrium molarity of
33.(A) Assertion :Molality and mole fraction units of NaOH equal to zero because HCl is completely
concentration do not change with temperature. dissociated.
Reason :These concentration units are defined in 38.(C) Calculate the analytical molarity of Cl– ion in
terms of mass rather in terms of volume and mass solution which is prepared by mixing 100 ml of
is independent of temperature. 0.1 M NaCl and 400 ml of 0.01 M BaCl2.
(a) A (b) B (a) 0.018 M (b) 0.036 M
(c) C (d) D (c) 0.084 M (d) 0.046 M
34.(S) What is molarity of sulphate ion in a solution
39.(C) The molarity of 68 % of H2SO4 whose density is
prepared by dissoving 7.1g of Al2(SO4)3 in enough
1.84 g/cc is
water to prepare 1.00 L of solution. (Neglect any
hydrolysis) ? (a) 12.76 M (b) 6.84 M
(a) 1.67 × 10–2 M (b) 6.20 × 10–2 M (c) 18.4 M (d) 6.8 M
(c) 1.50 × 10–1 M (d) 2.50 × 10–1 M 40.(C) HCl is 80% ionised in 0.01 M aqueous solution.
The equilibrium molarity of HCl in the solution is
35.(S) An aqueous solution of glucose (C6H12O6) is 0.01
(a) 0.002 (b) 0.06
M. To 200 mL of this solution, which of the
following should be carried out to make it 0.02 M? (c) 0.02 (d) 0.008
I. Evaporate 50 ml of solution 41.(S) Given the reaction :
II. Add 0.180 gm of glucose Na 2 O(s)  H 2 O(l ) 
 2NaOH(aq)
III. Add 50 mL of water What is the molarity of the solution formed if
The correct option is : 1.35g of Na2O is mixed with H2O such that the
(a) I (b) II final volume is 100 mL ?
(c) I, II (d) I, II, III (a) 0.0435 M (b) 0.108 M
36.(S) Equal volumes of 0.200 M HCl and 0.400M KOH (c) 0.217 M (d) 0.435 M
are mixed. The concentrations of the ions in the
42.(S) How much NaNO3 must be weighed out to make
resulting solution are :
50 ml of an aqueous solution containing 70 mg of
(a) [K+] = 0.40M, [Cl–] = 0.20 M, [H+] = 0.20 M
Na+ per ml?
(b) [K+] = 0.20 M, [Cl–] = 0.10 M, [OH–] = 0.10 M
(a) 12.394 g (b) 1.29 g
(c) [K+] = 0.10 M, [Cl–] = 0.10 M, [OH–] = 0.10 M (c) 10.934 g (d) 12.934 g
+ – –
(d) [K ] = 0.20 M, [Cl ] = 0.10 M, [OH ] = 0.20 M 43.(S) 100 mL of mixture of NaOH and Na2SO4 is
37.(A) Assertion :In laboratory, reagents are made to a neutralised by 10 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4. Hence,
specific molarity rather molality. NaOH in 100 mL solution is
Reason :The volume of solution is easier to
(a) 0.2 g (b) 0.4 g
measure than its mass.
(c) 0.6 g (d) None
44.(S) A standard solution of 0.165 M HCl is being used Empirical & Molecular Formula
to determine the concentration of an unknown 50.(S) A compound was found in contain 21.67%
NaOH solution. If 25.5 mL of an acid solution are Mg,21.4% C and 57.0% by mass. What is the
required to neutralize 15.0 mL of the base, what is simplest formula of this compound ?
the molarity of the NaOHsolution ?
(a) MgCO3 (b) MgC2O4
(a) (0.165)/ (25.5 + 15.0) M
(b) (15.0) / (0.165) (25.5) M (c) Mg2CO3 (d) Mg(CO)4
(c) (0.165) (15.0/25.5) M 51.(S) The simplest formula of a compound containing

