Atomic Structure Ques

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Table of Contents
 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 5
 Solved Examples ................................................................................................................... 25
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year Competition Questions .......................................................... 54
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 62
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year Other Competition Questions ............................................... 67
 Answer Key ........................................................................................................................... 71

2 STRUCTURE OF ATOM (MEDICAL)
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
S.No. Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
1. Alum Hydrated double sulphate of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24 H2O
potassium and aluminium
2. Alumina Aluminium oxide Al2O3
3. Ammonia water Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
4. Angelsite Lead sulphate PbSO4
5. Aqua fortis Concentrated nitric acid HNO3
6. Aqua regia ..................................... 3HCl(Conc) + HNO3(Conc)
7. Azote gas Nitrogen N2
8. Azurite blue Basic copper carbonate 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
9. Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3
10. Baryta Barium Hydroxide Ba(OH)2
11. Basic lead acetate ...................................... Pb(OH)2Pb(CH3COO)2
12. Bauxite Dihydrate Aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
13. Blue Vitriol Pentahydrate of cupric sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
14. Bleaching powder Calcium oxychloride or calcium CaOCl2 or Ca(OCl)Cl
(hypochlorite) chloride
15. Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
16. Brimstone Sulphur S
17. Brine or common salt Sodium Chloride NaCl
or rock salt
18. Cerusite Lead carbonate PbCO3
19. Chalk or limestone Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
20. Chile saltpetre of Caliche Sodium nitrate NaNO3
21. Cuprite or ruby copper Cuprous oxide Cu2O
22. Copper glance Copper sulphide Cu2S
23. Carnalite Potassium magnesium chloride KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
24. Calomel Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
25. Cane sugar or Beet sugar Sucrose C12H22O11
26. Calgon Sodium hexa-metaphosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
27. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
28. Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
29. Calamine Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
30. Corundum Aluminium oxide Al2O3
31. Dead burnt gypsum Anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4
32. Diaspore Monohydrate aluminium oxide Al2O3.H2O
33. Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2 (solid)
34. Epsom salt Heptahydrate of magnesium sulphate MgSO4.7H2O
35. Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2
36. Galena Lead sulphide PbS
37. Glauber’s salt Hydrated sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O
38. Green Vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
39. Gypsum Calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O
40. Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
41. Hypo Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3.5H2O
42. Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
43. Laughing gas Dinitrogen oxide N2O
44. Limonite Hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.3H2O
45. Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
46. Lime Calcium oxide CaO
STRUCTURE OF ATOM (MEDICAL) 3
47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

48. Lime stone or chalk or marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3
49. Lunar caustic Silver nitrate AgNO3
50. Magnetite Ferrosoferric oxide Fe3O4
51. Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
52. Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
53. Marsh gas Methane CH4
54. Malachite (green) Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
55. Magnesia Magnesium oxide MgO
56. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
57. Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.6H2O
hexahydrate
58. Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
59. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomercurate K2[Hg I4]
60. Nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
61. Nitre cake Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4
62. Nitrolim Calcium cyanamide plus carbon CaCN2 + C
63. Nitrate of lime (Nitrolime) Basic calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2.CaO
64. Oil of Vitriol Concentrated Sulphuric acid H2SO4
65. Oleum Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
66. Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
67. Philosopher’s wool Zinc oxide ZnO
68. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
69. Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
70. Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
1
71. Plaster of Paris Hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO 4 . H 2 O
2
72. Pyrogallol Benzene-1, 2, 3-triol C6H3(OH)3
73. Pyrolusite Manganese dioxide MnO2
74. Quartz or silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
75. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
76. Quick silver Mercury Hg
77. Red lead Triplumbic tetroxide Pb3O4
78. Rock salt Sodium chloride NaCl
79. Rough Ferric oxide Fe2O3
80. Sal ammoniac Solid ammonium chloride NH4Cl
81. Sal volatile Solid ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
82. Salt cake Anhydrous sodium sulphate Na2SO4
83. Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
84. Siderite Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
85. Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
86. Silica gel Hydrated silica SiO2, xH2O
87. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
88. Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3
89. Water glass Sodium dioxide containing Na2SiO3.SiO2
excess of silica
90. Super phosphate of lime Mixture of calcium dihydrogen Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 2CaSO4.2H2O
phosphate and calcium sulphate
91. Verdigris Basic copper acetate Cu(CH3COO)2
92. White lead Basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
93. White Vitriol Heptahydrate of zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
94. Washing soda Hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
95. Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
96. Zinc blende Zinc sulphide ZnS
VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS
Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

1. Ammonium NH4+ 1. Argentic [Silver(II)] Ag 2+ 1. Aluminium Al3+
2. Aurous [Gold (I)] Au + 2. Barium Ba2+ 2. Ferric [Iron (III)] Fe 3+
3. Cuprous [Copper (I)] Cu+ 3. Calcium Ca2+ 3. Chromium Cr3+
4. Hydrogen H+ 4. Cupric [Copper(II)] Cu2+ 4. Auric [Gold (III)] Au 3+
5. Mercurous [Mercury (I)] Hg+ 5. Ferrous [Iron (II)] Fe 2+ 5. Bismuth Bi3+
6. Potassium K+ 6. Magnesium Mg 2+ 6. Arsenic As 3+
7. Sodium Na+ 7. Mercuric [Mercury (II)] Hg2+
8. Argentous [Silver (I)] Ag + 8. Plumbous [Lead (II)] Pb2+ Tetravalent
9. Lithium Li+ 9. Stannous [Tin (II)] Sn2+ 1. Plumbic [Lead (IV)] Pb 4+
10. Zinc Zn 2+ 2. Stannic [Tin (IV)] Sn4+
11. Platinous [Platinum (II)] Pt2+ 3. Platinic [Platinium (IV)] Pt4+
12. Nickel Ni2+
ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)
Monovalent Divalent Trivalent
1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO 43–

2. Bicarbonate or HCO3– 2. Dichromate Cr2O72– 2. Nitride N3–
Hydrogen carbonate
3. Bisulphide or HS– 3. Oxide O2– 3. Arsenite AsO 33–
Hydrogen sulphide
4. Bisulphate or HSO4– 4. Peroxide O22– 4. Phosphide P3–
Hydrogen sulphate
5. Bisulphite or HSO3– 5. Sulphate SO42– 5. Phosphite PO33–
Hydrogen sulphite
6. Bromide Br– 6. Sulphite SO32– 6. Phosphate PO43–
7. Chloride Cl– 7. Sulphide S2– 7. Borate BO33–
8. Permanganate MnO4– 8. Silicate SiO32– 8. Aluminate AlO33–
9. Fluoride F– 9. Thiosulphate S2O32– Tetravalent
10. Hydride H– 10. Zincate ZnO22– 1. Carbide C4–
11. Hydroxide OH– 11. Plumbite PbO22– 2. Ferrocyanide Fe(CN)64–
12. Iodide I– 12. Stannate SnO32–
13. Cyanide CN– 13. Manganate MnO42–
14. Nitrate NO3– 14. Chromate CrO42–
15. Nitrite NO2– 15. Oxalate (COO)22–
16. Chlorite ClO2–
17. Hypochlorite ClO–
18. Chlorate ClO3–
19. Perchlorate ClO4–
20. Meta aluminate AlO2–
THEORY
1. INTRODUCTION 3. They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in their
path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are material
In this chapter, we explore the inside world of atoms which is
particles.
full of mystery and surprises. Whole chemistry is based on
atoms and their structures. We will also study the behaviour 4. They have a charge to mass ratio = 1.75882 × 1011C/kg
exhibited by the electrons and their consequences. 5. They ionise gases through which they travel.
6. They produce X-rays when they strike a metallic target.
1.1 Discovery of fundamental particles
7. The characterstics of cathode rays (electrons) do not depend
Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of on the material of electrodes and nature of the gas present in
conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law the cathode ray tube.
of multiple proportion very successfully but it failed to Thus, we can conclude that electrons are basic constituents
explain the results of many experiments like it was known of all matter.
that substances like glass or ebonite when rubbed with silk
1.1.3 Charge to mass ratio of electron
or fur generate electricity
1.1.1 Discovery of electron +
William Crookes in 1879 studied the electrical discharge in Cathode Anode A
partially evacuated tubes known as cathode ray discharge
N
tubes. B
A discharge tube is made of glass, about 60cm long
containing two thin pieces of metals called electrodes, S
C
sealed in it. This is known as crooke’s tube. The negative
electrode is known as cathode and positive electrode is
known anode. Fluorescent screen
–
When a gas enclosed at low pressure(  10 -4 atm) in
Magnet
discharge tube is subjected to a high voltage (  10,000V),
In 1897 J.J. Thomson measured e/m ratio of electron by using
invisible rays originating from the cathode and producing a
cathode ray tube and applying electric and magnetic field
greenish glow behind the perforated anode on the glass
wall coated with phosphorescent material ZnS is observed. perpendicular to each other as well as to the path of electrons.
These rays were called cathode rays. The extent of deviation of electrons from their path in the
presence of electric and magnetic field depends on:
(a) Charge on the electron
(b) Mass of the particle
(c) The strength of electric or magnetic field
When only electric field is applied, the electrons are deflected
to the point A. When only magnetic field is applied the
electrons are deflected to the point C. By balancing the
strengths of electric or magnetic fields, the electrons are
allowed to hit the screen at point B i.e. the point where
1.1.2 Properties electrons hit in the absence of electric and magnetic field.
1. They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their path By measuring the amount of deflections Thomson was able
suggesting that they travel in straight line. to calculate the value of e/m as 1.758820 × 1011C/kg.
2. They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric
field suggesting that they are negatively charged. They were
named as electrons by Stoney.
1.1.4 Charge on the electron established, therefore it was thought that some positively
charged particles must also be present in the atom. So, during
the experiments with cathode rays, the scientist Goldstein
designed a special type of discharge tube. He discovered
new rays called Canal rays. The name canal rays is derived
from the fact that the rays travelled in straight line through
a vacuum tube in the opposite direction to cathode rays,
pass through and emerge from a canal or hole in the cathode.
They are also known as anode rays.
R.A Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment

to determine the charge on the electrons.
In this method, oil droplets in the form of mist, produced by
the atomiser, were allowed to enter through a tiny hole in
the upper plate of electrical condenser. The downward
motion of these droplets was viewed through the telescope,
equipped with a micrometer eye piece. By measuring the
1.2.2 Properties:
rate of fall of these droplets, Millikan was able to measure
the mass of oil droplets. The air inside the chamber was 1. They travel in straight lines.
ionized by passing a beam of X-rays through it. The electrical 2. They carry a positive charge.
charge on these oil droplets was acquired by collisions with 3. They are made up of material particles.
gaseous ions. The fall of these charged oil droplets can be
retarded, accelerated or made stationary depending upon 4. The value of the charge on the particles constituting the
the charge on the droplets and the polarity and strength of anode rays is found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
the voltage applied to the plate. By carefully measuring the 5. The mass of the particles constituting the anode rays is
effects of electrical field strength on the motion of oil found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
droplets, Millikan concluded that the magnitude of electrical 6. The charge to mass ratio(e/m) of the particles is also found
charge, q, on the droplets is always an integral multiple of to depend on the gas taken.
the electrical charge e, that is, q = n e, where n = 1, 2, 3... .
7. Their behaviour in electric and magnetic field is opposite to
Charge on the electron is found to be –1.6022 × 10–19C. that observed for electron.
The mass of electron was thus calculated as 1.2.3 Origin of anode rays:
These rays are believed to be produced as a result of the
e 1.6022 10 19 C
m   9.1094  1031 kg. knock out of the electrons from the gaseous atoms by the
e / m 1.758820  1011 C / kg
bombardment of high speed electrons of the cathode rays
1.1.5 Origin of cathode rays on them. These anode rays are not emitted from the anode
but are produced in the space between the anode and the
The cathode rays are first produced from the material of the
cathode.
cathode and then from the gas inside the discharge tube
due to bombardment of the gas molecules by the high speed The lightest charged particles were obtained when the gas
electrons emitted first from the cathode. taken in the discharge tube was hydrogen. The e/m value of
these particles were maximum. They had minimum mass and
1.2.1 Discovery of proton
unit positive charge. The particle was called a proton.
Since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral and the
Charge on a proton = + 1.6022 × 10–19C
presence of negatively charged particles in it was
Mass of a proton = 1.672 × 10–27kg as neutron. In 1932 Chadwick proved its existence. He
1.3.1 Discovery of neutron observed that, when a beam of  particles ( 24 He) is incident
The theoretical requirement for the existence of a neutron on Beryllium (Be), a new type of particle was ejected. It had
particle in the atomic nucleus was put forward by Rutherford mass almost equal to that of a proton ( 1.674 ×10–27kg) and
in 1920.It was proposed to be a particle with no charge and carried no charge.
having mass almost equal to that of a proton. He named it
11
5 B  24He  14 1
7 N  0n
SUMMARY : 9
4 Be  24He  12 1
6 C  0n
ATOMIC BUILDING BLOCKS
Name Discoverer Symbol Charge Relative Mass

Charge
Electron J.J. Thomson e –1.6022 × 10–19 C –1 9.1094×10–31 Kg

Proton Goldstein p +1.6022 × 10–19C +1 1.6726 × 10–27 kg
Neutron Chadwick n 0 0 1.6749 × 10–27 kg
were smaller particles together carrying a negative charge,

2. DEFINATIONS
equal to the positive charge in the atom. They were studded
in the atom like plums in a pudding. The charge distribution
2.1 Electron
was such, that it gave the most stable arrangement. This
A fundamental particle which carries one unit negative model of the atom was often called the plum – pudding
charge and has a mass nearly equal to 1/1837th of that of model. Also the raisin pudding model or watermelon model.
hydrogen atom.
Positive
Sphere
2.2 Proton
A fundamental particle which carries one unit positive

charge and has a mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen
atom.
2.3 Neutron
Electorn
A fundamental particle which carries no charge but has a
Thomson’s proposed model of atom.
mass nearly equal to that of hydrogen atom.
3.1 Drawbacks
3. THOMSON MODEL
Though the model was able to explain the overall neutrality
Sir J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron, was the first of the atom, it could not satisfactorily explain the results of
to suggest a model of atomic structure. scattering experiments carried out by Rutherford.
(i) All atoms contain electrons.
4. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
(ii) The atom as a whole is neutral. The total positive charge
and total negative charge must be equal. Rutherford conducted - particles scattering experiments
He visualised all the positive charge of the atom as being in 1909. In this experiment, a very thin foil of gold (0.004nm)
spread out uniformly throughout a sphere of atomic is bombarded by a fine stream of alpha particles. A
fluorescent screen (ZnS) is placed behind the gold foil, where
dimensions (i.e. approx. 10–10 m in diameter). The electrons
points were recorded which were emerging from -particles.
Polonium was used as the source of -particles.
It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of

10–10m while the radius of the nucleus is of the order of
10–15m.
Thus if a cricket ball represents a nucleus, then the radius
of atom would be about 5 km.
4.3 Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model

4.1 Observations
Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving

the scattering of   particles by a very thin foil of gold.
Observations were:
(i) Most of the   particles (99%) passes through it, without
any deviation or deflection.
(ii) Some of the   particles were deflected through small angles.
(iii) Very few   particles were deflected by large angles and
occasionally an   particle got deflected by 180o
4.2 Conclusions
(i) An atom consists of tiny positively charged nucleus at the
(i) An atom must be extremely hollow and must consist of centre and it is surrounded by hollow portion called extra
nuclear part.
mostly empty space because most of the particles passed
through it without any deflection. (ii) The positive charge of the nucleus is due to nucleons which
consist of protons and neutrons while the electrons, present
(ii) Very few particles were deflected to a large extent. This
in extra nuclear portion has negligible mass and carry a
indicates that:
negative charge.
(a) Electrons because of their negative charge and very low
(iii) The atom is electrically neutral, as the number of electrons
mass cannot deflect heavy and positively charged  is equal to number of protons in it. Thus, total positive
particles charge of the nucleus is balanced by the total negative
(b) There must be a very heavy and positively charged body in charge of electrons.
the atom i.e. nucleus which does not permit the passage of (iv) The electrons in the extra nuclear part are revolving around
positively charged  particles. the nucleus in circular paths called orbits. Thus, an atom
(c) Because, the number of  particles which undergo resembles the solar system in which the sun plays the role
deflection of 180º, is very small, therefore the volume of of nucleus and the planets that of revolving electrons and
the model is known as planetary model.
positively charged body must be extremely small fraction of
the total volume of the atom. This positively charged body (v) Electrons and nucleus are held together by the electrostatic
must be at the centre of the atom which is called nucleus. force of attraction.
(vi) Forces of attraction operating on the electron are exactly Therefore, number of neutrons (n) = Mass Number (A) –
balanced by centrifugal forces. Number of protons (Z)
n =A– Z
4.4 Drawbacks
The general notation that is used to represent the mass
A
number and atomic number of a given atoms is ZX
Where, X – symbol of element
A – Mass number
Z – atomic number
5.3 Isotopes, Isobars, isotones and Isoelectronic
(i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in 5.3.1 Isotopes:

motion under the influence of attractive forces should
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having identical
radiate energy continuously. If this is so, the electron will atomic number but different mass number. The difference is
follow a spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus and the due to the difference in number of neutrons.
structure would collapse. This behaviour is never observed. The chemical properties of atoms are controlled by the
number of electrons. Thus, isotopes of an element show
(ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms i.e. same chemical behaviour.
how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and
Isotopes of Hydrogen
what are the energies of these electrons.
Isotope Formula Mass No. of No. of
5. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER number protons neutrons
1
1H (H)
5.1 Atomic number (Z) Protium 1 1 0
Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of unit 2

1H (D)
Deuterium 2 1 1
positive charges or number of protons present in the nucleus
of the atom of the element. It also represents the number of 3
1H (T )
Tritium 3 1 2
electrons in the neutral atom. Eg. Number of protons in
Na = 11 , thus atomic number of Na=11 Isotopes of Oxygen
5.2 Mass number (A)
Isotope Mass number No. of No. of
The elementary particles (protons and neutrons) present in number protons neutrons
the nucleus of an atom are collectively known as nucleons. 16
8 O
16 8 8
The mass number (A) of an atom is equal to the sum of
17
8 O
protons and neutrons. It is always a whole number. Thus, 17 8 9
Mass number (A) = Number of protons(Z) + Number of 18