(d) (0.165) (25.5/15.0) M 50% of an element X (atomic weight 10) and 50%
of element Y (atomic weight 20) is :
45.(A) Assertion :When a solution is diluted from volume
V1 to V2 by adding solvents, its molarity before (a) XY (b) X2Y
dilution M1 and after dilution M2 are related as : (c) XY2 (d) X2Y3
M1V1 = M2V2 52.(S) A 7.66 g sample of hydrated sodium sulphate
Reason :During dilution, moles of the solute Na2SO4.xH2O forms 4.06 g of anhydrous Na2SO4.
remains conserved. What is the value of x ? (MM Na2SO4 = 142)
(a) A (b) B (a) 0.2 (b) 3.0
(c) C (d) D (c) 5 (d) 7
46.(A) Assertion :For a binary solution of two liquids, A 53.(S) If the percentage of water of crystallization in
and B, with the knowledge of density of solution, CuSO4.xH2O is 56.6% by weight of its anhydrous
molarity can be converted into molality. salt, what is the value of x ?
Reason :Molarity is defined in terms of volume (a) 3 (b) 4
and molality in terms of mass, and mass and (c) 5 (d) 6
volume are related by density.
54.(S) The percentage of Fe in Fe3+ in Fe0.93O1.00 is
(a) A (b) B
(a) 15.0% (b) 84.2%
(c) C (d) D
(c) 16.98% (d) 18.49 %
47.(S) The density of 1 M solution of NaCl is 1.0585g
55.(S) When a hydrate of Na2CO3 is heated until all the
mL–1. The molality of the solution is
water is removed, it loses 54.3 per cent of its mass.
(a) 1.0585 (b) 1.00
The formula of the hydrate is
(c) 0.10 (d) 0.0585
(a) Na2CO3.10H2O (b) Na2CO3.7 H2O
48.(S) 36.5% HCl has density equal to 1.20g mL–1. The
(c) Na2CO3.5 H2O (d) Na2CO3. 3H2O
molarity (M) and molality (m), respectively, are
(a) 15.7, 15.7 (b) 12, 12
Paragraph for Questions 56 to 58
(c) 15.7, 12 (d) 12, 15.7
49.(S) Consider the given reversible reaction at A crystalline hydrated salt on being rendered
equilibrium anhydrous anhydrous loses 45.6% of its weight.
2NO + Cl22ClNO(g) The percentage composition of anhydrous salt is :
Suppose that 0.30 mol NO, 0.20 mole of Cl2 and Al = 10.5%, K = 15.1%, S = 24.8% and oxygen =
49.6%. Answer the following four questions based
0.50 mole of ClNO were placed in a 25.00-L
on these information. [Molar masses are : Al = 27,
vessel and allowed to reach the equilibrium. At
K = 39, S = 32]
equilibrium, the concentration of ClNO was found
to be 0.024 molar. Molar concentration of NO 56.(C) What is the empirical formula of the salt ?
present at equilibrium is (a) K2AlS2O7 (b) K2Al2S2O7
(a) 0.004 M (b) 0.006 M (c) KAlS2O8 (d) K3AlS2O12
(c) 0.008 M (d) 0.01 M
57.(C) What is the empirical formula of the hydrated salt? 63.(S) 3 g of a hydrocarbon on combustion in excess of
(a) K2AlS2O7.10H2O oxygen produces 8.8g of CO2 and 5.4 g of H2O.
The data illustrates the law of :
(b) K2Al2S2O7.16H2O
(a) conservation of mass (b) multiple proportions
(c) K3AlS2O12.8H2O
(c) constant proportions (d) reciporcal proportions
(d) KAlS2O8.12H2O 64.(S) Potassium combines with two isotopes of chlorine
58.(C) If 50g of the above hydrated salt is dissolved in (35Cl and 37Cl) respectively to form two samples of
150 gram of water, molality of the resulting KCl. Their formation follows the law of :
solution will be (a) constant proportions (b) multiple proportions
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.6 (c) reciprocal proportions (d) none of these.
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.4 Equivalent Concept
Laws of Chemical Combination 65.(A) Assertion : 1mole of H2SO4 is neutralised by 2
59.(A) Assertion :Pure water obtained from different moles of NaOH but 1 equivalent of H2SO4 is
states of India always contains hydrogen and neutralised by 1 equivalent of NaOH.
oxygen in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass.
Reason : Equivalent weight of H2SO4 is half of its
Reason :Total mass of reactants and products
molecular weight while equivalent weight of
during chemical change is always the same.
NaOH is 40.
(a) A (b) B
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
60.(S) Two elements X and Y have atomic weights of 14 (c) C (d) D
and 16. They form a series of compounds A, B, C 66.(A) Assertion (A) :The equivalent mass of an element
D and E in which for the same amount of element is variable.
X, Y is present in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5. If the Reason (R) : It depends on the valency of the
compound A has 28 parts by weight of X and 16 element.
parts by weight of Y, then the compound C will
(a) A (b) B
have 28 parts by weight of X and
(a) 32 parts by weight of Y (c) C (d) D
(b) 48 parts by weight of Y 67.(S) N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(c) 64 parts by weight of Y Molecular weight of NH3 and N2 are x1 and x2,
(d) 80 parts by weight of Y respectively. Their equivalent weights are y1 and
61.(S) One part of an element A combines with two parts y2, respectively. Then (y1 – y2) is
of B (another element). Six parts of element C
combine with four parts of element B. If A and C  2x  x 2 
(a)  1  (b) (x1 – x2)
combine together, the ratio of their masses will be  6 
governed by : (c) (3x1 – x2) (d) (x1 – 3x2)
(a) law of definite proportions
68.(S) Thevapour density of a chloride of an element is
(b) law of multiple proportions 39.5. The Ew of the elements is 3.82. The atomic
(c) law of reciprocal proportions weight of the element is
(d) law of conservation of mass (a) 15.28 (b) 7.64
62.(S) Zinc sulphate contains 22.65% Zn and 43.9% H2O. (c) 3.82 (d) 11.46
If the law of constant proportions is true, then the 69.(S) 5.6 g of a metal forms 12.7 g of metal chloride.
mass of zinc required to give 40g crystals will be : Hence equivalent weight of the metal is
(a) 90.6 g (b) 9.06 g
(a) 127 (b) 254
(c) 0.906 g (d) 906 g
(c) 56 (d) 28
70.(S) 5 mL of N-HCl, 20 mL of N/2 H2SO4 and 30 mL of 77.(S) 10 mL of 0.2 N HCl and 30 mL of 0.1 N HCl
N/3 HNO3 are mixed together and the volume is together exactly neutralises 40 mL of solution of
made to 1L. The normality of the resulting solution is NaOH, which is also exactly neutralised by a
(a) N/5 (b) N/10 solution in water of 0.61 g of an organic acid.What
(c) N/20 (d) None of these is the equivalent weight of the organic acid ?
(a) 61 (b) 91.5
71.(S) 1g of the carbonate of a metal was dissolved in 25
mL of N-HCl. The resulting liquid required 5 mL (c) 122 (d) 183
of N-NaOH for neutralisation. The Ew of the metal 78.(S) 12.5 mL of a solution containing 6.0g of a dibasic
carbonate is acid in 1L was found to be neutralized by 10 mL
(a) 50 (b) 30 of a decinormal solution of NaOH. The molecular
weight of the acid is
(c) 20 (d) None
(a) 150 (b) 120
72.(S) 10 mL of N/2 HCl, 20 mL of N/2 H2SO4 and 30
(c) 110 (d) 75
mL N/3 HNO3are mixed together and solution
79.(A) Assertion :Molality& Mole Fraction of solution is
made to one litre. The normality of the resulting
solution is independent of temperature
(a) 0.20 N (b) 0.10 N Reason : Normality is the ratio of moles of solute
(c) 0.50 N (d) 0.416 N and volume of solution while mole fraction is the
73.(S) 0.115 g of pure sodium metal was dissolved in 500 ratio of moles of solute and weight of solvent
ml distilled water. The normality of the above present in solution.
solution, whose resulting volume is 400 mL,
(a) A (b) B
would be
(c) C (d) D
(a) 0.010 N (b) 0.0115 N
(c) 0.0125 N (d) 0.046 N Paragraph for Questions 80 to 82
74.(S) 50 ml of 10 N H2SO4, 25 ml of 12 N HCl and 40
ml of 5N HNO3 were mixed together and the HNO3 used as a reagent has specific gravity of
volume of the mixture was made 1000 ml by 1.42g mL–1 and contains 70% by strength HNO3.
adding water. The normality of the resulting
solution will be 80.(C) Normality of acid is.
(a) 1 N (b) 2 N (a) 16.78 (b) 15.78
(c) 3 N (d) 4 N (c) 14.78 (d) 17.78
75.(S) Which of the following 1 g L–1 solution has the 81.(C) Volume of acid that contains 63g pure acid is.
highest normality ? (a) 100 mL (b) 40.24 mL
(a) NaOH (b) H2SO4 (c) 63.38 mL (d) 70.68 mL
(c) HCl (d) HNO3 82.(C) Volume of water required to make 1N solution
76.(A) Assertion :-0.1 M H3PO3 (aq) solution has from 2 mL conc. HNO3.
normality equal to 0.3N when completely reacted (a) 29.56 mL

with NaOH. (b) 30.56 mL
Reason :H3PO3 is a dibasic acid. (c) 28.56 mL
(a) A (b) B
(d) 31.56 mL
(c) C (d) D
EXERCISE– 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR OTHER COMPETITION QUESTIONS
1. The ratio of mass percent of C and H of an organic 7. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750
compound (CXHYOZ) is 6 : 1. If one molecule of the mL of 0.5 (M) HCl with 250 mLof 2 (M) HCl will
above compound (CXHYOZ) contains half as much be (2013)
oxygen as required to burn one molecule of (a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
compound CXHYcompletely to CO2 and H2O. The (c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M
empirical formula of compound CXHYOZ is: (2018) 8. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving
(a) C2H4O3 (b) C3H6O3 120g of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is
(c) C2H4O (d) C3H4O2 1.15g/mL. The molarity of this solution is (2012)
2. 1 gram of a carbonate (M2CO3) on treatment with (a) 0.50 M (b) 1.78 M
excess HCl produces 0.01186 mole of CO2. The (c) 1.02 M (d) 2.05 M
–1
molar mass of M2CO3in g mol is : (2017) 9. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid
(a) 84.3 (b) 118.6 solution that is 29% H2SO4 (Molar mass = 98g mol–1)
(c) 11.86 (d) 1186 by mass will be (2007)
3. The most abundant elements by mass in the body of (a) 1.64 (b) 1.88
a healthy human adult are : Oxygen (61.4%); Carbon
(c) 1.22 (d) 1.45
(22.9%), Hydrogen (10.0%); and Nitrogen (2.6%).
10. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3
The weight which a 75 kg person would gain if all 1H
(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms ?
atoms are replaced by 2H atoms is : (2017)
(2006)
(a) 37.5 kg (b) 7.5 kg
(a) 0.02 (b) 3.125×10–2
(c) 10 kg (d) 15 kg
4. The percent loss in weight after heating a pure (c) 1.25×10–2 (d) 2.5×10–2
sample of potassium chlorate (mol. wt. = 122.5) will 11. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water
be (2015) is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is
(a) 12.25 (b) 24.50 (2006)
(c) 39.18 (d) 49.0 (a) 0.44 mol Kg–1 (b) 1.14 mol kg–1
5. In Carius method of estimation of halogens, 250 mg (c) 3.28 mol kg–1 (d) 2.28 mol kg–1
of an organic compound gave 141 mg of AgBr. The 12. If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of
percentage of bromine in the compound is : carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass
(at. mass Ag =108; Br =80) (2015) unit, the mass of one mole of a substance will
(a) 48 (b) 60 (2005)
(c) 24 (d) 36 (a) be a function of the molecular mass of the
6. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a
particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of substance
number of their molecule is : (2014) (b) remain unchanged
(a) 7 : 32 (b) 1 : 8
(c) 3 : 16 (d) 1 : 4 (c) increase two fold
(d) decrease twice
13. 25 mL of a solution of Ba(OH)2 on titration with a 19. Dissolving 120g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000g of
0.1 M solution of HCl gave a titre value of 35 mL. water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
The molarity of barium hydroxide solution was molarity of the solution is (2011)
(2003) (a) 1.78 M (b) 2.00 M