8 O
18 8 10
neutrons(n)
Isotopes of some common elements 5.3.5 Isoelectronic:
The species (atoms or ions) containing the same number of
Element Isotopes electrons are called isoelectronic. Eg.
12 13 14
O2–, F–, Na+, Mg+2, Al+3, Ne etc
Carbon (C) 6 C, 6 C, 6 C
To go further into the atomic mysteries, we will have to
14 15 understand the nature of electromagnetic radiations and
7 N, 7 N
Nitrogen (N)
study Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Wave theory”.
233 235 238
92 U, 92 U, 92 U
Uranium James Maxwell was the first to give a comprehensive
32 33 34 36
explanation about the interaction between the charged
16 S, 16 S, 16 S, 16 S
Sulphur bodies and the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields.
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
5.3.2 Relative Abundance:
Isotopes of an element occur in different percentages in Electromagnetic Radiations are waves which are formed as
nature, which is termed as relative abundance. a result of oscillating magnetic and electric fields which are
Using this relative abundance the average atomic mass of perpendicular to each other and both are perpendicular to
the element can be calculated. For Example, direction of motion.
the average atomic mass of Cl is 35.5 due to existence of two
isotopes 35 Cl and 37 Cl in 75% and 25% abundance
respectively
5.3.3 Isobars:
Atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers
but same mass numbers are called isobars. Eg
Isobar Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

number number elctrons protons neutrons
40
18 Ar 18 40 18 18 22
40
19 K 19 40 19 19 21
They do not require any medium and can move in vacuum
40
Ca 20 40 20 20 20 unlike sound waves.
20
Light is a form of radiation and has wave characterstics.
5.3.4 Isotones: The various characterstics of a wave are:
Atoms of different elements which contain the same number
of neutrons are called isotones. Eg
Isotones Atomic Mass number No. of neutros
36
16 S 16 36 20
37
17 Cl 17 37 20
1) Amplitude : It is height of the crest or trough (depth) of a
38 wave. Units : metre (m)
18 Ar 18 38 20
2) Frequency (  ) : The number of waves passing through a
39
19 K 19 39 20
point in one second. Units : Hertz (Hz) or s–1
40
20 Ca 20 40 20 3) Time Period : The time taken by a wave to complete one
vibration is called time period. Units : sec
4) Velocity : The distance travelled by a wave in one second
is called velocity. Units : m/s 7.2 Failure of EM wave theory
In vacuum, all types of electromagnetic radiations travel at
the same speed i.e. 3 × 108 m/s. This is called speed of light. The theory failed because of 2 experiments:
5) Wavelength(  ) : The distance between two adjacent crests (1) Black Body Radiation :
or troughs is called wavelength. Units : Angstrom(Å) According to Maxwell’s theory on heating a body the
intensity should increase, that is, energy radiated per unit
[1 Å=10–10m]
area should increase without having any effect on the
6) Wave Number ( ) : It is the number of wavelengths per wavelength or frequency.
centimetre of length. Units : m-1 But we observe that when we heat an iron rod, it first turns
to red then white and then becomes blue at very high
  1/  temperatures. This means that frequency of emitted
radiations is changing.
6.1 Relationship between velocity, frequency & wavelength
An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations of all
c   frequencies is called black body and radiation emitted by a
black body is called black body radiation
where c : speed of light i.e. 3 × 108 m/s in vaccum
The variation of intensity with wavelength at different
v : frequency; : wavelength temperatures for a black body is shown below:
7. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged in 1.4
increasing order of wavelength or decreasing frequency the
band of radiations obtained is termed as electromagnetic 1.2
5000K classical theory
spectrum. (5000 K)
1.0
Intensity
0.8
0.6
0.4 4000K
0.2
3000K
0.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000nm
wavelength (nm)
So it is observed that with increasing temperature the

The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum dominant wavelength in the emitted radiations decreases
(VIBGYOR) whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm. and the frequency increases.
The wavelengths increase in the order: That is at higher temperatures, though the intensity rises as
Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible< predicted by Maxwell’s theory but the wavelength
Infrared < Micro-waves <Radio waves. decreases. If T1>T2>T3 then 1< 2< 3.
7.1 Electromagnetic Wave Theory (2) Photoelectric Effect

When radiations with certain minimum frequency (0) strike
The main points of this theory are:
the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected from the
(1) A source (like the heated rod) emits energy continuously in
surface of the metal. This phenomena is called photoelectric
the form of radiations (i.e. no change in wavelength or
effect. The electrons emitted are called photoelectrons.
frequency of the emitted radiations even on increasing the
energy radiated).
(2) These radiations are Electromagnetic in nature.
To justify these findings Max Von Planc gave his Quantum
Light photons theory.
Electrons ejected
from the surface 8. PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
The main points of this theory are:
(i) The energy is emitted or absorbed not continuously but
discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of
energy. Each such packet of energy is called a ‘quantum’.
In case of light this quantum of energy is called a photon.
Sodium metal
According to Maxwell’s Theory the ejection of electrons

should depend on intensity of radiation that is if electrons
are not being ejected, then on increasing the intensity they
can be ejected.
The following observations are made:

(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as
the beam of light strikes the surface, i.e., there is no time lag (ii) At a time only one photon can be supplied to one electron
between the striking of light beam and the ejection of or any other particle.
electrons from the metal surface.
(ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the (iii) One quantum cannot be divided or distributed.
intensity or brightness of light.
(iv) The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the
(iii) For each metal, there is a characteristic minimum frequency, frequency of radiation.
0 (also known as threshold frequency) below which
photoelectric effect is not observed. At a frequency hc
E   or E  h 
 > 0, the ejected electrons come out with certain kinetic 
energy. The kinetic energies of these electrons increase with
the increase of frequency of the light used.
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-34Js
Thus, these findings were contradictory to the Maxwell’s
theory. The number of electrons ejected and kinetic energy (v) The total energy emitted or absorbed by a body will be in
associated with them should depend on the intensity of whole number quanta.
light. It has been observed that though the number of
electrons ejected does depend upon the brightness of light, nhc
Hence E = nh 
the kinetic energy of the ejected electrons does not. 
This is also called “Quantisation of energy”.

8.1 Explanation of Black body radiation
As the temperature is increased the energy emitted increases

thereby increasing the frequency of the emitted radiations.
As the frequency increases the wavelength shifts to lower Energy can also be expressed in Electron Volt(eV).
values. The energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated
through a potential difference of one Volt.
8.2 Explanation of Photoelectric effect
1eV = 1.602 × 10–19J
(i) When light of some particular frequency falls on the surface
of metal, the photon gives its entire energy to the electron CONCLUSION :
of the metal atom. The electron will be ejected from the
Light has both the Wave nature (shows the phenomena of
metal only if the energy of the photon is sufficient to
diffraction and interference) and Particle nature (could
overcome the force of attraction of the electron by the
explain the black body radiation and photoelectric effect) .
nucleus. So, photoelectrons are ejected only when the
Thus, light has dual nature.
incident light has a certain minimum frequency (threshold
frequency 0). The Threshold energy required for emission Bohr’s Model is based on “Atomic Spectra”, therefore before
moving further we will study:
is called “Work Function” that is “h0” .
(ii) If the frequency of the incident light () is more than the
9. WHAT IS SPECTRUM?
threshold frequency (0), the excess energy is imparted to A spectrum is a group or band of wavelengths/colours and
the electron as kinetic energy. Hence, the study of emission or absorption spectra is known as
Energy of one quantum = Threshold Energy + Kinetic spectroscopy.
Energy
9.1 Types of spectrum
2
h  h 0  (1/ 2) me v There are two types of spectrum:
(iii) When  > 0, then on increasing the intensity the number 1) Emission Spectrum
of quanta incident increases thereby increasing the number 2) Absorption Spectrum
of photoelectrons ejected.
(iv) When  > 0, then on further increasing the frequency, the 9.2 Emission Spectrum
energy of each photon increases and thus kinetic energy of When radiations emitted from a source are incident on a
each ejected electron increases. prism and are separated into different wavelengths and
obtained on a photographic plate.
(a) Continuous Emission Spectra:
There are no gaps between various wavelengths, one
wavelength merges into another.
White
Light
R
O
Beam Y
G
B
I
Prism V
Slit
Photographic
Plate
(b) Discontinuous Emission Spectra: 2) Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a fixed
It is also known as Line Spectra or atomic spectra. value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called energy levels
In this, certain wavelengths go missing from a group and or stationary states.
that leaves dark spaces in between giving discontinuity to They are numbered as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are known
the spectrum. It is also known as fingerprint of an element. as Principal quantum Numbers.
(a) Energy of an electron is given by:
En= –RH (Z2/n2) n = 1,2,3.......
where RH is Rydberg’s constant and its value is
2.18 × 10–18 J.
Z = atomic number
Z2
E n  2.18 1018 J / atom
n2
9.3 Absorption Spectra Z2

E n  13.6 eV / atom
When light from any source is first passed through the
n2
solution of a chemical substance and then analysed, it is
observed that there are some dark lines in the otherwise Z2
E n  1312 kJ / mol
continuous spectra. n2
Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:
K < L < M < N...... and so on.

Energy of the lowest state(n=1) is called ground state.
(b) Radii of the stationary states:
52.9n 2
rn  pm
Z
For H-atom (Z = 1), the radius of first stationary state is
Production of absorption spectrum
called Bohr orbit (52.9 pm)
Bohr studied the atomic spectra of hydrogen and based on (c) Velocities of the electron in different orbits:
that he proposed his model.
2.188 106 Z
10. BOHR’S MODEL vn  m/s
n
3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which have
Note: This model is applicable to H-atom or H-like species
fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an atom can have
like He+,Li2+,Be3+. only certain definite values of energy and not any of their
own. Thus, energy of an electron is quantised.
10.1 Postulates 4) Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in an
atom can have certain definite values and not any value of
1) An atom consists of a small, heavy, positively charged their own.
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around it in
circular orbits.
The wavelength associated with the absorption or emission
nh of the photon is:
mr 
2
1 E R H  1 1  7  1 1  1
Where n=1,2,3...... and so on.       1.09677 10  2  2m
 hc hc  n i2 n 2f   ni nf 
5) An electron does not lose or gain energy when it is present
in the same shell. This is known as Rydberg’s formula.
6) When an electron gains energy, it gets excited to higher
energy levels and when it de-excites, it loses energy in the
form of electromagnetic radiations and comes to lower
energy values.
1.09677 × 107 m-1 is also known as Rydberg’s constant.
10.4 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen
When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous

hydrogen, the H2 molecules dissociate and the energetically
excited hydrogen atoms produced emit electromagnetic
radiations of discrete frequency. The hydrogen spectra
consists of several lines named after their discoverer.
We get discrete lines and not a continuous spectra because
the energy of an electron cannot change continuously but
can have only definite values. Thus we can say that energy
of an electron is quantised.
10.2 What does negative energy for Hydrogen atom

means?
This negative sign means that the energy of the electron in

the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. A
free electron at rest is an electron that is infinitely far away
from the nucleus (n  ) and is assigned the energy value
of zero. As the electron gets closer to the nucleus (as n
decreases), En becomes more and more negative. The most
negative energy value is given by n=1 which corresponds
to the most stable orbit.
LYMAN SERIES :
10.3 Transition of Electron
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to
We know that energy is absorbed or emitted when electron
the ground state or first state (n = 1) ,the series of spectral
excites or de-excites respectively. The energy gap between
the two orbits is lines emitted lies in the ultra violet region and are called as
Lyman series.
E  E f  E i
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1= 1, n2 = 2,3,4,5...
 R   R  BALMER SERIES :
E    2H     2H 
 nf   ni  When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to
the state with n=2,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in
 1 1   1 1  the visible region and are called as Balmer series.
E  R H  2  2   2.18 10 18  2  2  J / atom
 ni nf   ni nf 
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 2, n2 = 3,4,5,6....
PASCHEN SERIES : 3) Inability to explain splitting of lines in the magnetic field
When an electron jumps from any of the higher states to (Zeeman Effect) and in the electric field (Stark Effect)- If the
the state with n=3 ,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in source emitting the radiation is placed in magnetic or electric
the infrared region and are called as Paschen series. field, it is observed that each spectral line splits up into a
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 3, n2 = 4,5,6... number of lines. Splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field
is known as Zeeman Effect while splitting of spectral lines
BRACKETT SERIES :
in electric field is known as Stark Effect.
the state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in 4) It could not explain the ability of atoms to form molecules
the infrared region and are called as Brackett series. by covalent bonds.
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 4, n2 = 5,6,7... 5) He ignores dual behaviour of matter and also contradicts
PFUND SERIES : Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
the state with n = 4,the series of spectral lines emitted lies in
11. TOWARDS QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
the infrared region and are called as Pfund series.
This model was based on two concepts:
Therefore , in Rydberg’s formula n1 = 5, n2 = 6,7...
(1) de Broglie Concept of dual nature of matter
10.5 Ionisation Energy
(2) Heisenberg uncertainty Principle
It is the energy required to remove the electron completely
from the atom so as to convert it into a positive ion. 11.1 Dual behaviour of matter
Thus, n1 = 1 and n2 =  de Broglie proposed that matter should also exhibit dual
10.6 Limiting Line behaviour i.e. both particle and wave like properties.
It is the line of shortest wavelength i.e. n2 =  h h h h

   
mv p 2m(KE) 2mqV
Where p is linear momentum of a particle.

Although a hydrogen atom has only one electron, yet its
spectra contains large number of lines. This is because a According to de Broglie, every object in motion has a wave
sample of hydrogen gas contains large number of character. The wavelengths associated with ordinary objects
molecules. When such a sample is heated to a high are so short (because of their large masses) that their wave
temperature, the hydrogen molecules split into hydrogen properties cannot be detected. The wavelengths associated
atoms. The electrons in different hydrogen atoms absorb
different amounts of energies and are excited to different with electrons and other subatomic particles (with very small
levels. When these electrons return, different electrons mass) can however be detected experimentally.
adopt different routes to return to the ground state. Thus,
they emit different amounts of energies and thus large 11.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
number of lines in atomic spectra in hydrogen.
Maximum no. of lines that can be emitted when an electron It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position and
in an excited state n2 de-excites to n1 (n2>n1) : momentum of a small particle with absolute accuracy. If an
attempt is made to measure any of these two quantities with
(n 2  n1  1) (n 2  n1 )
higher accuracy, the other becomes less accurate. The
2
product of the uncertainty in the position (x) and the
uncertainty in momentum (p) is always a constant and is
10.7 Limitations of Bohr’s Model
equal to or greater than h/4.
1) Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron atoms. (x). (p)  h/4

Or (x). (mv)  h/4
2) It fails to account for the finer details (doublet-two closely
spaced lines) of the hydrogen spectra. Or (x). (x)  h/4m
11.2.1 Explaination
12.1 Probability Density
|  |2 is the probability of finding the electron at a point

within an atom.
12.2 Concept of Orbital
It is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within

which the probability of finding an electron of given energy
is maximum (say upto 90%).
12.3 Quantum Numbers
They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help

Change of momentum and position of of which we can get complete information about all the
electron on impact with a photon electrons in an atom i.e. location, energy, type of orbital
Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and occupied, shape and orientation of that orbital etc.
momentum of an electron. To pin point the position of the The three quantum numbers called as Principal, Azimuthal
electron we have to use light so that the photon of light and Magnetic quantum number are derived from
Schrodinger wave equation. The fourth quantum number
strikes the electron and the reflected photon is seen in the
i.e. the Spin quantum number was proposed later on.
microscope. As a result of the hitting, the position as well
1) Principal Quantum Number (n):
as the velocity of the electron are disturbed.
It tells about the shell to which an electron belongs.
11.2.2 Significance of Uncertainity Principle:
n = 1,2,3,4,5..... and so on.
It rules out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of
This number helps to explain the main lines of the spectrum
electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model. on the basis of electronic jumps between these shells.
(a) It gives the average distance of the electron from the
nucleus. Larger the value of n, larger is the distance from
the nucleus.
The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is (b) It completely determines the energy in hydrogen atom or
significant only for motion of microscopic objects, and is hydrogen like species.
negligible for that of macroscopic objects. The energy of H-atom or H-like species depends only on
the value of n.
12. QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM Order of energy : 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5....... and so on.
For multi-electron species, energy depends on both principal
Quantum mechanics is a theoretical science that deals with
and azimuthal quantum number.
the study of the motion of microscopic objects which have
both particle like and wave like properties. The fundamental The maximum number of electrons present in any shell = 2n2
equation of quantum mechanics was developed by 2) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) :
Also known as Orbital Angular momentum or Subsidiary
Schrodinger.
quantum number.Within the same shell, there are number
This equation describes a function called electron wave of sub-shells, so number of electronic jumps increases and
function (  ). This wave function stores all the information this explains the presence of fine lines in the spectrum. This
quantum number tells about :
about an electron like energy, position, orbital etc. As such
(a) The number of subshells present in a shell.
it does not have any physical significance. The information
(b) Angular momentum of an electron present in subshell.
stored in  about an electron can be extracted in terms of
Quantum Numbers.
(c) Shapes of various subshells present within the same shell.
(3) Magnetic Quantum Number(m):
(d) Relative energies of various subshells.
Value of l varies from 0 to n – 1 This quantum number is required to explain the fact that
when the source producing the line spectrum is placed in a
For 1st shell (n = 1): l = 0
magnetic field, each spectral line splits up into a number of
For 2nd shell (n = 2): l = 0,1 line (Zeeman effect).
For 3rd shell (n = 3): l = 0,1,2 Under the influence of external magnetic field, electrons of
th
For 4 shell (n = 4): l = 0,1,2,3 a subshell can orient themselves in a certain preferred
regions of space around the nucleus called orbitals.
Value of I Designation of subsheII The magnetic quantum number determines the number of
preffered orientations of the electrons present in a subshell.
0 s Since each orientation corresponds to an orbital, thus
magnetic quantum number determines the number of
1 p
orbitals present in any subshell.
2 d
Value of m ranges from – l to +l including zero.
3 f
4 g
Sub-shell Orbitals (m) Number of orbitals
5 h
s-subshell (l=0) m=0 1

The notations s,p,d,f represent the initial letters of the word
sharp, principal, diffused and fundamental. In continuation p-subshell (l=1) m = -1, 0, 1 3
l = 4 is called g subshell and l = 5 is called h subshell and so d-subshell (l=2) m = –2, –1, 0, 1 ,2 5
on.
f-subshell (l=3) m = –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7
Principal shell Subshells
1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell) Orbital Value of m

2nd shell l = 0,1 (s & p subshell)
3rd shell l = 0,1,2 (s,p & d subshell) Px m=0
4th shell l = 0,1,2,3 (s,p,d & f subshell)
Py m=+1
Pz m=–1
Orbital Value of m
The number of subshells present in any principal shell is
d z2 m=0
equal to the number of the principal shell.
Energies of various subshell present within the same shell dxz m = +1
is: s < p < d < f d yz m = –1
Angular momentum of an electron in orbital : d x 2  y2 m = +2
h d xy m = –2
l (l  1)  h l (l  1)
2
These orbitals of the same subshell having equal energy
.
are called degenerate orbitals Eg.
The three p-orbitals of a particular principal shell have the (d) The value of azimuthal quantum number(l) is zero (l=0)
same energy in the absence of magnetic field. and magnetic quantum number can have only one value
Similarly, all five orbitals of d-subshell of a particular shell i.e. m = 0
have the same energy.
Thus, for H-atom order of energy is:
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f < ..........
For multi electron atoms, the energy of the orbitals
decreases with increase in effective nuclear charge. Eg
E2s (H) > E2s (Li) > E2s (Na) > E2s (K)
The total possible values of m in a given subshell = 2l + 1
Total no. of orbitals in a given shell = n2
4) Spin Quantum Number(s):
The electron in an atom not only moves around the nucleus
but also spins about its own axis. Since the electron in an (2) Shape of p-orbitals:
orbital can spin either in clockwise or anti-clockwise (a) It consists of two lobes present on either side of the
direction. Thus s can have only two values plane that passes through the nucleus. The p-orbital is
1 1 dumb-bell shaped.
 or 
2 2 (b) There are three possible orientations of electron cloud in
p-orbitals. Therefore, the lobes of p-orbital may be
This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic
considered to be along x,y and z axis. Hence they are
properties of substances.
designated as px,py,pz. The three p-orbitals are oriented at
right angles to one another.
(c) First main energy level( Principal quantum number n = 1)
does not contain any p-orbital.
An orbital cannot have more than two electrons and (d) The three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have same
these electrons should be of opposite spin. energy in absence of an external electric and magnetic
field and are called degenerate orbitals.
Thus, maximum number of electrons in s-subshell = 2
(e) Like s orbitals, p-orbitals increase in size with increase in
Maximum number of electrons in p-subshell = 6 the energy of main shell of an atom. Thus, value of
Maximum number of electrons in d-subshell = 10 azimuthal quantum number is one (l=1) and magnetic
quantum number has three values (m= –1, 0, +1)
Maximum number of electrons in f-subshell = 14
12.4 Shapes of atomic orbitals
(1) Shape of s-orbitals:

(a) They are non-directional and spherically symmetric i.e.
probability of finding the electron at a given distance is
equal in all directions.
(b) 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of 2s is
larger.
(c) There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where electron
density is zero and is called a node.
(3) Shapes of d-orbitals: (2) Planar or Angular Nodes: They are the planes cutting
(a) They are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx and d x 2 y2 . They through the nucleus on which probability of finding the
electron is zero.
have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d orbital
Number of Planar/Angular Nodes: l
designated as d z2 looks like a doughnut.
Total Number of nodes: n - 1
(b) All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence of
magnetic field.
(c) The d orbitals have azimuthal quantum number l = 2 and
magnetic quantum number values –2, –1,0,+ 1,+ 2.
(d) For principal shell number 1 and 2, there are no d orbitals.
12.6 Filling of orbitals in an atom
(1) Aufbau Principle:

In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in
order of their increasing energies. In other words, electrons
first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and
enter into higher energy orbitals only when the lower energy
We have drawn boundary surface diagrams i.e the surface is
drawn in space for an orbital on which probability density orbitals are filled.
()2 is constant. It encloses the region where probability of Unlike H-atom where energy of orbitals depend only on n,
finding the electron is very high. We do not draw a boundary energy of orbitals of multi-electron orbitals depend on both
surface diagram that encloses 100% probability of finding n and l. Their order of energy can be determined using (n+l)
the electron because probability density has some value, rule.
howsoever small it may be, at any finite distance from the
nucleus. Thus it is not possible to draw a boundary surface According to this rule, lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital,
diagram of a rigid size in which the probability of finding the lower is its energy. If two different types of orbitals have
electron is 100%. the same value of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n has
lower energy.
12.5 Nodes and nodal planes
Node:
It is a region of zero probability.
There are two types of nodes:
(1) Radial or Spherical nodes: Three dimensional regions in
an orbital where probability of finding the electron
becomes zero.
Number of radial/ spherical nodes = n – l – 1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s2 ......
(2) Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can have maximum (3) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: Electron pairing in
two electrons and these must have opposite spin. p,d and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given
subshell contains one electron each. Also all the singly
occupied orbitals will have parallel spin.
Electronic configurations of elements in the ground state
Atomic No. Element Electronic Config
1 H 1s1
2 He 1s2
3 Li [He] 2s1
4 Be [He] 2s2
5 B [He] 2s2 2p1
6 C [He] 2s2 2p2
7 N [He] 2s2 2p3
8 O [He] 2s2 2p4
9 F [He] 2s2 2p5
10 Ne [He] 2s2 2p6
11 Na [Ne] 3s1
12 Mg [Ne] 3s2
13 Al [Ne] 3s2 3p1
14 Si [Ne] 3s2 3p2
15 P [Ne] 3s2 3p3
16 S [Ne] 3s2 3p4
17 Cl [Ne] 3s2 3p5
18 Ar [Ne] 3s2 3p6
19 K [Ar] 4s1
20 Ca [Ar] 4s2
21 Sc [Ar] 3d1 4s2
22 Ti [Ar] 3d2 4s2
23 V [Ar] 3d3 4s2
5 1
24 Cr [Ar] 3d 4s
5 2
25 Mn [Ar] 3d 4s
6 2
26 Fe [Ar] 3d 4s
7 2
27 Co [Ar] 3d 4s
8 2
28 Ni [Ar] 3d 4s
10 1
29 Cu [Ar] 3d 4s
10 2
30 Zn [Ar] 3d 4s
12.7 Exceptional Configuration of Cr & Cu
The completely filled and completely half filled sub-

shells are stable due to the following reasons:
1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons: It is well known
that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or
half filled subshells have symmetrical distribution of
electrons in them and are therefore more stable. Electrons
in the same subshell (here 3d) have equal energy but
different spatial distribution. Consequently, their shielding
of one another is relatively small and the electrons are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus.
2. Exchange Energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever
two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the
degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to
exchange their positions and the energy released due to Thus, total number of exchanges=10
this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the 12.8 Electronic Configuration of Ions
subshell is either half filled or completely filled. As a result
the exchange energy is maximum and so is the stability. 12.8.1 Cations:
They are formed when outermost electrons are removed
eg. for Cr : [Ar] 4s1 3d5
from an atom. While removing the electrons, we must
remove the electrons from the highest principal quantum
number.
12.8.2 Anions:
They are formed when electrons are added to the
innermost empty shell.
12.8.3 Magnetic moment :
n(n  2) B.M .
B.M.  Bohr Magneton

Where n is number of unpaired electrons.
Species with unpaired electrons are called paramagnetic
and the species with no unpaired electrons are called
diamagnetic
13. IMPORTANT RELATIONS
1  1 1 
Rydberg equation :   R H  2 2 Atomic number = Number of protons on the nucleus = Z
 n1 n 2 
(RH = 109678 cm–1 and n2 > n1)
 Charge on the nucleus = + Ze
1 Electrostatic force of attraction (F) between the nucleus of
c     and  
 charge + Ze and electron (–e) is given by :
hc K | q1 | | q 2 | 1
E  h or 
 F where K  4
r2 0
Bohr’s Model
= 9 × 109 Nm2C–2
2
1312Z
En  kJ mol 1
n2 K | Ze | | e | KZe2
F  2 ........(i)
18 2 2
r2 r
2.178  10 Z 13.6Z
 J / atom  eV / atom
n2 n2 mv 2
The centrifugal forces acting on the electron is ........(ii)
r
2.165  106 Z
Velocity of electron, n  m/s This centrifugal force must be provided by the electrostatic
n
force of attraction (F).
0.529 n 2  From (i) and (ii), we have :
Radius of orbit  Å
Z
KZe2 mV 2
1 2  ...........(iii)
Photoelectric effect = h  h0  m r2 r
2
Angular momentum of electron about the nucleus =
( 0  Threshold frequency)
nh
h mVr  ........ (iv)
de-Broglie equation :   2
m
where ‘n’ is a positive integer
h (n = 1, 2, 3, .........  )
Heisenberg’s uncetainity principle : x  p 
4 Solve (iii) and (iv) to get :
2KZe 2 n 2h 2
14. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF BOHR’s V and r  2
nh 4 Kme2 Z
POSTULATES
put K = 9 × 109 Nm2C–2, e = 1.6 × 10–19C and h = 6.63 × 10–34
Js in the above expressions to get :
Consider an ion of atomic number (Z) containing single
electron revolving its nucleus at a distance of ‘r’ as shown Velocity of an electron in nth Bohr orbit 
in the figure. Z –1
Vn = 2.165 × 106 ms
n
V
n2
and Radius of the nth Bohr orbit  rn = 0.53 Å
Z
e–
+Ze r Now, the Total Energy of the electron moving in nth orbit 
K.E.n + E.P.E.n
1 K(Ze)(e)  K q1 q 2 
T.E.n  mVn2 
2 r  E.P.E.  r 
1  K Ze2  K(Ze)(e) Z2
En  -2.178 ×10-18 J/atom
  T.En= 2  r   rn [Using (iii)] n2
 n 
Z2
-KZe 2 or En  -13.6 eV/atom
n2
  En  T. En = 2r
n
1eV  1.6  10 19 J 
It can be shown from the above expressions that :
Z2
1 K Ze 2  K Ze 2  K Ze2  – 2.178 × 10–18 × 6.02 × 1023 J/mole
K.E.n  , P.E.n  and E n  n2
2 rn rn 2rn
or K.E.n = –En and E.P.E.n = 2En Z2
 – 1312 kJ/mole
Using the value of rn in the expression of En, we get : n2
22 K 2 me 4 Z 2
En 
n2h2
15. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAMS FOR 1s AND 2s

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
Distinguish between Proton, Neutron & Electron
Sol.
Parameter Proton Neutron Electron
1. Charge unit positive no charge unit negative
(+1.6 × 10–19 C) (–1.6 × 10–19 C)
2. Mass 1.672 × 10–27 Kg 1.674 × 10–27 Kg 9.1094 × 10–31 Kg
3. Denoted 1
p1 0
n1 –1
e0
4. Location nucleus nucleus extra-nuclear region
5. Effected by Electric field & magnetic Remain undeflected Electric field & magnetic
field (towards negative in electric and field (towards positive plate)
plate) magnetic fields.
6. Discovered by Goldstein Chadwick Thomson
Example - 2
Give the difference between Isotopes, isobars & Isotones.
Sol.
Isotopes Isobars Isotones
1. They are atoms having the same They are atoms having the same They are atoms having the same
number of protons but differ in sum of protons and neutrons. number of neutrons but differ in
the number of neutrons. the number of protons.
2. They have the same atomic They have the same mass They have different atomic number
number but differ in their mass number but differ in their atomic and mass number
number. number
3. They are atoms of the same They are atoms of different They are atoms of different elements
element hence they have elements hence there is no hence there is no similarity in their
identical chemical properties. similarity in their chemical chemical properties.
properties.
(b) Number of protons = 12
Example - 3
Why electrons are called Planetary according to Mass Number = 24
Rutherford model? p + n = 24
Sol. This model was analgous to the solar system, where the n = 24 – 12 = 12.
nucleus may be compared to the sun and the electrons to
the planets. The Coulombic force between the nucleus and Example - 6
kq1q 2 An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35

the electron is where q1 and q2 are the charges, r is neutrons. Deduce
r2
the distance of separation between the molecules and the (a) the number of protons and
electron and k is the proportionality constant. This is similar
to gravitational force between two masses m1 and m2 as (b) the electronic configuration of the element
m1m 2 (c) Mass Number

G. where G is gravitational constant and r is the
r2
Sol. Number of electrons = 29
distance of separation between planet and the sun.
Number of neutrons = 35
Example - 4 For neutral atom :
(a) Why e/m ratio of anode rays is different for different Number of protons = Number of electrons
gases.
(a) Therefore, number of protons = 29
(b) Why was pressure of air inside the tube reduced to
(b) Atomic Number = 29
10–2 atm in cathode ray experiment ?
Element is Cu.
Sol. (a) The charge to mass (e/m) ratio of anode rays is
dependent upon the nature of the gas taken in the 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
discharge tube. This is because positively charged
(c) Mass Number = p + n
particles are produced by the loss of one or more
electrons from the neutral atoms of the gas contained = 29 + 35 = 64
in the discharge tube. Therefore, the mass of the
positively charged particles will depend upon the Example - 7
nature of the gas. In case of hydrogen, the charge to (i) Which model of an atom is called apple pie model?
mass (e/m) ratio was maximum.
(ii) Why are the atomic masses of most element is
(b) This is because at very low pressure gas gets ionized fractional?
and become conducting.
Sol. (i) Thomson Model
Example - 5 (ii) It is due to the existence of various isotopes of an
element in various percentage abundance.
Calculate the number of neutrons in
(a) dipositive zinc ion (b) Mg+2 Example - 8

Explain the Rutherford’s scattering experiment and also
Sol. (a) Number of protons = 30 give its drawbacks.
Mass Number = 65 Sol. A very thin foil of gold (0.004nm) is bombarded by a fine
stream of alpha particles. A fluorescent screen (ZnS) is
 p + n = 65
placed behind the gold foil, where points were recorded
n = 65 – 30 = 35 which were emerging from -particles. Polonium was used
as the source of -particles.
Observations (i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in
motion under the influence of attractive forces should
Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving
radiate energy continuously. If this is so, the electron will
the scattering of -particles by a very thin foil of gold.
follow a spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus and the
Observations were: structure would collapse. This behaviour is never
observed.
(i) Most of the -particles (99%) passes through it, without
any deviation or deflection. (ii) It says nothing about the electronic structure of atoms i.e.
how the electrons are distributed around the nucleus and
what are the energies of these electrons.
(ii) Some of the -particles were deflected through small angles.
Example - 9
(iii) Very few -particles were deflected by large angles and
occasionally an -particle got deflected by 180o The nuclear radius is of the order of 10-13cm while atomic
radius is if the order 10-8cm. Assuming nucleus to be
Conclusions
spherical, what fraction of atomic volume is occupied by
(i) An atom must be extremely hollow and must consist of nucleus?
mostly empty space because most of the particles passed
through it without any deflection. 4 3
Sol. Volume of a sphere = r
(ii) Very few particles were deflected to a large extent. This 3
indicates that:
4
(a) Electrons because of their negative charge and very low Therefore, volume of nucleus =  (1013 )3
3
mass cannot deflect heavy and positively charged 
particles 4
Volume of atom =  (108 )3
3
(b) There must be a very heavy and positively charged body
in the atom i.e. nucleus which does not permit the passage Fraction of atomic volume occupied by
of positively charged  particles.

4
 (1013 )3
(c) Because, the number of  particles which undergo nucleus = 3  1015
deflection of 180º, is very small, therefore the volume of 4 8 3
 (10 )
positively charged body must be extremely small fraction 3
of the total volume of the atom. This positively charged
body must be at the centre of the atom which is called Example - 10
nucleus.
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons in 1.6g of
methane.
Drawbacks
(ii) An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of
positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than
electrons. Assign symbol to this ion.
Sol. (i) 1 molecule of CH4 has = 10 electrons
16g CH4 has = 10NA electrons
1.6g CH4 has = 1.0 NA electrons
= 6.022 × 1023 electrons
(ii) Suppose number of electrons in the ion, M3+ = x

30.4 (2) According to Maxwell’s theory on heating a body the

 No. of neutrons = x  x  1.304x intensity should increase, that is, energy radiated per
100
unit area should increase without having any effect
No. of electrons in the neutral atom = x + 3 on the wavelength or frequency.
 No. of protons = x + 3
Mass no. No. of protons + No. of neutrons
56 = x + 3 + 1.304 x or 2.304x = 53 or x = 23
 No. of protons = Atomic no. = x + 3 = 23 + 3 = 26
56
(3)
Hence, the symbol of the ion will be 26 Fe3 .
Example - 11
(i) Arrange X-rays, cosmic rays and radiowaves (4) So it is observed that with increasing temperature the
according to frequency. dominant wavelength in the emitted radiations
(ii) Calculate the wavenumber of yellow radiation decreases and the frequency increases.
having wavelength of 5800Å.
(c) When radiations with certain minimum frequency ( 0 )
(iii) Define threshold frequency.
strike the surface of a metal, the electrons are ejected
from the surface of the metal. This phenomena is called
Sol. (i) Cosmic rays > x-rays > Radio waves
photoelectric effect. The electrons emitted are called
1 1 photoelectrons.
(ii)    = 1.72 × 106 m–1
 5800 1010 If the frequency of the incident light (  ) is more than
(iii) The minimum frequency required to eject an electron the threshold frequency (  0 ), the excess energy is
from the surface of metal.
imparted to the electron as kinetic energy. Hence,
Example - 12 Energy of one quantum = Threshold Energy + Kinetic
Define Energy
(a) Electromagnetic spectrum

h  h0  (1/2) me v2
(b) Black Body and Black body radiation.
(c) Photoelectric Effect When    0 , then on increasing the intensity the
number of quanta incident increases thereby
Sol. increasing the number of photoelectrons ejected.
(a) When all the electromagnetic radiations are arranged When    0 , then on further increasing the
in increasing order of wavelength or decreasing
frequency the band of radiations obtained is termed frequency, the energy of each photon increases and
as electromagnetic spectrum. thus kinetic energy of each ejected electron increases.
The visible spectrum is a subset of this spectrum

(VIBGYOR) whose range of wavelength is 380-760nm.
The wavelengths increase in the order:
Gamma Rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible<
Infrared < Micro-waves <Radio waves.
(b) (1) An ideal body, which emits and absorbs radiations
of all frequencies is called black body and radiation
emitted by a black body is called black body radiation.
Example - 13 (b) C  
Differentiate between absorption spectrum and emission

3  108
spectrum?  
580  10 9
Sol. The main points of difference between absorption &
amission spectra are summed up in the below : = 5.17 × 1014 Hz
Absorption Spectrum : 1 1
   1.7  106 m 1
1. Absorption spectrum is obtained when the white light  580  109
is first passed through the substance and the
transmitted light is analysed in the spectroscope. (c) All radiations in vacuum travel with the same speed,
2. It consists of dark lines in the otherwise continous C = 3 × 108 m/s

spectrum
Distance to be travelled = 8 × 107 ×103 m
3. Absorption spectrum is always discontinuous
spectrum consisting of dark lines. = 8 × 1010 m
Emission Spectrum :
8  1010
Time taken =  2.66  10 2 sec
1. Emission spectrum is obtained when the radiation from 3  108
the source are directly analysed in the spectroscope.
= 4 min. 26 sec.
2. It consists of bright coloured lines separated by dark
spaces.
Example - 15
3. Emission spectrum can be continuous spectrum (if A 100 watt bulb emits electromagnetic light of
source emits white light) or discontinuous, i.e., line wavelength 400nm. Calculate the number of photons
spectrum if source emits some coloured radiation.
emitted per second by the bulb.
Example - 14
Sol. Power of the bulb = 100 watt
(a) Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wave
number of light wave whose time period is = 100 J s–1
2 × 10–10sec?
(b) Yellow light emitted from sodium lamp has hc

Energy of one photon, E = h 
wavelength of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency and 
wave number of yellow light.
(c) How long will it take for a radio wave of frequency (6.626  1034 Js)  (3  108 m s 1 )

6 × 1013 Hz, sent by a path finder to travel from 400  10 9 m
Mars to earth over a distance of 8 × 107 km
= 4.969 × 10–19 J
1 1  Number of photons emitted
Sol. (a) Frequency () =   5  109 s 1.
Period 2.0  1010 s
100 J s 1
c 3.0  108 m s 1 =
Wavelength,     6.0 × 10–2 m 4.969  10 19 J
 5  109 s 1
= 2.012 × 1020 s–1.
1 1
Wavenumber,     16.66 m 1
 6  102 m
Example - 16 Example - 18
The threshold frequency  0 for a metal is 7 × 1014s-1. The work function for caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate
Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted when (a) threshold frequency (b) threshold wavelength of the
radiation of frequency 1 × 1015s-1 hits the metal. radiation (c) If the cesium atom is irradiated with a
wavelength of 500nm, calculate the kinetic energy and
Sol. 0 = 7 × 1014 s–1 ;  = 1015 s–1 the velocity of ejected electron.
According to photo electric effect Sol. (a) Work function (w0) = h 0

h = h0 + K.E.
K.E. = h ( – 0) W0 1.9  1.602  1019 J

 0   (1 eV  1.602  1019 )
= 6.626 × 10–34 (1015 – 7 × 1014) h 6.626  10 34 J s
= 1.9878 × 10–19 J. = 4.59 × 1014 s–1
Example - 17 c 3.0  108 m s 1

(b)  0    6.54  107 m
If photon of wavelength 150pm strikes an atom and one  0 4.59  1014 s 1
of its inner bound electron ejected out with a velocity of
1.5 ×107m/s. Calculate the energy with which it is bound = 654 × 10–9 m = 654 nm
to the nucleus.
(c) Work function, hv0 = 1.9 × 1.602 × 10–19J
Sol. Energy of incident photon
= 3.04 × 10–19 J
hc
= hc
 Energy of incident radiation, hv =

(6.626 1034 Js)  (3.0 108 ms 1 )

 6.626  10 34  3  108
(150  1012 m)  = 3.97 × 10–19 J
500  109
= 1.325 × 10–15 J hv = hv0 + K.E.