(a) 0.07 (b) 0.14 (c) 2.05 M (d) 2.22 M
(c) 0.28 (d) 0.35
20. Given that the abundances of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and
20
14. 6.023 × 10 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL
57
Fe are 5%, 90% and 5%, respectively, the atomic
of its solution. The concentration of urea solution is
mass of Fe is (2009)
(2004)
(a) 0.001 M (b) 0.1 M (a) 55.85 (b) 55.95
(c) 0.02 M (d) 0.01 M (c) 55.75 (d) 56.05
15. To neutralize completely 20 mL of 0.1 M aqueous 21. Which has maximum number of atoms ? (2003)
solution of phosphorus (H3PO3) acid, the volume of (a) 24g of C (12) (b) 56g of Fe (56)
0.1 M aqueous KOH solution required is (2004) (c) 27g of Al (27) (d) 108g of Ag (108)
(a) 60 mL (b) 20 mL 22. How many moles of electron weighs one kilogram ?
(c) 40 mL (d) 10 mL
1
(a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 1031
16. Number of atoms in 560g of Fe (atomic mass 56 g 9.108
mol–1) is (2002)
6.023 1
(a) twice that of 70 g N (c) 1054 (d) 108
9.108 9.108  6.023
(b) half that of 20 g H
23. 6.3g of oxalic acid dihydrate have been dissolved in
(c) Both (a) and (b)
water to obtain a 250 mL solution. How much
(d) None of the above volume of 0.1 N NaOH would be required to
17. In an organic compound of molar mass 108 g mol– neutralise 10 mL of this solutions ? (2001)
1
C, H and N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by (a) 40 mL (b) 20 mL
weight. Molecular formula can be (2002)
(c) 10 mL (d) 4 mL
(a) C6H8N2 (b) C7H10N
(c) C5H6N3 (d) C4H18N3