Energy of ejected electron  K.E. = hv – hv0
1 = 3.97 × 10–19 – 3.04 × 10–19

 m 2
2
K.E. = 0.93 × 10–19J
1
  (9.11 1031 kg)  (1.5  107 ms 1 ) 2 1
2 K.E. = mv2
2
= 1.025 × 10–16 J
2  K.E. 2  0.93  1019
 v2   = 0.204 × 1012
Energy with which the electron was bound to the nucleus m 9.11  1031
= 13.25 × 10–16 – 1.025 × 10–16
v  0.204  1012 = 0.452 × 106
–16
= 12.225 × 10 J
 v = 4.52 × 105 ms–1
16
12.225  10
or  = 7.63 × 103 eV..
1.602  1019
Example - 19 2) Electrons revolve only in those orbits which have a

fixed value of energy. Hence, these orbits are called
Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal energy levels or stationary states.
surface when it is exposed to radiations of wavelength
6800Å. Calculate the threshold frequency and work They are numbered as 1,2,3,...... These numbers are
function of the metal. known as Principal quantum Numbers.
Sol. K.E. = h – h0
If the velocity is zero, K.E. = 0
 0 = h – h0
or h = h0 or  = 0
c 3.0  108 ms 1
v = 
 6800  1010 m
= 4.41 × 1014 s–1 (a) Energy of an electron is given by:

En= –RH(Z2/n2) n = 1,2,3.......
Threshold frequency = 4.41 × 1014 s–1
where RH is Rydberg’s constant and its value is
Work function = h0 = 6.626 × 10–34 × 4.41 × 1014 2.18 × 10–18 J.
= 2.92 × 10–19 J. Z = atomic number
Example - 20 Z2
E n = -2.18 ×10-18 J/atom
n2
Why electronic energy is negative?
Z2
Sol. The negative sign of energy means that the energy of the E n = -13.6 eV/atom
n2
electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free
electron at rest. A free electron at rest is an electron that is Z2
E n = -1312 kJ/mol
sufficiently far away from the nucleus and its energy is n2
assumed to be zero. Mathematically, it corresponds to
Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:
setting n equal to infinity in the equation so that E = 0. As
the electron moves closer to the nucleus due to electrostatic K < L < M < N...... and so on.
attraction, work is done by the electron itself and hence Energy of the lowest state(n=1) is called ground state.
energy is released. Consequently, its energy decreases and (b) Radii of the stationary states:
it takes energy values less than zero, which means negative
values. The negative sign also indicates that the electron 52.9n 2
rn = pm
is bound to the nucleus and a hydrogen atom is in a stable Z
state in comparison to a state where electron is sufficiently For H-atom (Z = 1), the radius of first stationary state
far away from the nucleus.
is called Bohr orbit (52.9 pm)
Example - 21
(c) Velocities of the electron in different orbits:
Describe postulates of Bohr’s model.
2.188 ×106 Z
Vn = m/s
n
Sol. Postulates:
3) Since the electrons revolve only in those orbits which
1) An atom consists of a small, heavy positively charged have fixed values of energy, hence electrons in an
atom can have only certain definite values of energy
nucleus in the centre and the electrons revolve around and not any of their own. Thus, energy of an electron
it in circular orbits. is quantised.
4) Like energy, the angular momentum of an electron in  1
2
1   1 1 2
an atom can have certain definite values and not any  2  2  2  2  
value of their own. n
 1 n 2  2 4 3
nh  1 1  1 1 
mνr =  2  2   
2π n
 1 n 2   9 36 
Where n=1,2,3...... and so on.
 1 1  1 1 
5) An electron does not lose or gain energy when it is  2  2  2  2 
n
 1 n 2  3 6 
present in the same shell.
Hence, n1 = 3 and n2 = 6
6) When an electron gains energy, it gets excited to higher
energy levels and when it de-excites, it loses energy
Example - 24
in the form of electromagnetic radiations and comes
to lower energy values. Calculate the energy required for the process
–
He+ He+2 +e . the ionisation energy for the hydrogen
Example - 22
atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10–18J/atom–1.
What is meaning of “Quantisation of angular
momentum”? Sol. For ionisation, n2 = 
Sol. According to Bohr’s Model, angular momentum of an

2  1 1 
h
. Ionisation Energy, I.E. = R H .Z  n 2  n 2 
electron, moving in an orbit is a fixed multiple of  1 2 
2
nh  1 1  R . Z2
mr  where n = 1, 2, 3, 4........  R H . Z2  2  2   H 2
2
 n1   n1
It means that when an electron gains or loses energy, it
does so in such a way that n has a value which is a whole
number. In other words, electron does not gain or lose R H . (1)2
I.E. for H in ground state = = RH
energy in a continuous manner but in jumps (or bursts). 12
This led to the concept of quantisation of energy which
means that radiant energy is emitted or absorbed in bursts = 2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1
(or jumps) rather than as continuous flow.
R H . 22
Example - 23 I.E. for He+ =
12
What transition of Li+2 spectrum will have the same
wavelength as that of second line of Balmer series of = 2.18 × 10–18
He+ spectrum.
= 8.72 × 10–18 J
Sol. Using Rydberg’s formula : Example - 25
1  1 1  What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have

 R H  2  2  Z2 the same wavelength as the Balmer transition,n=4 to
  n1 n 2  n=2 of He+ spectrum?
1  1 1 
For Li 2 :  RH  2  2  (3)
2
....... (1) Sol. For He+ ion,
 n
 1 n 2 
1 1 1
1  1 1 2  RZ2  2  2
For He :  R H  2  2  (2)
+
........ (2)   n1 n 2 
 2 4 
Compairing (1) and (2) Now, n1 = 1, n2 = 4 and Z = 2
 1 1  2  1 1  2 1 1 1 3
 2  2  (3)   2  2  (2)  R(2)2  2  2   R ...... (i)
 n1 n 2  2 4   2 4  4
1 1 1 (6.02  1023 mol1 )  (6.626  10 34 J s)  (3  108 m s 1 )

For H atom   R  2  2  ........ (ii) 
n
 1 n 2
242  10 9 m
Equating equations (i) and (ii) ( is the same) = 4.945 × 105 J mol–1 = 494.5 kJ mol–1.
1 1 3 Example - 28
 
n12 n 22 4
The atomic spectrum of Li+2 arises due to transition of
Now, if n1 = 1 and n2 = 2 an electron from n2 to n1 level if n1+n2=4 and n2–n1= 2.
Calculate the wavelength (in nm)of transition.
Therefore, the transition n = 2 to n = 1 in H atom will have the
same wavelength as the transition from n = 4 to n = 2 in He+. Sol. Solving,
Example - 26 n1 + n2 = 4
The wavelength of the first line in the Balmer series is n2 – n1 = 2

6561Å. Calculate the wavelength of second line and n2 = 3 and n1 = 1
limiting line in Balmer series.
Using Rydberg’s formula :
Sol. According to Rhdberg equation,
Z2
1  1 1 
1  1 1   RH  2  2 
R 2  2   n1 n 2 
 n
 1 n 2 
(3) 2
For first line in Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 3 1 1 1
 RH  2  2 
1  1 1  5   1 3 
 6561  R  22  32   R  36  ........ (i)
    1
 8R H
For second line in Balmer series, n1 = 2, n2 = 4 
1  1 1  3 1 1
   R  22  42   R  16  ....... (ii)  
    8R H 8  1.067 107
Dividing eq. (i) by (ii),
  1.17  108 m
 5 16  = 11.7 nm.
 
6561 36 3
Example - 29
6561 5  16
  = 4860 Å
36  3 What is the wavelength of light emitted when electron
For limiting line in Balmer series, n1 = 2 & n2 =  in H-atom undergoes transition from energy level with
n = 4 to an energy level n = 2?
1  1 1  R
  R  2  2   (iii)
 2   4
Dividing Eq. (i) by (iii) 1  1 1 
Sol.  RZ2  2  2 
  n1 n 2 
 45

6561 36
   3645 Å 1  1 1 
 1.097 107  12  2  2 
 2 4 
Example - 27
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 242nm is just

sufficient to ionize the sodium atom. Calculate the 1 1 
ionisation energy of sodium in kJ/mol.  1.097 107    
 4 16 
c
Sol. E  N h  N h

 Energy associated with 5th orbit,
3
 1.097 107 
16 2.17  1018 J
E5  
52
16 = – 8.68 × 10–20 J

1.097  107  3
Example - 32
(a) Which tranistion between Bohr orbits corresponds
 4.8617  1017 to third line in the Balmer series of the hydrogen
spectrum.
(b) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for
 4861.7  1010 m hydrogen atom.
Sol. (a) n1 = 2 n2 = 5
 4861.7 Å Transition : 5  2
(b) Radius of Bohr’s nth orbit is given as :
Example - 30
rn = 0.0529 n2 nm
For Hydrogen atom calculate the energy required to
remove the electron completely from n=2 orbit. What is  For n = 5
the longest wavelength of light in cm that can be used to r5 = 0.0529 × (5)2 nm = 1.3225 nm
cause this transition.
Example - 33
 1 1  Calculate the wavenumber for the longest wavelength
Sol. E = 2.18 × 10–18 Z2  n 2  n 2  J / atom transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
 1 2 
Sol. For Balmer series,

n1 = 2 n2 = 
 1 1 
  109,677  2  2  cm
 1 1 2 n 
E = 2.18 × 10–18 (1)2  2  
2 
 1
= 5.45 × 10–19 J  will be maximum of  is minimum    
 
hc for n = 3. The value will be
E 

 1 1
 = 109, 677 cm–1  22  32 
34
hc 6.626  10  3  10 8  
 
E 5.45  10 19
5
–7
 109,677  cm 1
= 3.647 × 10 m 36
= 3.647 × 10–5cm. = 15232.9 cm–1 = 1.523 × 106 m–1.
The energy associated with first orbit in hydrogen atom Which state of triply ionised Be+3 has same orbital radius
is – 2.17 × 10–18J/atom. What is the energy associated as that of ground state of H-atom.
with fifth orbit?
Sol. Energy associated with nth orbit in hydrogen atom is (1) 2

Sol. For hydrogen atom, r = 0.529 Å
(1)
2.17  10 18 J
En   atom 1 = 0.529 Å
n2
0.529n 2 Example - 36
For Be+3, r =
(4)
Give the difference between particle and a wave.
0.529 n 2 Sol.
Thus, 0.529 
4
Particle :
 n = 2. 1. A particle occupies a well-defined position in space, i.e., a
particle is localized in space, e.g., a grain of sand, cricket
Example - 35 ball, etc.
Give the difference between Electromagnetic waves and 2. When a particular space is occupied by one particle, the
matter waves. same space cannot be occupied simultaneously by any
other particle. In other words, particles do not interfere.
Sol :
3. When a number of particles are present in a given region
Electromagnetic Waves : of space, their total value is equal to their sum, i.e., it is
neither less nor more.
1. The electromagnetic waves are associated with electric
Wave :
and magnetic fields, perpendicular to each other and to
the direction of propagation. 1. A wave is spread out in space, e.g., on throwing a stone in
a pond of water, the waves start moving out in the form of
2. They do not require any medium for propagation, i.e., they concentric circles. Similarly, the sound of the speaker
can pass through vacuum. reaches everybody in the audience. Thus, a wave is
delocalized in space.
3. They travel with the same speed as that of light.
2. Two or more waves can coexist in the same region of space
4. They leave the source, i.e., they are emitted by the source. and hence interfere.
3. When a number of waves are present in a given region of
c space, due to interference, the resultant wave can be larger
5. Their wavelength is given by   or smaller than the individual waves, i.e., inter-ference

may be constructive or destructive.
Matter waves : Example - 37
1. Matter waves are not associated with electric and magnetic (i) State and illustrate Heisenberg’s uncertainty
fields. principle
2. They require medium for their propagation, i.e., they cannot (ii) Why electron cannot exist in the nucleus?
pass through vaccum.
Sol. (i) It is impossible to measure simultaneously the position
3. They travel with lower speeds. Moreover, it is not constant and momentum of a small particle with absolute
accuracy. If an attempt is made to measure any of these
for all matter waves.
two quantities with higher accuracy, the other
4. They do not leave the moving particle, i.e., they are not becomes less accurate. The product of the uncertainty
emitted by the particle. in the position (x) and the uncertainty in momentum
(p) is always a constant and is equal to or greater
than h/4.
h
5. Their wevelength is given by  
m
(x). (p)  h/4
Or (x). (mv)  h/4
Or (x). (x)  h/4m

Explaination
Example - 38
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for
hydrogen atoms is an integral multiple of the de-Beoglie
wavelength associated with the electron moving around
the orbit.
Sol. According to Borh postulate of angular momentum,
h h
mr  n or 2  r  n ...... (i)
2 m
h
According to de Broglie equation,   .... (ii)
m
Change of momentum and position of Substituting this value in eqn. (i), we get 2  r = n
electron on impact with a photon
Thus, the circumference (2  r) of the Bohr orbit for
Suppose we attempt to measure both the position and hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of de Broglie
momentum of an electron. To pin point the position of wavelength.
the electron we have to use light so that the photon of
light strikes the electron and the reflected photon is Example - 39
seen in the microscope. As a result of the hitting, the Find velocity of electron for H-atom in its first Bohr
position as well as the velocity of the electron are orbit of radius a0. Also, find the de-broglie wavelength.
disturbed.
Sol. According to Bohr’s model, angular momentum is
It rules out the existence of definite paths or trajectories quantised.
of electrons as stated in Bohr’s Model.
nh
(ii) On the basis of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it mr 
2
can be shown why electrons cannot exist within the
atomic nucleus. This is because the diameter of the nh

atomic nucleus is of the order of 10–15m. Hence, if the 2 ma 0
electron were to exist within the nucleus, the maximum
de-Broglie wavelength,
uncertainty in its position would have been 10–15m
(i.e., x = 10–15 m) Taking the mass of electron as 9.1 × h h (2 ma 0 )
 
10–31 kg, the minimum uncertainty in velocity can be m m (nh)
calculated by applying uncertainty principle as
follows : 2 a 0

n
h h
x. p  or x. (m  ) 
4 4 Example - 40
Does Bohr model satisfy Heisenberg principle ?
h 6.6  1034 kg m 2s 1
or    Sol. No, it rules out the well defined circular paths (orbits) or
4  x  m 4  3.14  (1015 m)  (9.1 10 31 kg)
trajectories proposed by Bohr. Since for a subatomic particle
like an electron, it is not possible to simultaneously
= 5.77 × 1010 m s–1
determine the position and velocity at any moment with
This value is much higher than the velocity of light (viz, good degree of precision, therefore, it is not possible to
talk about the trajectroy of an electron or well defined
3 × 108 m s–1) and hence is not possible.
circular orbits.
Calculate the mass of a photon with wavelength 3.6Å (a) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron
moving with 1% speed of light.
Sol. Here,  = 3.6 Å = 3.6 × 10–10 m. As photon travels with the
(b) A molecule of O2 and that of SO2 travel with the same
velocity of light, velocity. What is the ratio of their wavelengths ?
 = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
h
Sol. We know that  
m
h
By de Broglie equation,  = m = 9.1 × 10–31kg, h = 6.63 × 10–34kg m2 s–1
m
h 1 3.0  108
or m   = 1% of speed of light = ms 1
 100
= 3.0 × 106m s–1 ( speed of light = 3.0 × 108m s–1)
6.626  10 34 J s
 6.63  1034 kg m 2s 1
(3.6  1010 m) (3.0  108 m s 1 ) 
(9.1 1031 kg)  (3.0  106 m s 1 )
= 6.135 × 10–29 kg. = 2.43 × 10–10 m.
Example - 42 h
(b)  
The kinetic energy of an electron is 4.55 × 10-25 J. m
Calculate the wavelengthof the electron.
 O2 mSO2 64
 
SO2 mO2 32
Sol. Here, we are given
kinetic energy  O2 2

SO2 1
1 2 25
i.e., m  4.55  10 J Example - 44
2
An electron is moving with KE of 3 × 10-25 J. Calculate
m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
its wavelength and frequency.
h = 6.6 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1
1
Sol. K.E.  m 2
1 2
  (9.1 1031 )  2  4.55 1025
2
2 K.E. 2  3.0  1025 J
  
m 9.1 1031 kg
2 4.55  1025  2
or    106
9.1  10 31 = 812ms–1 (1J = 1 kg m2 s–2)
h
3 1 h By de Broglie equation,  
or   10 m sec    m
m
6.626  10 34 J s
34
6.6  10 kg m s 2 1  = 8.967 × 10–7 m
 (9.1  1031 kg) (812 m s 1 )
(9.1 1031 kg)  103 m s 1
= 8967 Å.
–7
= 7.25 × 10 m.
c 3  108
  7
 3.34  1014 Hz
 8.967  10
Example - 45 K.E. = 10 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19]
Calculate the accelerating potential that must be applied K.E = 1.6 × 10–12 J
on a proton beam to give it an effective wavelength of
0.005nm.
1 2
K.E = m
2
1
Sol. Kinetic Energy = m 2  qV
2
2 (K.E.)
2

mV m
V ....... (1)
2q
h h
 
h m 2m (KE)
According to de-Broglie,  
m
h 6.626 10 34

 
m 2  9.110 31 (1.6  1012 )
Putting in (1)
  3.88 1013 m
2
m  h 
V  
2q  m  Example - 48
A golf ball has a mass of 40g and a speed of 45m/s. If the
2
h speed can be measured within accuracy of 2%. Calculate
V
2mq 2 uncertainty in the position.
(6.626  10 34 ) 2 Sol. Uncertainty in speed = 2% of 40 m s–1

V
(2  1.67  10 27 )  (1.6  1019 ) (0.005  10 9 ) 2
2
i.e.,    45  0.9 m s1
V = 32.8 Volts 100
Example - 46 Applying uncertainty principle
What will happen to the wavelength associated with a

moving particle if its velocity is doubled? h
x (m  ) 
4
Sol. Wavelength becomes half of the original value.
h
h 1 or x 
(because   , i.e.,   ) 4m
m 
Example - 47 6.626  1034 kg m 2 s 1


The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10–31kg. If its kinetic 4  3.14  (40  103 kg) (0.9 m s 1 )
energy is 10MeV, calculate its wavelength.
= 1.46 × 10–33 m
Sol. 1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
KE = 10 × 106 eV
Calculate the uncertainty in position of dust particle (a) What is the physical significance of  and 2
with mass equal to 1mg if the uncertainity in velocity is
5.5 × 10–20m/s. (b) What is quantum mechanics ?
Sol. m = 10–3 g = 10–6 kg Sol. (a) In the phsyical sense,  gives the amplitude of the
= 5.5 × 10–20 m/s. wave associated with the electron. We know that in
the case of light waves, the square of the amplitude of
h the wave at a point is proportional to the intensity of
x ×  = light. Extending the same cocept to electron wave
4m
motion, the square of the wave function, 2 may be
h taken as intensity of electron at any point. In other
x = 4 m
words, 2 determines the probability of finding the
moving electron in a given region i.e. it gives the
6.626  10 34 probability density. Thus, 2 has been called the
x =
4  3.14  106  5.5  10 20 probability density and  the probability amplitude.
Large value of 2 means a high probability of finding
x  9.59 × 10–10m the electron at that place and a small value of 2 means
Example - 50 low probability. If 2 is almost zero at a particular point,
it means that the probability of finding the electron at
The approximate mass of an electron is 10–27g. Calculate that point is negligible.
the uncertainty in its velocity if the uncertainty in its
position were of the order 10–11m. (b) A branch of science that takes dual nature of matter
into consideration is known as quantum mechanics.
Sol. m = 10–27g = 10–30 kg
h Example - 53
x . =
4m Distinguish between Orbit and Orbital
h
  Sol : Orbit
4 mx
(i) An orbit is a well defined circular path around the nucleus
6.626  1034
  in which the electron revolves.
4  3.14  1030  1011
= 5.25 × 106 m/s. (ii) An orbit represents the planar motion of an electron around
Example - 51 the nucleus.
An electron has a speed of 500m/s with an uncertainty
of 0.02% what is the uncertainty in locating its position. (iii) All the orbits are circular.
0.02 (iv) The concept of an orbit is not in accordance with the wave
Sol. Uncertainity in speed =  500  0.1 m / s
100
character of electrons (de Broglie’s hypothesis and
h Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle)
x .  
4m
(v) The orbits do not have any directional characteristics.
h 6.626  1034
x  
4 m 4  3.14  9.1  10 31  0.1
(vi) The maximum number of electrons in any orbit is given by 2n2,
x  5.77  10 4 m. where n is the number of orbit.

Orbital (iii) Similarities : (i) Both have spherical shape (ii) Both
(i) An orbital is the three dimensional space around the h

have same angular momentum as it is = l (l  1) .
nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron 2
is maximum.
Differences :
(ii) An orbital represents a three dimensional region of space
(i) 1s has no node while 2s has one node.
around the nucleus.
(ii) Energy of 2s is greater than that of 1s.
(iii) Different orbitals have different shapes. e.g.
s-orbitals are spherically symmetric, p-orbitals are dumb- (iii) Size of 2s is larger than that of 1s.
bell shaped and so on. (iv) Shape of s-orbital is spherically symmetric because
(iv) The concept of an orbital is in accordance with the wave the probability of finding the electron is sam in all the
character of electrons and uncertainty principle. directions at a particular distance from the nucleus.
(v) All the orbitals, except s-orbitals, have directional (v) (1) Shapes of s-orbitals:
characteristics. (a) They are non-directional and spherically symmetric
(vi) The maximum number of electrons present in any orbital is i.e. probability of finding the electron at a given
distance is equal in all directions.
two.
Example - 54 (b) 1s orbital and 2s orbital have same shape but size of
2s is larger.
(i) What is an orbital?
(c) There is a spherical shell within 2s orbital where
(ii) Which d-orbital does not have four lobes? Draw electron density is zero and is called a node.
its shape?
(d) The value of azimuthal quantum number (l ) is zero
(iii) Compare the shapes of 1s and 2s orbital. (l =0) and magnetic quantum number can have only
one value i.e. m=0
(iv) Why the shape of s-orbital is spherically
symmetric?
(v) Explain the shapes of s,p,d orbitals
(vi) Outline the shapes of: (a) 3s (b) 3pz (c) 3dxz
(d) 3d x2 -y 2
Sol. :
(i) An orbital may be defined as a region in space around

the nucleus where the probability of finding the
electron is maximum.
(2) Shapes of p-orbitals:
(a) It consists of two lobes present on either side of the

plane that passes through the nucleus. The p-orbital
is dumb-bell shaped.
(ii)
(b) There are three possible orientations of electron cloud
in p-orbitals. Therefore, the lobes of p-orbital may be
considered to be along x,y and z axis. Hence they are
designated as px,py,pz. The three p-orbitals are oriented
at right angles to one another.
(c) First main energy level( Principal quantum number=1) Example - 55
does not contain any p-orbital.
(a) What is the lowest value of n which allows a g-orbital
(d) The three p-orbitals of a particular energy level have to exist?
same energy in absence of an external electric and (b) What are degenerate orbitals ?
magnetic field and are called degenerate orbitals.
(e) Like s orbitals, p-orbitals increase in size with increase Sol. (a) For g-subshell, l = 4. As l = 0 to n–1, hence to have
l = 4, minimum value of n = 5, i.e., 5th shell.
in the energy of main shell of an atom. Thus, value of
azimuthal quantum number is one (l =1) and magnetic For l = 4, m = –4, –3, – 2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3, + 4, i.e., 9 values
quantum number has three values (m= –1, 0, +1) which means 9 orbitals.
(b) The orbitals of same shell and sub-shell having equal
energy are called degenerate orbitals.
eg. 3px, 3py, 3pz
Example - 56
(i) Designate the orbital with n = 4, l = 2 and m = 0
(ii) List the quantum numbers of electrons for 3d
orbital
(iii) An atomic orbital has n=3. What are the possible
values of l and m.
(iv) Which of the following orbitals are possible?
(3) Shapes of d-orbitals: 1p, 2s,2p,3f
(a) They are designated as dxy, dyz, dzx and dx2-y2. They (v) Using s,p,d notationsdescribe the following
have a shape like a four leaf clover. The fifth d quantum numbers:
orbital designated as d 2z looks like a doughnut. (a) n=1, l = 0 (b) n=3, l = 2
(b) All five d orbitals have same energy in the absence (c) n=3, l = 1 (d) n=4, l = 3
of magnetic field. (e) n=2, l = 1
(c) The d orbitals have azimuthal quantum number l = 2 (vi) Write the values of n,l,m,s for 4p
and magnetic quantum number values –2,
(vii) What is the total number of orbitals in the 4f
–1,0,+ 1,+ 2. sub-shell?
(d) For principal shell number 1 and 2, there are no d (viii) What is the maximum number of electrons that
orbitals. can occupy the 4d sub-shell
(ix) How many electrons will be present in possible
orbital having n = 3, l = 1, m = –1
(x) Calculate the number of electrons in
(vi)
(a) 3pz orbital (b) 3d subshell (c) 7s subshell.
(xi) How many electrons in an atom may have the
following quantum numbers
1
(a) n = 4, ms = - (b) n = 3, l = 0
2
Sol. (i) 4d 2z
1 1
(ii) n = 3 l = 2 m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 s   ,
2 2
(iii) n = 3 l = 0, 1, 2
Example - 58
when l=0 m=0
(i) How many electrons will be present in all the
l=1 m = –1, 0, +1
possible orbital having (n+l)=4 (b) in sub-shell
l=2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 having n + l =5
(iv) 1p is not possible because when n = 1, l = 0 only (ii) How many electrons in sulphur (Z=16) can have
(for p, l = 1) n+l=3
2s is possible becuase when n = 2, l = 0 (for s, l = 0) (iii) How many electrons in Cl have n + l = 3

2p is possible because when n = 2, l = 0, 1 (for p, l = 1) Sol
3f is not possible because when n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2
(i) (a) Subshells with n + l = 4 are 4s, 3p
(for f, l = 3)
Hence, electrons present = 2 + 6 = 8
(v) (a) 1s, (b) 3d, (c) 3p, (d) 4f, (e) 2p
(b) Subshells with n + l = 5 are 5s, 4p, 3d. Hence,
1 1 electrons present = 2 + 6 + 10 = 18.
(vi) n = 4 ; l = 1 ; m = –1, 0, + 1 s   ,
2 2
(ii) For 1 s2, n + l = 1 + 0 = 1
(vii) Number of orbitals in f-subshell = 7
for 2 s2, n + l = 2 + 0 = 2
(viii) Maximum number of electrons in d-subshell - 10
For 2 p6, n + l = 2 + 1 = 3
(ix) m = –1 represents an orbital and orbital can have maximum
of two electrons. For 3 s2, n + l = 3 + 0 = 3
(x) (a) An orbital can have maximum of 2 electrons
For 3 p4, n + l = 3 + 1 = 4
(b) d-subshell has maximum of 10 electrons
Thus, n + l = 3 for 2 p6 and 3 s2 electrons, i.e., for 8
(c) s-subshell has maximum of two electrons electrons.
(xi) (a) Total electrons in n = 4 are 2n2, i.e., 2 × 42 = 32. (iii) Cl  1s22s22p63s23p5
1 For 1s2, n + l = 1 + 0 = 1
Half of them, i.e., 16 electrons have ms = – .
2
For 2s2, n + l = 2 + 0 = 2
(b) n = 3, l = 0 means 3s orbital which can have 2 electrons.
For 2p6, n + l = 2 + 1 = 3
Example - 57 For 3s2, n + l = 3 + 0 = 3
What is the angular momentum of an electron in
For 3p5, n + l = 3 + 1 = 4
(i) 2s orbital (ii) 4f orbital (iii) 2p angular momentum
h Thus, (n + l) = 3 for 2p6 & 3s2 electrons, i.e. for 8 electrons.
= l (l + 1)
2π
Example - 59
Sol. (i) for 2s, l = 0, thus angular momentum = 0 What are quantum number of the valence electrons in
potassium atom[z=19] in ground state?
h
(ii) For 4f orbital, l = 3, angular momentum = 12
2 Sol. K[19] : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
3h 2h 1 1
(iii) For 2p orbital, l = 1, angular momentum =  Therefore, n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + or 
 2 2 2
1. Symmetrical distribution of electrons: It is well known
Example - 60
that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or
What information do you get from the principal quantum half filled subshells have symmetrical distribution of
number about an atom ? electrons in them and are therefore more stable. Electrons
in the same subshell (here 3d) have equal energy but
Sol. (i) It gives us the average distance of the electron from different spatial distribution. Consequently, their shielding
the nucleus. of one another is relatively small and the electrons are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus.
(ii) It determines the energy of the electron in H-atom
and hydrogen like particles. 2. Exchange Energy : The stabilizing effect arises whenever
two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the
(iii) The maximum number of electrons present in any degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to
shell is given by 2n2 where ‘n’ is the number of exchange their positions and the energy released due to
principal shell. this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of
exchanges that can take place is maximum when the
Example - 61 subshell is either half filled or completely filled. As a result
the exchange energy is maximum and so is the stability.
Explain pauli exclusion principle & Why Pauli
exclusion principle is called exclusion principle? eg. Cr (24) : [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Sol. No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
If one electron in an atom has some particular values for
the four quantum numbers, then all the other electrons in
that atom are excluded from having the same set of values.
It is because of this reason that this principle is called
exclusion principle.
Example - 62
Write short note on Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity. Why it is called multiplicity rule?
Sol. Electron pairing in p, d and f orbitals cannot occur until

each orbital of a given subshell contains one electron each
or is singly occupied.
This is due to the fact that electrons being identical in
charge, repel each other when present in the same orbital.
This repulsion can, however, be minimised if two electrons
move as far apart as possible by occupying different
degenerate orbitals.
Further, all the singly occupied will have parallel spins, i.e.,
in the same direction, viz., either clockwise or anticlockwise.
This is due to the fact that two electrons with parallel spins
(of course in different orbitals) will encounter less inter-
electronic repulsions in space than when they have opposite
spins and total spin of unpaired electrons is maximum. Thus, total number of exchanges=10
Why half filled and fully filled orbitals are stable? Why the three electrons present in 2p subshell of
nitrogen remain unpaired?
Sol. The completely filled and completely half filled sub-shells
are stable due to the following reasons: Sol. According to Hund’s rule, electron pairing in p, d and f
orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given subshell
contains one electron each. so that total spin of unpaired Example - 66
electrons is maximum.
(a) Indicate the number of unpaired electron in
For the element nitrogen, which contains 7 electrons, the
following configurations can be written : (i) P (ii) Cr(iii) Si (iv) Kr (v)Fe+2
(b) Which is more paramagnetic:

Fe+2 or Fe+3
(c)Which is more stable Fe+2 or Fe+3

Total spin of unpaired electrons
Sol.
1 1 1 1
   1
2 2 2 2 (a) (i) 15
P = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z .
Example - 65 No. of unpaired electron = 3
Write the electronic configuration of (ii) 24

Cr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1.
(i) Cu (ii) Cu+ (iii) Cu+2 (iv) Cr (v) Cr+3 (vi) Co+3 No. of unpaired electrons = 6
(vii) O–2(viii) Fe+3 (ix) Fe+2 (x) Zn+2 (xi) H– (xii) Na+ (iii) 14Si = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y .
(xiii) O–2 (xiv) F– (xv) Al+3 (xvi) Sc (xvii)Cl–
No. of unpaired electrons =2
Sol. (i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 (iv) Kr = Noble gas. All orbitals are filled. Unpaired
36
electrons = 0.
(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(v) Fe = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2. No. of unpaired
(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9. 26
electrons = 4 (in 3 d)
(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1.
(b) As Fe3+ contains 5 unpaired electrons while Fe2+ contains
(v) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 only 4 unpaired electrons, Fe3+ is more paramagnetic.
(vi) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 (c) Fe+2 : [Ar] 4s0 3d6
(vii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 Fe+3 : [Ar] 4s0 3d5
(viii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
Since d-subshell is half filled in Fe+3, hence it is more stable
2 2 6 2 6 6
(ix) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
Example - 67
(x) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(i) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose
(xi) 1s 2
outermost electrons are represented by (a)3s1 (b) 2p3
(xii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (c) 3d5
(xiii) 1s2 2s2 2p6
(ii) Which atoms are indicated by the following
2 2 5 – 2 2 6 configurations? (a) [He]2s 1 (b) [Ne]3s 23p 3
(xiv) 9
F = 1s 2s 2p  F = 1s 2s 2p
(c) [Ar]4s23d1
(xv) 1s2 2s2 2p6
Sol.
(xvi) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
(xvii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (i) (a) Total electrons : 2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
Atomic Number = 11
(b) Total electrons : 2 + 2 + 3 = 7 Example - 69
Atomic Number = 11 (i) What is the total number of electrons in 2p subshell

of a chlorine atom in the ground state.
(c) There can be two cases :
(ii) Which sub-shells are occupied in the outermost
For Cr : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 principal energy level of Argon atom in the ground
state.
Thus atomic number = 24
(iii) How many electrons are there in the valence
For Mn : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3s5 quantum level of copper (Atomic number=29)?
Thus atomic Number = 25 Sol. (i) Cl (17) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
(ii) (a) 1s2 2s1, Thus 3Li Total electrons in 2p = 6
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, Thus 15P (ii) Ar (18) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
p-subshell is occupied
(c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1, Thus 21Sc
(iii) Cu (29) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Example - 68
Valence quantum level of Cu = 4
(i) Which orbital in the following pair is lower in energy
in a many electron atom : 3p and 3d It has 1 electron
(ii) Why 4s orbital is filled before 3d?

Example - 70
Sol. (i) Orbital having lower value of (n + l) How many radial nodes & planar nodes are present in
(a) 5d (b) 4p (c) 6d
will have lower energy.
Sol. (a) Radial nodes : n – l – 1
For 3p : n + l = 4 (n = 3, l = 1)
=5–2–1=2
3d : n + l = 5 (n = 3, l = 2)
Planar nodes = l = 2
Thus 3p has lower energy.
(b) Radial nodes = n – l – 1
(ii) Orbitals are filled with electrons starting with the orbital
of lowest energy. =4–1–1=2
Orbital having lower value of (n + l) will have lower Planar nodes = l = 1

energy.
(c) Radial nodes = n – l – 1
For 4s : n + l = 4 (n = 4, l = 0)
=6–2–1=3
For 3d : n + l = 5 (n = 3, l = 2)
Planar nodes = l = 2
Thus 4s is filled before 3d.
Estimate the highest velocity of the electron being Estimate the Debroglie wavelength of
ejected by light of  = 2.4×1015Hz for a metal with a
work function of 10 eV. (a) An electron moving with a velocity of 7.28×107m/s.
Sol. Energy of incident photon = h (b) A 100 kg motorbike moving at 6.63 m/s
= 6.63 × 10–34 × 2.4 × 1015 Sol. (a) mass of electron = 9.1×10-31kg and given velocity
= 1.63 × 10–18 J = 7.28×107m/s
Thus, momentum of electron

Threshold Energy = 10eV = 1.6×10–18J
= m × v = 9.1×7.28×10–24 kgm/s = 6.625×10–23
Therefore, KE = 1.63 ×10–18 – 1.6×10–19 J
Therefore, wavelength = h/mv = 10–8m
–18
= 1.47 × 10 J
= 10–11m Ans.
½ mev2 = 1.47 × 10–18 (b) Momentum = 100 × 6.63 kgm/s = 663 kgm/s
Therefore, wavelength = h/mv = 10-36m Ans.

v= 3.23  10  m/s
12
= 1.79×106 m/s Ans.
Example - 74
Example - 72 A electron is moving with a velocity of 108 ± 105 m/s.

Calculate the uncertainty in its position.
A H-like species is in their excited state
(A) and absorbs a photon of energy 3.868 eV and get Sol. v = 2×105. Therefore p = mv = 1.82×10-25
excited to a new state (B). The electron from B on Thus, x = h/4p = 2.9 × 10–10 m Ans.
returning to a lower orbit, can give a maximum of ten
different emissions. Some of the radiations have Example - 75
energies greater than it and some equal to 3.868 eV. Determine the frequency of revolution of the electron
in 2nd Bohr’s orbit in hydrogen atom.
Exactly 2 radiations have energies less than 3.868 eV.
Determine the orbit numbers of states A and B and also Sol. The frequency of revolution of electron is given by :
identify the species.
1
Frequency =
Sol. Total number of emissions from state B = 10. time period
Thus,nB (nB – 1)/2 = 10  nB = 5 Ans. v
Also, number of spectral lines with energies less than 3.868

r
eV = 2. So, there are two transitions possible between nB to
nA excluding the direct transition from B to A. Therefore, nA +Ze
= 3 Ans.
Also I.P = 13.6Z2 eV and from the given information 3.868

=13.6Z2 ([1/32) – [1/52]) Thus, Z = 2 Ans.
Time period
Example - 77
Total distance covered in 1 revolution 2r Find the wavelength of radiation required to excite the
= 
velocity v electron in ground level of Li++ (Z = 3) to third energy
level. Also find the ionisation energy of Li2+. (R = 109,
v 677 cm–1)
Hence frequency =
2r
Sol. Ground level : n = 1
Calculate velocity (v2) and radius (r2) for electron in 2nd
Bohr orbit in H-atom (Z = 1) 1  1 1 
Use :  RZ2  2 2
Z = 1 for H-atom   n1 n 2 
n2 Putting the values : n1 = 1, n2 = 3, Z = 3

Using rn  0.529 Å
Z
1 1 1
We get :  1.09  107  32   2  2 
2  1 3 
r2  0.529 10 10
 2 m  1.12 1010 m
1
1 1
 8.776  107 m 1   = 113.97Å Ans.
vn = 2.165 × 106 (1/n) m/s  v
v2 = 2.165 × 106 (1/2) = 1.09 × 106 m/s Ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the
electron from ground state to infinity i.e. corresponding
v2 1.09  106 transition responsible is 1   .
Hence frequency  
2r2 2() (2.12  10 10 )
v = 8.18 × 1014 Hz Ans.
Example - 76
Determine the maximum number of lines that can be
emitted when an electron in H atom in
n = 6 state drops to the ground state. Also find the
transitions corresponding to the lines emitted.
Sol. The maximum number of lines can be calculated by using

(n 2  n1  1) (n 2  n1 )
the formula where n2 = 6 and n1 = 1
2
are 15
The distinct transition corresponding to these line are

1 1 
i.e. E (1 )  13.6  32  2  2  eV
61 1  
6  2, 21
Ionisation energy = E (1 )  122.4 eV
6  3, 3  2, 31
6  4, 4  3, 4  2, 41 = 1.95 × 10–17J Ans. [1eV  1.6  10 19 J]
6  5, 5  4, 5  3, 5  2, 51
Example - 78 Note that, now all ‘d’ orbits have an odd electron (i.e.
are half filled).
In all, how many nodal planes are there in the atomic
orbitals for the principal quantum number n = 3.
Hence number of unpaired electrons in Fe3+ is 5.
Sol. Shell with n = 3 has 1 ‘s’ (3s), 3 ‘p’ (px, py, pz) and 3 ‘d’
2
(b) Br (Z = 35)
(dxy, dxz,dyz, d (x 2  y2 ) and d z ) orbitals. Following Aufbau rule, e.c. is :
 ‘s’ has no nodal plane. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
Clearly one of 4p5 orbitals contains unpaired electrons :
 Each of px, py, pz has one nodal plane, which means a
4p5 
total of 3 nodal planes.
Orbitals filled as per Hund’s Rule.
2
Each of dxy, dxz, dyz, d (x 2  y2 ) dz has 2 nodal planes, Hence Br has only one unpaired electron.
which means a total of 10 nodal planes.