24. The normality of 0.3 M phosphorous acid (H3PO3) is
18. Number of atoms in 558.5 Fe (at. wt. 55.85) is (1999)
(2002) (a) 0.1 (b) 0.9
(a) Twice that in 60 g carbon
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.6
22
(b) 6.023 × 10
25. The weight of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO4. 5H2O is
(c) Half in 8 g He
(1991)
23
(d) 558.5 × 6.023 × 10
(a) 41.59 g (b) 415.9g
(c) 4.159 g (d) none of the three

26. The sulphate of a metal M contains 9.87% of M. This (a) 0.7 (b) 0.5
sulphate is isomorphous with ZnSO4.7H2O. The (c) 0.30 (d) 0.10
atomic weight of M is (1991)
28. The total number of electrons present in 18 ml of
(a) 40.3 (b) 36.3 water (density of water is 1 g ml–1) is (1980)
(c) 24.3 (d) 11.3 (a) 6.02 × 1023 (b) 6.02 × 1023
27. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4, (c) 6.02 × 1024 (d) 6.02 × 1025
the maximum number of moles of Ba3 (PO4)2 that
can be formed is (1981)
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– 1 :BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (d) 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (a)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (d) 75. (c)
EXERCISE– 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS COMPETITION QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (a)
EXERCISE– 3 :ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (d) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (d)
71. (a) 72. (d) 73. (c) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (a)
EXERCISE– 4 :PREVIOUS YEAR OTHER COMPETITION QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c)
Dream on !!
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Some Basic Concept of Chemistry Ques

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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 10

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 20

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year Competition Questions .......................................................... 25

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions .................................................................... 30

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year Other Competition Questions ............................................. 37

 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 40

1.3 Organic chemistry

The discipline which deals with the study of the structure,

The discipline which deals with the structure and behavior

1.5 Analytical chemistry 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER AT

Compound­ A compound is a pure substance containing

4.2 Chemical properties

5.1 Physical quantities

Definitions of SI Base Units

Unit of thermodynanic kelvin The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the

2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must

7. LAW OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

6. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION 7.2 Law of Constant / Definite Proportions

8. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY 9.3 Method 2

2. All the atoms of a given element have identical properties

9.1 Mass of an Atom

A group of similar or dissimilar atoms which exist together in

12.1 Limiting Reagent (LR) and Excess Reagent (ER)

IMPORTANT RELATIONS e.g. molality remains unchanged with temperature. Formulae

M  1000 17.1 Equivalent Mass

“The mass of the base which furnishes 1 mol OH– is called

When a solution is diluted, more solvent is added, the moles

16. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 18. MIXTURE OF ACIDS AND BASES

22. EQUIVALENT VOLUME OF GASES

N = M × Z ; where ‘Z’ is the Valency factor

Example - 3 (iii) No limiting reagent.

Thus, Law of multiple proportion is verified.

(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms

The mass of oxygen = (2.9 – 2.03) = 0.87 g = 3 × 6.02 × 1023

100 g of zinc sulphate crystals contain water = 43.9 g 32

(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.

Example - 15 C (s)  O2 (g) 

= 18.016 amu (ii) As only 16 g of dioxygen is available, it can combine

Sol. Oxidation of HCl takes place according to the following

Example - 19 12x  13 (100  x)

 500 mL of the solution should contain sodium acetate

Mass of sodium acetate acquired 2.3

Example - 26 Volume of solution = 2 L (Given)

Sol. Molecular mass of CO2 = 44 amu = 0.0293 mol L–1 = 0.0293 M

Number of molecules of water and number of oxygen atoms

Gram  atomic mass To find :

Number of molecules of water = 0.05 × 6.02 × 1023

As one molecule of water contains one oxygen atom,

Example - 30 One molecule of methane has = 6 + 4 = 10 electrons

= 10 × 6.02 × 1022 electrons

No. of oxygen atoms in one mole of CaCO3

5.6 = 0.25 × 3 × 6.02 × 1023

= 2 atoms of oxygen One atom of an element weighs 6.644 × 10 –23 g.

= 2 × 1.505 × 1023 atoms Sol. Atomic mass of the element

(ii) Mass of solution = 250 × 1.98 = 495.0 g Example - 38

24.78 × V1 = 0.25 × 2.5 L or V1 = 0.02522 L = 25.22 mL

Sol. Element Percentage Atomic mass Sol :

Therefore, empirical formula is K2Cr2O7. Sol : Molecular mass of sugar = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16

Example - 41 342g sugar contains = 144g carbon

1000g sugar contains = 421g carbon

 3 × 32 g O2 is produced by 2 × 122.5 g KClO3 2 moles of NH3. Thus, 28g N2 reacts with 6g of H2

Compound A compound is a pure substance containing