 Br– (Z = 36)
Since anion (s) is (are) formed by adding electron (s), so
Hence for n = 3, a total of 13 nodal planes are there. simply write e.c. as per total number of electrons finally.
Example - 79 For Z = 36, e.c. is : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Clearly there are no unpaired electrons.
Write down the electronic configuration of following
species. Also find the number of unpaired electrons in Example - 80
each. A compound of Vanadium has a magnetic moment of
(a) Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ (Z of Fe = 26) 1.73 B.M. Work out the electronic configuration of
vanadium in the compound.
(b) Br, Br– (Z of Br = 35)
Sol. The magnitude of magnetic moment () of a compound/
Sol. Follow the order of increasing energy (Aufbau Rule) : species/ion is given by :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3p, 4d, 5s, 4d ......
(a) Fe (Z = 26) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6   n(n  2) B.M
Note that 3d orbital are not fully filled. (n = number of unpaired electrons ; BM : unit of magnetic
moment in Bohr’s Magneton)
3d6 
 1.73  n(n  2)
Orbitals filled as per Hund’s Rule.
On solving for n, we get n = 1. This means that vanadium
Clearly the number of unpaired electrons is 4. ion (Z = 23) in the compound has one unpaired electron.
 Fe2+ : (Z = 24)
3d :
While Writing electronic configuration (e.c.) of
So its electronic configuration (e.c.) must be :
cations, first write e.c. of neutral atom and then
“remove desired number of electrons from outermost 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1
orbital”. i.e vanadium exists as V4+ ion in the compound since the
2+ – 2
In Fe , remove 2e from 4s since 4s orbital (through ground state e.c. of 23V is :
lower in energy then 3d) is the outermost. Hence e.c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
of Fe2+ is : 1s2 2s2 2p 3p6 3d6 4s0
3d : 4s :
Note that number of unpaired electrons remains same
as that in Fe, i.e. 4.
 Fe3+ (Z = 23)
Now remove 2e– from 4s2 and 1e– from 3d6 to get e.c.
as : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s0
EXERCISE– 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Fundamental Particles Rutherford’s Model
1. The e/m for positive rays in comparison to cathode 9. When a gold sheet is bombarded by a beam of
rays is : –particles, only a few of them get deflected
(a) very low (b) high whereas most go straight, undeflected. This is
because
(c) same (d) none
(a) The force of attraction exerted on the –particles
2. Mass of neutron isabout ..............times the mass of
by the oppositely charged electrons is not
electron.
sufficient.
(a) 1840 (b) 1480
(b) A nucleus has a much smaller volume than that
(c) 2000 (d) None of these of an atom.
3. Positive rays or canal rays are : (c) The force of repulsion acting on the fast
(a) electromagnetic waves moving–particles is very small.
(b) a steam of positively charged gaseous ions (d) The neutrons in the nucleus do not have any
(c) a stream of electrons effect on the –particles.
(d) neutrons 10. Rutherford’s scattering experiment is related to the
size of the
4. The total number of valence electrons in 4.2 gm of
N3– ion is (NA is the Avogadro’s number) (a) Nucleus (b) Atom
(c) Electron (d) Neutron
(a) 1.6 NA (b) 3.2 NA
Maxwell’s EM wave theory
(c) 2.1 NA (d) 4.2 NA 11. The frequency of a wave of light is 12 × 1014 s–1. The
Atomic number & Mass number wave number associated with this light is
5. The triad of nuclei that is isotonic is : (a) 5 × 10–7 m (b) 4 × 10–8 cm–1
14 15 17 12 14 19 (c) 2 × 10–7 m–1 (d) 4 × 104 cm–1
(a) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F (b) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F
12. Rank the following types of radiations from the
14 14 17 14 14 19
(c) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F (d) 6 C, 7 N, 9 F highest energy to the lowest.
6. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is : ultraviolet/visible/X-ray/microwave/infrared
(a) X-ray, ultraviolet, microwave, infrared, visible
(a) CN  (b) O2
(b) ultraviolet, X-ray, visible, infrared, microwave
(c) O2 (d) N 2 (c) infrared, microwave, ultraviolet, visible, X-ray
7. An isotone of 32Ge76 is (d) X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave
(i) 32Ge77 (ii) 33As77 13. The frequency of a green light is 6 × 1014 Hz. Its
wavelength is :
(iii) 34Se77 (iv) 34Se78
(a) 500 nm (b) 5 nm
(a) Only (i) and (ii) (c) 50,000 nm (d) None of these
(b) Only (ii) and (iii) Planck’s quantum theory
(c) Only (ii) and (iv) 14. The number of photons of light of  = 2.5 × 106 m–1
(d) (ii), (iii), and (iv) necessary to provide 1 J of energy are
8. Which of the following atoms and ions are (a) 2 × 1018 (b) 2 × 1017
isoelectronic i.e. have the same number of electrons (c) 2 × 1020 (d) 2 × 1019
with the neon atom 15. The number of photons emitted in 10 hours by a 60
(a) F– (b) Oxygen atom W sodium lamp ( of photon = 6000 Å)
(c) Mg (d) N– (a) 6.50 × 1024 (b) 6.40 × 1023
(c) 8.40 × 1023 (d) 3.40 × 1023
16. The relation between energy of a radiation and its 24. The kinetic energy of the photoelectrons does not
frequency was given by : depend upon
(a) de Broglie (b) Einstein (a) Intensity of incident radiation
(c) Planck (d) Bohr (b) Frequency of incident radiation
17. Which is not characteristics of Planck’s quantum (c) Wavelength of incident radiation
theory of radiation ? (d) Wave number of incident radiation.
(a) Radiation is associated with energy. 25. If the threshold frequency of a metal for
(b) Energy is not absorbed or emitted in whole photoelectric effect is 0, then which of the following
number or multiples of quantum.
will not happen ?
(c) The magnitude of energy associated with a
quantum is proportional to the frequency. (a) If the frequency of the incident radiation is 0, the
(d) Radiation energy is neither emitted nor absorbed kinetic energy of the electrons ejected is zero.
continuously but in small packets called quanta. (b) If the frequency of the incident radiation is , the
Blackbody Radiation & Photoelectric effect kinetic energy of the electrons ejected will be
18. Einstein’s theory of photoelectric effect is based on : h– h0.
(a) Newtons corpuscular theory of light (c) If the frequency is kept same at  but intensity is
(b) Huygen’s wave theory of light increased, the number of electrons ejected will
(c) Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light increase.
(d) Planck’s quantum theory of light
(d) If the frequency of incident radiation is further
19. In photoelectric effect the number of photo-electrons increased, the number of photoelectrons ejected
emitted is proportional to :
will increase.
(a) intensity of incident beam
Bohr’s Model
(b) frequency of incident beam
(c) velocity of incident beam 26. The energy of electron in 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom
(d) work function of photo cathode is
20. Increase in the frequency of the incident radiations (a) –1311.8 kJ mol–1 (b) –82.0 kJ mol–1
increase the : (c) –145.7 kJ mol–1 (d) –327.9 kJ mol–1
(a) rate of emission of photo-electrons 27. The ionization energy of H atom is 13.6 eV. The
(b) work function ionization energy of Li2+ ion will be
(c) kinetic energy of photo-electrons
(a) 54.4 eV (b) 40.8 eV
(d) threshold frequency
(c) 27.2 eV (d) 122.4 eV
21. Photoelectric effect shows
(a) particle-like behaviour of light 28. The ratio of the difference in energy between the first
and the second Bohr orbit to that between second and
(b) wave-like behaviour of light
third Bohr orbit is
(c) both wave-like and particle-like behaviour of
light 1 1
(a) (b)
(d) neither wave-like nor particle-like behaviour of 2 3
light
27 4
22. Ultraviolet light of 6.2 eV falls on aluminium surface (c) (d)
(work function = 4.2 eV). The kinetic energy (in 5 9
joule) of the fastest electron emitted is 29. Energy of electron of hydrogen atom in second Bohr
approximately : orbit is
(a) 3 × 10–21 (b) 3 × 10–19 (a) –5.44 × 10–19 J (b) –5.44 × 10–19 kJ
(c) 3 × 10–17 (d) 3 × 10–15 –19
(c) –5.44 × 10 cal (d) –5.44 × 10–19eV
23. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric effect on 30. The energy of second Bohr orbit in the hydrogen
sodium is 5000 Å. Its work function is : atom is –3.4 eV. The energy of fourth orbit of He+
(a) 4 × 10–19 J (b) 1J ion would be
(c) 2 × 10–19J (d) 3 × 10–10 J (a) –3.4 eV (b) –0.85 eV
(c) –13.64 eV (d) +3.4 eV
31. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H Hydrogen spectrum
atom is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of the 39. The line spectrum observed when electron jumps
excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits to from higher level to M level is known as
hydrogen is (are) (a) Balmer series (b) Lyman series
(a) –3.4 eV (b) –4.2 eV (c) Paschen series (d) Brackett series
(c) –6.8 eV (d) +6.8 eV 40. How many spectral lines are produced in the
32. The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. spectrum of hydrogen atom from 5th energy level ?
The energy required to excite the electron in a (a) 5 (b) 10
hydrogen atom from the ground state to the first
(c) 15 (d) 4
excited state is
+
41. What transition in He ion shall have the same wave
(a) 1.69 × 10–18 J (b) 1.69 × 10–23 J
number as the first line in Balmar series of H atom ?
(c) 1.69 × 1023 J (d) 1.69 × 1025 J
(a) 7  5 (b) 5  3
33. An electron in H-atom is moving with a kinetic
(c) 6  4 (d) 4  2
energy of 5.45×10–19J. What will be energy level 42. An electron jumps from 6th energy level to 3rd
for this electron ? energy level in H-atom, how many lines belong to
(a) 1 (b) 2 visible region ?
(c) 3 (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) 2
34. The energy required to dislodge electron from (c) 3 (d) Zero
excited isolated H-atom, IE1 = 13.6 eV is 43. The wavenumber for the shortest wavelength
(a) = 13.6 eV (b) > 13.6 eV transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen is
(c) < 13.6 and > 3.4 eV (d) ≤ 3.4 eV (a) 27420 cm–1 (b) 28420 cm–1
35. The Bohr orbit radius for the hydrogen atom (n = 1) (c) 29420 cm–1 (d) 12186 cm–1
is approximately 0.530 Å. The radius for the first 44. The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an
excited state (n = 2) orbit is electronic transition between which Bohr’s orbits in
(a) 0.13 Å (b) 1.06 Å hydrogen atom
(c) 4.77 Å (d) 2.12 Å (a) 5  3 (b) 5  2
36. According to Bohr model, angular momentum of an (c) 4  3 (d) 4  2
electron in the 3rd orbit is : 45. When electrons in N shell of excited hydrogen atom
3h 1.5h return to ground state, the number of possible lines
(a) (b) spectrum is :
 
(a) 6 (b) 4
3 9h
(c) (d) (c) 2 (d) 3
h 
46. The wave number of the first line of Balmer series of
37. Electronic energy is a negative energy because
H atom is 15200 cm–1. What is the wave number of
(a) Electron carries negative charge. the first line of Balmer series of Li2+ion ?
(b) Energy is zero near the nucleus and decreases as (a) 15200 cm–1 (b) 6080 cm–1
the distance from the nucleus increases. (c) 76000 cm–1 (d) 136800 cm–1
(c) Energy is zero at an infinite distance from the 47. In hydrogen spectrum, the series of lines appearing
nucleus and decreases as the electron comes in ultra violet region of electromagnetic spectrum are
closer to the nucleus. called
(d) There are interelectronic repulsions. (a) Balmer lines (b) Lyman lines
38. Ratio of frequency of revolution of electron in the (c) Pfund lines (d) Brackett lines
second excited state of He+ and second state of
48. A certain transition in H spectrum from an excited
hydrogen is
state to the ground state in one or more steps gives
32 27 rise to a total of 10 lines. How many of these belong
(a) (b)
27 32 to the UV spectrum ?
1 27 (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) (d)
54 2 (c) 6 (d) 5
De-broglie Concept 58. A subshell with n = 6,  = 2 can accommodate a
49. The de Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass maximum of
66 g moving with the velocity of 10 metres per
(a) 10 electrons (b) 12 electrons
second is approximately
(c) 36 electrons (d) 72 electrons
(a) 10–35metres (b) 10–33metres
59. Which of the following sets of quantum number is
(c) 10–31metres (d) 10–36metres
correct for an electron in 4f orbital ?
50. The wavelength of a cricket ball weighing 100 g and
travelling with a velocity of 50 m/s is (a) n = 3,  = 2, m = –2, s = +1/2
(a) 1.3 × 10–28 m (b) 1.3 × 10–37 m (b) n = 4,  = 4, m = –4, s = –1/2
(c) 1.3 × 10–34 m (d) 1.3 × 10–30 m
51. An electron has kinetic energy 2.8 × 10–23 J de–Broglie (c) n = 4,  = 3, m = +1, s = +1/2
wavelength will be nearly(me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) (d) n = 4,  = 3, m = +4, s = +1/2
–4 –7
(a) 9.24 × 10 m (b) 9.24 × 10 m 60. The correct designation of an electron with n = 4, l =
(c) 9.24 × 10–8 m (d) 9.24 × 10–10 m 3, m = 2, and s = 1/2 is :
52. An electron with velocity v is found to have a certain
(a) 3d (b) 4f
value of de Broglie wavelength. The velocity that the
neutron should possess to have the same de Broglie (c) 5p (d) 6s
wavelength is 61. A 3d-electron having s = +1/2 can have a magnetic
(a) v (b) v/1840 quantum no :
(c) 1840v (d) 1840/v (a) +2 (b) +3
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle (c) –3 (d) +4
53. If uncertainty in the position of an electron is zero, 62. The electrons identified by n and l
the uncertainty in its momentum would be (i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0
h (iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1
(a) zero (b) 
4 can be placed in order of increasing energy, from
lowest to highest
h
(c)  (d) infinite (a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i)
4
(b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii)
54. For an electron, if the uncertainty in velocity is (v) ,
(c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv)
the uncertainty in its position (x) is given by :
(d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
h 
(a) m (b) Electronic configuration
2 hm
63. The correct ground state electronic configuration of
h 2m chromium atom (Z = 24) is
(c) (d)
4m h (a) [Ar] 3d5 4s1
55. A ball of mass 200g is moving with a velocity of
(b) [Ar] 3d4 4s2
10m sec–1. If the error in measurement of velocity is
0.1%, the uncertainty in its position is : (c) [Ar] 3d6 4s0
(a) 3.3 × 10–31 m (b) 3.3 × 10–27 m (d) [Ar] 4s1 4p5
–25
(c) 5.3 × 10 m (d) 2.64 × 10–32 m 64. In manganese atom, Mn (Z = 25), the total number of
56. If uncertainty in the measurement of position and orbitals populated by one or more electrons (in
momentum of an electron are equal then uncertainty ground state) is
in the measurement of its velocity is approximately :
(a) 15 (b) 14
(a) 8 × 1012 m s–1 (b) 6 × 1012 m s–1
(c) 12 (d) 10
(c) 4 × 1012 m s–1 (d) 2 × 1012 m s–1
65. The maximum number of 4d-electrons having spin
Quantum Mechanical model
1
57. In the Schrodinger’s wave equation  represents quantum numberare s  
2
(a) Orbit (b) Wave function
(a) 10 (b) 7
(c) Wave (d) Radial probability
(c) 1 (d) 5
66. Which of the following has maximum number of 73. Which of the following has maximum number of
unpaired electrons ? unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe 26)
(a) Mg2+ (b) Ti3+ (a) Fe (b) Fe (II)
(c) V3+ (d) Fe3+ (c) Fe (III) (d) Fe (IV)
67. Presence of three unpaired electrons in phosphorus 74. A compound of vanadium has magnetic moment of
atom can be explained by 1.73 B.M. The electronic configuration of the
(a) Pauli’s rule vanadium ion in the compound is
(b) Uncertainty principle (a) [Ar] 4s03d1
(c) Aufbau’s rule (b) [Ar] 4s13d0
(d) Hund’s rule (c) [Ar] 4s23d0
68. Consider the following ions (d) [Ar] 4s03d3
1. Ni2+ 2. Co2+ 75. The total spin and magnetic moment for the atom
3. Cr2+ 4. Fe3+ with atomic number 7 are
(Atomic number : Cr = 24, Fe = 26, Co = 27 and Ni (a)  3, 3 BM (b)  1, 8 BM
= 28)
3
The correct sequence of increasing number of (c)  , 15 BM (d) 0, 8 BM
2
unpaired electrons in these ions is
Nodes
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 4, 2, 3, 1
76. How many spherical nodes are present in 4s orbital
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 3, 4, 2, 1 in a hydrogen atom ?
69. For which one of the following sets of four quantum (a) 0 (b) 2
numbers an electron will have the highest energy
(c) 3 (d) 4
n  m s 77. The number of nodes possible in radial wave
(a) 3 2 1 1/2 function of 3d orbital is
(b) 4 1 0 –1/2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 4 2 –1 1/2 (c) 0 (d) 3
(d) 5 0 0 –1/2 78. The d-orbital with the orientation along X and Y
70. Which electronic configuration does not follow the axes is called :
Pauli’s exclusion principle? (a) d z2 (b) d zy
(a) 1s2, 2s2 2p4
(c) d yz (d) d x 2  y2
(b) 1s2, 2s2 2p4, 3s2
(c) 1s2, 2p4 79. 3py orbital has .......... nodal plane
(d) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s3 (a) XY (b) YZ
71. Magnetic quantum number for the last electron in (c) ZX (d) Any
sodium is : 80. The number of angular nodes in a 3s atomic orbital is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) zero (c) 2 (d) 3
72. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration 1s2 , 2s2 2p1x 81. The number of radial nodes in a 3s atomic orbital is
(a) 0 (b) 1
2p1y 2p1z and not 1s 2 , 2s 2 2p 2x 2p1y 2p0z . It was proposed
(c) 2 (d) 3
by :
Schrodinger equation
(a) Aufbau principle
82. The quantum number not obtained from Schrodinger
(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle equation is
(c) Hund’s rule (a) n (b) l
(d) Uncertainty principle (c) m (d) s
EXERCISE– 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR COMPETITION QUESTIONS

Fundamental particles & Rutherford’s model Planck’s Quantum theory
1. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil 10. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.63 × 10–34Js. The
of gold show that [Manipal] speed of light is 3 × 1017nms–1. Which value is closest
(a) Nucleus is heavy to the wavelength in nanometer of a quantum of light
(b) Nucleus is small with frequency of 6 × 1015 s–1 ?
(c) Both (a) and (b) [CBSE AIPMT]
(d) electrons create hinderance in the movement of (a) 75 (b) 10
particles. (c) 25 (d) 50
2. The nature of anode rays depends upon [MP PMT] 11. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.63 × 10–34Js. The
(a) nature of gas in discharge tube velocity of light is 3.0 × 108ms–1. Which value is
closest to the wavelength (in nanometer) of a
(b) nature of residual gas
quantum of light with frequency 8 × 1015 s–1 ?
(c) nature of electrode
[CBSE AIPMT]
(d) All of the above
(a) 4 × 101 (b) 3 × 107
Atomic number & Mass number
(c) 2 × 10–25 (d) 5 × 10–18
3. Which of the following pairs is isoelectronic ?
[VMMC] 12. The energies, E1 and E2 of two radiations are 25 eV
(a) Ne, Cl (b) Ca2+, F– and 50 eV respectively. The relation between their
(c) Mg2+, K+ (d) N3–, Na+ wavelengths i.e., 1 and 2 will be
4. The nucleus of an atom can be assumed to be [CBSE AIPMT]
spherical. The radius of the nucleus of mass number 1
(a) 1   2 (b) 1 = 2
A is given by 1.25 × 10–13 × A1/3 cm. Radius of atom 2
is 1.0 Å. If the mass number is 64 then the fraction of (c) 1 = 2 (d) 1 = 2
the atomic volume that is occupied by the nucleus is
[Manipal] 13. The energy ratio of a photon of wavelength 3000 Å
and 6000 Å is [BCECE]
(a) 1.0 × 10–3 (b) 5.0 × 10–5
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1
(c) 2.5 × 10–2 (d) 1.25 × 10–13
5. An element, X has the following isotopic (c) 1:2 (d) 1:4
composition; 14. Calculate the wavelength of light required to break
200
X : 90% the bond between two chlorine atoms inachlorine
199
X : 8.0% molecule. The Cl—Cl bond energy is 243 kJ mol–1.
202
X : 2.0% (h = 6.6 × 10-34Js; c = 3 × 108 m/s; Avogadro’s
The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally number = 6.02 × 1023mol-1) [DUMET]
occuring element X is closest to [CBSE AIPMT] (a) 4.91 × 10–7 m (b) 4.11 × 10–6 m
(a) 200 u (b) 201 u (c) 8.81 × 10–31 m (d) 6.26 × 10–21 m
(c) 202 u (d) 199 u 15. The energy of a photon is 3 × 10-12erg. What is its
6. Which of the following is isolectronic ? wavelength in nm ?
(h = 6.62 × 10–27 erg-s; c = 3 × 1010 cm/s) [AFMC]
[Punjab PMET]
(a) 662 (b) 1324
(a) CO2, NO2 (b) NO2 , CO2 (c) 66.2 (d) 5.62
(c) CN–, CO (d) SO2, CO2 16. The quantum of light energy is called [BHU]
7. The radius of the nucleus with nucleon number 2 is (a) photon (b) neutron
1.5 × 10–15 m, then the radius of nucleus with nucleon (c) electron (d) proton
number 54 will be [CBSE AIPMT] Photoelectric effect
(a) 3 × 10–15 m (b) 9 × 10–15 m 17. Electrons with a kinetic energy of 6.023 × 104 J/mol
(c) 4.5 × 10–15 m (d) 6 × 10–15 m are evolved from a surface of a metal, when it is
8. Which pair is isoelectronic ? [Manipal] exposed to radiation of wavelength 600 nm. The
(a) Ar and Cl (b) Na+ and Ne minimum amount of energy required to remove an
(c) Na+ and Mg (d) Mg and Ne electron from the metal atom is
EM Waves [EAMCET]
9. What is the frequency of a light wave whose period is (a) 2.3125 × 10–19 J
2.0 × 10–10 s ? [VMMC] (b) 3 × 10–19 J
(a) 5 × 109 s (b) 4 × 109 s (c) 6.02 × 10–19 J
(c) 5 × 109 s–1 (d) 4 × 109 s–1 (d) 6.62 × 10–34 J
Bohr’s Model 26. The energy of second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen
2
Z  atom is –328 kJ mol–1, hence the energy of third Bohr
18. Based on equation E = – 2.178 × 10–18 J  2  certain orbit would be [CBSE AIPMT]
n  (a) –41 kJ mol–1 (b) –1321 kJ mol–1
conclusions are written. Which of them is not (c) –164 kJ mol–1 (d) –148 kJ mol–1
correct? [CBSE AIPMT]
27. The most probable radius (in pm) for finding the
(a) For n = 1, the electron has a more negative energy
electron in He+ is [AIIMS]
than it does for n = 6 which means that the
electron is more loosely bound in the smallest (a) 0.0 (b) 52.9
allowed orbit. (c) 26.5 (d) 105.8
(b) The negative sign in equation simply means that 28. The ratio of area covered by second orbital to the first
the energy of electron bound to the nucleus is orbital is [AFMC]
lower than it would be if the electrons were at the (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 16
infinite distance from the nucleus (c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
(c) Larger the value of n, the larger is the orbit radius 29. Time taken for an electron to complete one revolution
(d) Equation can be used to calculate the change in in the Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom is [Kerala CEE]
energy when the electron change orbit
4 2 mr 2 nh
19. The statement that does not belong to Bohr’s model (a) (b)
of atom, is [CMC Ludiana] nh 4  2 mr
(a) the energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantised 2 mr h
(c) 2 2 (d)
(b) the electron in the orbit nearest to the nucleus is in n h 2 mr
lowest energy state. 30. Bohr’s model is [RPMT]
(c) the electrons revolve in different orbits around the (a) successful in calculating energy of helium like
nucleus. atoms
(d) the electrons emit energy during revolution due to (b) successful in calculating energy of hydrogen like
the presence of Coulombic forces of attraction. atoms
20. Splitting of spectral lines under the influence of (c) successful in calculating energy of lithium like
magnetic field is called [DUMET] atoms.
(a) Zeeman effect (b) Starck effect (d) None of the above
(c) Photoelectric effect (d) None of these 31. Ratio of radii of second and first Bohr orbits of H-
21. The energy of second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is [BHU]
atom is –328 kJ mol–1; hence the energy of fourth (a) 2:1 (b) 4:1
Bohr orbit would be. [JCECE] (c) 3:1 (d) 5:1
(a) –41 kJ mol–1 (b) –1312 kJ mol–1 32. The electronic energy levels of the hydrogen atom in
(c) –164 kJ mol–1 (d) –82 kJ mol–1 the Bohr’s theory are called [Punjab PMET]
22. In hydrogen atom, energy of first excited state is –3.4 (a) Rydberg level (b) X-orbits
eV. Then KE of same orbit of hydrogen atom is (c) Ground state (d) Orbitals
[Punjab PMET] 33. Angular momentum of an electron in the nth orbit of
(a) +3.4 eV (b) +6.8 eV hydrogen atom is given by [KCET]
(c) –13.6 eV (d) +13.6 eV nh
(a) (b) nh
23. Bohr model can explain [Mainpal] 2
(a) the solar spectrum 2 
(b) the spectrum of hydrogen molecule. (c) (d)
nh 2nh
(c) spectrum of any atom or ion containing one 34. If the ionisation energy of hydrogen is 2.18 × 10–19 J,
electron only. the first ionisation energy of He+ ion is [Kerala CEE]
(d) the spectrum of hydrogen atom only. (a) 2.18 × 10–19 J (b) 4.36 × 10–19 J
24. The energy of hydrogen atom in its ground state is – (c) 8.72 × 10 J–19
(d) 0.545 × 10–19 J
13.6 eV. The energy of the level corresponding to the 35. Magnitude of kinetic energy in an orbit is equal to
quantum number n = 5 is [MHT CET]
[BCECE]
(a) –5.4 eV (b) –0.54 eV
(a) half of the potential energy.
(c) –2.72 eV (d) –0.85 eV
(b) twice of the potential energy
25. The radius of hydrogen atom is 0.53 Å. The radius of
(c) one fourth of the potential energy
Li2+ is [RPMT]
3 (d) None of the above
(a) 1.27 Å (b) 0.17 Å
(c) 0.57 Å (d) 0.99 Å
Hydrogen spectrum 45. The first emission line on hydrogen atomic spectrum
36. When the electron of a hydrogen atom jumps from in the Balmer series appears at (R = Rydberg
n= 4 to n = 1 state, the number of spectral lines constant) [EAMCET]
emitted is 5R 1 3R
(a) cm (b) cm 1
[AMU] 36 4
(a) 15 (b) 9 7R 9R
(c) 6 (d) 3 (c) cm 1 (d) cm 1
144 400
37. The wave number of the spectral line in the emission 46. What is the energy (in eV) required to excite the
 electron from n = 1 to n = 2 state in hydrogen atom ?
spectrum of hydrogen will be equal to times the
9 (n = principal quantum number) [J&K CET]
Rydberg’s constant if the electron jumps from (a) 13.6 (b) 3.4
[KCET] (c) 17.0 (d) 10.2
(a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 10 to n = 1 47. The shortest wavelength line (in nanometer) in the
(c) n = 9 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1 Lyman series of the H-spectrum is [Kerala CEE]
38. The wavelength of which series lie towards the (a) 81.16 nm (b) 91.16 nm
ultraviolet region ? [RPMT] (c) 31.16 nm (d) 32.56 nm
(a) Lyman (b) Balmer 48. What is the lowest energy of the spectral line emitted
(c) Paschen (d) None of these by the hydrogen atom in the Lyman series ?
39. Number of spectral lines of Lyman series of electron (h = Planck’s constant, c = velocity of light,
when it jumps from 6 to first level (in Lyman series), RH = Rydberg’s constant). [EAMCET]
is [CPMT]
5hcR H 4hcR H
(a) 15 (b) 12 (a) (b)
(c) 5 (d) 18 36 3
40. What are the values of n1 and n2 respectively for H 3hcR H 7hcR H
(c) (d)
line in the Lyman series of hydrogen atomic 4 144
spectrum? [CPMT] De-Broglie’s concept
(a) 3 and 5 (b) 2 and 3 49. Calculate the velocity of an electron having
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4 wavelength of 0.15 nm. Mass of an electron is 9.109
41. What is the wave number of 4th line in Balmer series × 10-28 g.
–27
of hydrogen spectrum ? (R = 1,09,677 cm–1) [CPMT] (h = 6.626 × 10 eg-s) [Guj. CET]
(a) 24, 630 cm–1 (b) 24, 360 cm–1 (a) 4.85 × 108 cm s–1
(c) 24, 730 cm–1 (d) 24, 372 cm–1 (b) 2.062 × 10–15 cm s–1
42. The wavelength (in Å) of an emission line obtained (c) 2.068 × 10–10 cm s–1
for Li2+ during an electronic transition from n2=2 to (d) 4.85 × 10–8 cm s–1
50. A body of mass x kg is moving with a velocity of 100
n1 =1 is (R = Rydberg constant) [EAMCET]
ms–1. Its de-Broglie wavelength is 6.62 × 10–35m.
3R 27R Hence, x is (h = 6.62 × 10-34 JS) [KCET]
(a) (b)
4 4 (a) 0.25 kg (b) 0.15 kg
4 4 (c) 0.2 kg (d) 0.1 kg
(c) (d)
3R 27R 51. The velocity of particle A is 0.1 ms-1 and that of
43. The wavelength of the radiation emitted, when in a particle B is 0.05 ms–1. If the mass of the particle B is
hydrogen atoms, electron falls from infinity to five times that of particle A, the ratio of de-Broglie
stationary state one, would be (Rydberg constant = wavelengths associated with the particle A and B is
1.097 × 107 m–1) [JCECE] [Kerala CEE]
(a) 91 nm (b) 192 nm (a) 2:5 (b) 3:4
(c) 406 nm (d) 9.1 × 10–8 nm (c) 6:4 (d) 5:2
44. The frequency of radiation emitted when the electron 52. The wavelengths of electron waves in two orbits is 3 :
falls from n = 4 to n = 1 in a hydrogen atom, will be 5. The ratio of kinetic energy of electrons will be
(Given, ionisation energy of H = 2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1 [EAM CET]
and h = 6.625 × 10–34 Js) [Mainpal] (a) 25 : 9 (b) 5 : 3
15 –1 15 –1
(a) 1.54 × 10 s (b) 1.03 × 10 s (c) 9 : 25 (d) 3 : 5
(c) 3.08 × 1015 s–1 (d) 2.00 × 1015 s–1
53. If the de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m 62. If uncertainty in position and velocity are equal then
is 100 times its velocity then its value in terms of its uncertainty in momentum will be [Mainpal]
mass (m) and Planck’s constant (h) is [J&K CET]
1 mh 1 h
1 m h (a) (b)
(a) (b) 10 2  2 m
10 h m
h mh
1 h m (c) (d)
(c) (d) 10 4 m 4
10 m h 63. If uncertainty in position and momentum are equal
54. The incorrect statement is [BHU] then uncertainty in velocity is [CBSE AIPMT]
(a) circumference of electron orbit (2r) = n (n = an
integer) 1 h h
(a) (b)
h 2m  2
(b) de-Broglie equation :  
mv 1 h h
(c) angular momentum (mvr) of an electron is an (c) (d)
h m  
integral multiple of . 64. The measurement of the electron position is
2
(d) angular momentum of the electron is not associated with an uncertainty momentum, which is
quantised. equal to 1×10–18 g cm s–1. The uncertainty in electron
55. If the wavelength of photon is 2.2 × 10–11 m, h = 6.6 velocity is, (mass of an electron is 9 × 10–28 g)
× 10–34Js then momentum of photon is [AFMC] [CBSE AIPMT]
(a) 3 × 10–23 kg ms–1 (b) 3.33 × 1022 kg ms–1 (a) 1 × 109 cm s–1
(c) 1.452 × 10–44 kg ms–1 (d) 6.89 × 1043 kg ms–1 (b) 1 × 106 cm s–1
56. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with mass 1 (c) 1 × 105 cm s–1
kg and velocity 100 m/s is [JCECE] (d) 1 × 1011 cm s–1
(a) 6.6 × 10–33 m (b) 6.6 × 10–36 m 65. The uncertainties in the velocities of two particles, A
33
(c) 3.3 × 10 m (d) 3.3 × 10 –36
m and B are 0.05 and 0.02 ms–1 respectively. The mass
57. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of of B is five times to that of the mass of A. What is the
mass 1 kg having kinetic energy 0.5 J is [AIIMS]  x 
–34 –34
ratio of uncertainties in their positions  A  ?
(a) 6.626 × 10 m (b) 13.20 × 10 m  x B 
–21 –34
(c) 10.38 × 10 m (d) 6.626 × 10 Å [AIIMS]
58. What is the wavelength (in m) of a particle of mass (a) 2 (b) 0.25
6.62 × 10–29 g moving with a velocity of 103ms-1 ? (c) 4 (d) 1
[EAMCET] 66. Given, the mass of electron is 9.11 × 10–31 kg, Planck
(a) 6.62 × 10 –4
(b) 6.62 × 10–3 constant is 6.626 × 10-34Js, the uncertainty involved
(c) 10 –5
(d) 105 in the measurement of velocity within a distance of
59. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength of an electron 0.1 Å is [CBSE AIPMT]
travelling at 1% of the speed of light. [DUMET] (a) 5.79 × 106ms–1 (b) 5.79 × 107ms–1
–24 –10
(a) 2.73 × 10 (b) 2.42 × 10 (c) 5.79 × 108ms–1 (d) 5.79 × 105ms–1
(c) 242.2 × 1010 (d) None of these 67. The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 ×
60. Which of the following do not travel with the speed 10–5 kg ms–1. The uncertainty in its position will be
of light ? [AFMC] (h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js) [DUMET]
(a) de-Broglie waves (b) X-rays (a) 5.28 × 10–30 m (b) 5.25 × 10–28 m
(c) Gamma rays (d) All of these (c) 1.05 × 10–26 m (d) 2.715 × 10–3 m
Heisenberg’s principle Quantum numbers
61. The uncertainty in the position of an electron (mass =
68. The total number of atomic orbitals in fourth energy
9.1 × 10–28 g) moving with a velocity of
level of an atom is [CBSE AIPMT]
3.0 × 104 cm s–1 accurate upto 0.011% will be
(a) 4 (b) 8
[Manipal]
(c) 16 (d) 32
(a) 1.92 cm (b) 7.66 cm
(c) 0.166 cm (d) 3.84 cm
69. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers 1
(c) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = –
represents the highest energy level in an atom ? 2
[KCET] 1
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m = –2, s = –
1 2
(a) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 76. n and l for some electrons are given. Which of the
following is expected to have least energy ? [AIIMS]
1
(b) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + (a) n = 3, l = 2 (b) n = 3, l = 0
2
(c) n = 2, l = 1 (d) n = 4, l = 0
1
(c) n = 3, l = 2, m = –2, s = + 77. For f-orbital, the values of m are [Manipal]
2 (a) –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 (b) –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3
1 (c) –1, 0, +1 (d) 0, +1, +2, +3
(d) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = +
2 78. The shape of the orbital with the value of l = 2 and m
70. Principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers = 0 is [AFMC]
are respectively related to [RPMT] (a) spherical (b) doughnut
(a) size, orientation and shape (c) trigonal planar (d) square-planar
(b) size, shape and orientation 79. The total number of orbitals in the fifth energy level is
(c) shape, size and orientation [CPMT]
(d) None of the above (a) 5 (b) 10
71. The electrons identified by quantum number n and l (c) 18 (d) 25
[Manipal] 80. Which of the following is not possible for 4p or 3d
electrons? [BHU]
(i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 1
(a) n = 3, l = 2, m = +1, s = +
(iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1 2
can be placed in order of increasing energy from the 1
(b) n = 4, l = 1, m = 0, s = +
lowest to highest as 2
(a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) 1
(c) n = 3, l = 3, m = +3, s = +
(b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii) 2
1
(c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) (d) n = 4, l = 1, m = –1, s = +
2
(d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii) 81. The correct order of increasingenergy of atomic
72. Magnetic quantum number specifies [VMMC] orbitals is [BHU]
(a) size of orbitals (a) 5p < 4f < 6s < 5d (b) 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d
(b) shape of orbitals (c) 4f < 5p < 5d < 6s (d) 5p < 5d < 4f < 6s
82. When the azimuthal quantum number has the value of
(c) orientation of orbitals
2, the number of orbitals possible are [KCET]
(d) nuclear stability (a) 7 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 0
73. For n = 2, the correct set of azimuthal and magnetic 83. Which one of the following is the set of correct
quantum numbers are [OJEE] quantum numbers of an electron in 3d-orbital ?
(a) l = 2 ; m = – 2, –1, 0, +1, +2 [J&K CET]
(b) l = 1 ; m = – 2, –1, 0, +1, +2 1
(a) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = –
(c) l = 0 ; m = – 1, 0, +1 2
(d) l = 1 ; m = – 1, 0, +1 1
(b) n = 2, l = 3, m = 0, s = +
74. Maximum number of electrons in a subshell of an 2
atom is determined by the following [CBSE AIPMT] 1
2 (c) n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, s = –
(a) 4l + 2 (b) 2n 2
(c) 4l – 2 (d) 2l + 1 1
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = +
75. Which of the following is not permissible arrangement 2
of electrons in an atom ? [CBSE AIPMT]
1
(a) n = 3, l = 2, m = –3, s = –
2
1
(b) n = 5, l = 3, m = 0, s = +
2
84. Consider the following sets of quantum numbers 94. The number of 2 p-electrons having spin quantum
n l m s 1
number s = – are [KCET]
(i) 3 0 0 +1/2 2
(ii) 2 2 1 +1/2 (a) 6 (b) 0
(iii) 4 3 –2 –1/2 (c) 2 (d) 3
(iv) 1 0 –1 –1/2 95. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s-
(v) 3 2 3 +1/2 orbital is [MP PMT]
Which of the following sets of quantum number is not 1 h h
(a) . (b) 2.
possible ? [CBSE AIPMT] 2 2 2
(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) h
(c) zero (d)
(c) (ii), (iv) and (v) (d) (i) and (iii) 2
85. An orbital, in which n = 4, l = 2 is expressed as [BHU] 96. For d-electron, the orbital angular momentum is
(a) 4p (b) 4d [J & K CET]
(c) 4f (d) 3d 6h 2h
(a) (b)
86. The number of electrons accommodated in an orbital 2 2
with principal quantum number 2, is [J&K CET] h 2h
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) (d)
2 
(c) 10 (d) 8 Electronic configuration
87. Which combination of quantum numbers n, l, m and s 97. Arrange in decreasing order, the energy of 2s orbitals
for the electron in an atom does not provide a in the following atoms.
permissible solution of the wave equation ? [Manipal] H, Li, Na, K [AMU]
1 1 (a) E2s(H)> E2s(Li)> E2s(Na)> E2s(K)
(a) 3, 2, 1, (b) 3, 1, 1, –
2 2 (b) E2s(H)> E2s(Na)> E2s(Li)> E2s(K)
1 1
(c) 3, 3, 1, – (d) 3, 2, –2, (c) E2s(H)> E2s(Na)> E2s(K)> E2s(Li)
2 2
88. Non-directional orbital is [BCECE] (d) E2s(K)> E2s(Na)> E2s(Li)> E2s(H)
(a) 4p (b) 4d 98. Number of unpaired electrons in Mn3+ is [OJEE]
(c) 4f (d) 3s (a) 2 (b) 3
89. If highest magnetic quantum number of a given atom (c) 4 (d) 5
is represented by –3, what will be its principal 99. Which among the following species have the same
quantum number? [BHU] number of electrons in its outermost as well as
(a) 2 (b) 3 penultimate shell? [Mainpal]
(c) 4 (d) 5 (a) Mg2+ (b) O2–
90. If n = 3, l = 0 and m = 0, then atomic number is (c) F– (d) Ca2+
[Punjab PMET] 100. If n = 6, the correct sequence of filling of electrons
(a) 12, 13 (b) 13, 14 will be [CBSE AIPMT]
(c) 10, 11 (d) 11, 12 (a) nsnp (n – 1) d  (n – 2) f
91. A p-orbital in a given shell can accommodate up to (b) ns (n – 2) f  (n – 1) d np
[BCECE]
(c) ns (n – 1) d  (n – 2) f np
(a) four electrons
(d) ns (n – 2) f np (n – 1) d
(b) two electrons with parallel spin
101. The set of quantum numbers for the outermost electron
(c) six electrons for copper in its ground state is [KCET]
(d) two electrons with opposite spin 1 1
92. For principal quantum number n = 4, the total number (a) 4, 1, 1, + (b) 3, 2, 2, +
2 2
of orbitals having l = 3 is [AIIMS]
1 1
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 4, 0, 0, + (d) 4, 2, 2, +
2 2
(c) 5 (d) 9
93. The maximum number of electrons present in an
102. Pauli’s exclusion principle states that [RPMT]
subshelll = 3, is [Punjab PMET]
(a) the nucleus of an atom is negatively charged.
(a) 6 (b) 8
(b) electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular
(c) 10 (d) 14 orbits.
(c) electrons enter into lowest energy orbitals.
(d) no two electrons in an atom can have all the four
quantum number identical.
103. Which of the following orbital diagram violates 112. Which of the following electronic configuration is not
Pauli’s exclusion principle ? [AFMC] possible ? [BHU]
2s 2p 2s 2p
2 2 10 2 2
(a) 1s , 2s (b) 3d , 4s , 4p
(a) (b) 2 2 6 2 2 2 1
2s 2p 2s 2p (c) 1s , 2s , 2p (d) 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s
3+
(c) (d) 113. The electronic configuration of Cr is [KCET]
104. The number of unpaired electrons in ferrous ion is 4 2 3 0
[AFMC] (a) [Ar]3d 4s (b) [Ar]3d 4s
2 1 5 1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) [Ar]3d 4s (d) [Ar]3d 4s
(c) 4 (d) 5 114. Electronic configuration of hydride ion is [RPMT]
105. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired 0 1
(a) 1s (b) 1s
electron of a chlorine atom is [DUMET]
2 1 1
(a) 2, 0, 0, +1/2 (b) 2, 1, –1, +1/2 (c) 1s (d) 1s 2s
(c) 3, 1, –1, 1/2 (d) 3, 0, 0, 1/2 115. The atomic number of Ni and Cu are 28 and 29
106. The correct set of four quantum numbers for outermost 2 2 6
respectively. The electronic configuration 1s , 2s 2p ,
electron of potassium (Z = 19) is [KCET] 2 6 10
1 1
3s 3p 3d represents [KCET]
(a) 3, 1, 0, (b) 4, 0, 0, + 2+
2 2 (a) Cu (b) Cu
2+
1 1 (c) Ni (d) Ni
(c) 3, 0, 0, (d) 4, 1, 0,
2 2 116. Which of the following sequence is correct as per
107. The set of quantum numbers n = 4, l = 0, m = 0 and s aufbauprinciple ? [DUMET]
1
= + corresponds to the most loosely bound, ground (a) 3s < 3d < 4s < 4p
2
state electron of which one of the following atoms ? (b) 1s < 2p < 4s < 3d
[J&K CET] (c) 2s < 5s < 4p < 5d
(a) Na (b) Cl (d) 2s < 2p < 3d < 3p
(c) Cr (d) Rb 117. Electronic configuration of deuterium atom is
108. The atomic number of an element ‘M’ is 26. How [J&K CET]
many electrons are present in the M-shell of the 1 2
3+ (a) 1s (b) 2s
element in its M state ? [CPMT] 1 2
(a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 2s (d) 1s
(c) 14 (d) 13 118. Which of the following is wrong electronic
109. The ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen configuration? [RPMT]
is represented by [BHU] 1 2
(a) Sc = 3d 4s
2 2
(a) (b) Ti = 3d 4s
5 1
(b) (c) Cr = 3d 4s
2 2
(c) (d) V = 3s 4d
2+
(d) 119. Unpaired electrons in Ni , (Z = 28) is [Kerala CEE]
110. Which is not in accordance to aufbauprinciple ? (a) 0 (b) 2
[BCECE] (c) 4 (d) 8
2s 2p 2s 2p
(e) 10
(a) (b)
2s 2p 2s 2p
120. The total number of electrons present in all the
‘s’orbitals, all the p orbitals and all the ‘d’ orbitals of
(c) (d)
cesium ion are respectively [EAMCET]
2+ (a) 8, 26, 10 (b) 10, 24, 20
111. What is the electronic configuration of Mn ?[CPMT]
(c) 8, 22, 24 (d) 12, 20, 22
5 0 5 2
(a) [Ne]3d 4s (b) [Ne]3d 4s 121. The atomic number of an element is 35. What is the
5 0 5 2 total number of electrons present in all the p-orbitals of
(c) [Ar]3d 4s (d) [Ne]3d 4s
the ground state atom of that element ? [EAMCET]
(a) 6 (b) 11
(c) 17 (d) 23
122. Aufbau principle does not give the correct 129. How many electrons can fit in the orbital for which
arrangement of filling up of atomic orbitals in n = 3 and l = 1 ? (NEET 2016)
[J&K CET] (a) 6 (b) 10
(a) Cu and Zn (b) Co an Zn (c) 14 (d) 2
(c) Mn and Cr (d) Cu and Cr 130. Which one is a wrong statement? (NEET 2018)
123. The number of nodal planes that ‘5d’ orbital has is
(a) An orbital is designated by three quantum
[RPMT]
(a) zero (b) one numbers while an electron in an atom is designated
(c) two (d) three by four quantum numbers.
124. Which of the following orbitals will have zero (b) The electronic configuration of N atom is
probability of finding the electron in the yzplane ?
[WB JEE]
(a) px (b) py
(c) Total orbital angular momentum of electron in ‘s’
(c) pz (d) dyz
orbital is equal to zero
125. The number of radial nodes of 3s and 2p orbital are
[CG PMT, Haryana PMT] (d) The value of m for d is zero.
z2
(a) 2, 0 (b) 0, 2
(c) 1, 2 (d) 2, 1
126. The number of nodal planes in px orbital is
[CG PMT, Haryana PMT]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
Mixed
127. Be 2 is isoelectronic with which of the following ions ?
(AIPMT 2014)
 
(a) H (b) Li
(d) Na 
(d) Mg 2
128. Two electrons occupying the same orbital are
distinguished by (NEET 2016)
(a) principal quantum number
(b) magnetic quantum number
(c) azimuthal quantum number
(d) spin quantum number.
EXERCISE– 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. All questions marked “S” are single choice questions
2. All questions marked “C” are comprehension based questions
3. All questions marked “A” are assertion–reason type questions
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If reason is true but assertion is false.
Fundamental Particles, Rutherford’s Model& Atomic 6. (A) Assertion :Rutherford model predicted that most
No & Mass No part of the atom is hollow.
1. (A) Assertion :Cathode rays are produced only when Reason :High charge and mass of -particles
the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube is compared to the electron leads to negligible
very low. deflection in path of -particles as they collide with
Reason :At high pressure, no electric current flows electrons of an atom.
through the tube as gases are poor conductor of (a) A (b) B
electricity. (c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B 7. (A) Assertion :Rutherford model of atom was
(c) C (d) D discarded because it was a model of unstable atom.
2.(A) Assertion :In Rutherford’s gold foil experiment, Reason :According to electrostatics, a moving
charged body emits energy continuously.
very few particles are deflected back.
(a) A (b) B
Reason :Nucleus present inside the atom is heavy.
(c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B
8. (S) The mass number of three isotopes of an element
(c) C (d) D
are 11, 12, and 13 units. Their percentage
3. (A) Assertion :In the presence of electric and magnetic abundances 80, 15, and 5, respectively. What is the
fields, the behavior of cathode rays is not altered by atomic weight of the element ?
changing the material of cathode. (a) 11.25 (b) 20
Reason :The characteristics of cathode rays don’t
(c) 16 (d) 10
depend upon the material of cathode and nature of
EM Waves
gases in the discharge tube.
9. (A) Assertion :Wave number of visible light with
(a) A (b) B
wave-length of 5000 Å is 2 × 106 m–1.
(c) C (d) D
Reason :Wave number is defined as the number of
4. (A) Assertion :When-rays hit a thin foil of gold, only waves present in 1 unit length.
a few -particles are deflected back. (a) A (b) B
Reason :Within an atom, there is a very small (c) C (d) D
positively charged heavy body is present. 10. (S) How long would it take a radiowave of frequency,
(a) A (b) B 6 × 103 sec–1 to travel from Mars to Earth, a
(c) C (d) D distance of 8 × 107km ?
5. (S) The nucleus of an atom can be assumed to be (a) 266 sec (b) 246 sec
spherical. The radius of the nucleus of mass (c) 280 sec (d) None of these
number A is given by 1.25 × 10–13 × A1/3 cm 11. (S) Which of the following is correct relation of
Radius of atom is one Å. If the mass number is 64, wavelength among various radiations :
then the fraction of the atomic volume that is (a) Cosmic < X-rays < Micro-waves <-rays
occupied by the nucleus is (b) UV rays < Radio waves < visible < IR rays
(a) 1.0 × 10–3 (b) 5.0 × 10–5 (c) Cosmic < UV rays < IR rays < Radio wave
(c) 2.5 × 10–2 (d) 1.25 × 10–13 (d) -rays < Cosmic rays < IR rays < Micro waves
12.(S) Which of the following is incorrect w.r.t Maxwell 18.(S) Calculate the wavelength of light required to break
wave theory. the bond between two chlorine atoms in a chlorine
–1
(a) EM radiations travel with the speed of light. molecule. The Cl—Cl bond energy is 243 kJ mol .
(b) The wave number of radiations having –31
(a) 8.18 × 10 m
frequency of 4 × 1014 Hz is 1.33 × 104 cm–1 –21
(c) Electric field of radiations is perpendicular to (b) 6.26 × 10 m
–7
magnetic field but parallel to direction of (c) 4.93 × 10 m
propagation. –6
(d) 4.11 × 10 m
(d) Radiant energy is a continuous form of energy.
Black body radiation & photoelectric effect
Planck’s Quantum Theory
19.(S) When sodium compounds are heated in a Bunsen
13.(A) Assertion :According to the wave theory, the burner flame, they emit light at a wavelength of
radiation emitted by the body being heated should –4
5890 Å. If 1.0 × 10 moles of sodium atoms each
have the same colour but its intensity varies as the
emit a photon of this wavelength, how many
heating is continued.
kilojoules of energy are emitted ?
Reason :Energy of any electromagnetic radiation –2
depends upon its frequency. (a) 2.03 × 10 kJ
–3
(a) A (b) B (b) 8.08 × 10 kJ
–2
(c) C (d) D (c) 6.20 × 10 kJ
–3
14.(S) Suppose 10–17J of light energy is needed by the (d) 2.03 × 10 kJ
interior of human eye to see an object. The photons
20.(A) Assertion :The kinetic energy of photo-electrons
of green light (= 550 nm) needed to see the object
increases with increase in frequency of incident
are :
light where >0.
(a) 27 (b) 28
Reason :Whenever intensity of light is increased
(c) 29 (d) 30
the number of photo-electron ejected always
15.(S) A photon of 300 nm is absorbed by a gas and then increases.
re-emits two photons. One re-emitted photon has
(a) A (b) B
wavelength 496 nm, the wavelength of second re-
emitted photon is : (c) C (d) D
(a) 757 (b) 857 21.(A) Assertion :On increasing the intensity of incident
(c) 957 (d) 657 radiation, the number of photoelectrons ejected
16.(S) 4000 Å photon is used to break the iodine increases, if    o
molecule, then the % of energy converted to the Reason :Greater the intensity means greater the
K.E. of iodine atoms if bond dissociation energy of energy which in turn means greater the frequency
I2 molecule is 246.5 kJ/mol of the radiation.
(a) 8% (b) 12% (a) A (b) B
(c) 17% (d) 25%
(c) C (d) D
17.(S) Consider a 20 W light source that emits
22.(A) Assertion :Kinetic energy of photoelectrons is
monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm. The
directly proportional to the intensity of the incident
number of photons ejected per second in the form
radiation.
of Avogadro’s constant NAV is approximately :
Reason : Each photon of light causes the emission
(a) NAV (b) 10–2NAV of only one photoelectron.
(c) 10–4 NAV (d) 10–6 NAV (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
23.(A) Assertion:Photoelectric current increases with the 28.(S) Photoelectron emission is observed for three
intensity of radiation. different metals A, B and C. The kinetic energy of
Reason :Photo current implies higher number of the fastest photoelectrons versus frequency ‘’ is
emitted electrons per second. plotted for each metal. Which of the following
(a) A (b) B graph shows the phenomenon correctly ?
(c) C (d) D
24.(S) Which of the following represents the correct
variation between current (i), frequency (n) with (a) (b)
intensity
(I) of incident radiations in photoelectric effect
(assuming n > n0)
(c) (d)
i
(a) (b)
I Bohr’s model
29.(A) Assertion :In an atom, the velocity of electron in
i i the higher orbits keeps on decreasing.
(c) (d) Reason :Velocity of electrons is inversely
I I proportional to the radius of the orbit.
25.(S) Photoelectric emission is observed from a surface (a) A (b) B
for frequencies n1 and n2 of incident radiations (c) C (d) D
(n1> n2). If the maximum kinetic energy of 30.(S) As electron moves away from the nucleus, its
photoelectrons in the two cases are in the ratio of potential energy
1 : 2, then threshold frequency n0 is given by (a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Remains constant (d) None of these
2  1 21  2
(a) (b) 31.(S) Which of the following electronic transition in a
2 1 2 1
hydrogen atom will require the largest amount of
22  1 2  1
(c) (d) energy
2 1 2
(a) From n = 1 to n = 2 (b) From n = 2 to n = 3
26.(S) If a certain metal was irradiated by using two
(c) From n =  to n = 1 (d) From n = 3 to n = 5
different light radiations of frequency ‘x’ and ‘2x’,
32.(S) If the total energy of an electron in the 1st shell of H
the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected
atom = 0.0 eV then its potential energy in the 1st
electrons are ‘y’ and ‘3y’ respectively. The
excited state would be
threshold frequency of the metal will be :
(a) +6.8 eV (b) +20.4 eV
(a) x/3 (b) x/2
(c) –6.8 eV (d) +3.4 eV
(c) 3x/2 (d) 2x/3
Paragraph for Questions 33 to 35
27.(S) Which of the correct graphical representation based
on photoelectric effect (assuming n > n0) In a mixture of H – He+ gas (He+ is singly ionized
He atom), H atoms and He+ions are excited to their
respective first excited states. Subsequently, H
(I) (II) atoms transfer their total excitation energy to He+
ions (by collisions). Assuming that the Bohr model
of atom is applicable, answer the following
questions.
33.(C) The quantum number n of the state finally
(III) (IV) populated in He+ ions is :
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) 4 (d) 5
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV
34.(C) The wavelength of light emitted in the visible (a) A (b) B
region by He+ ions after collisions with H atoms is : (c) C (d) D
(a) 6.5 × 10–7 m (b) 5.6 × 10–7 m 40.(A) Assertion :Limiting line in the Balmer series has a
(c) 4.8 × 10–7 m (d) 4.0 × 10–7 m wavelength of 364.4 mm.
Reason :Limiting line is obtained for a jump of
35.(C) The ratio of the potential energy of the n = 2
electron from n = 
electron for the H atom to that of He+ ion is :
(a) A (b) B
(a) 1/4 (b) ½ (c) C (d) D
(c) 1 (d) 2 41.(S) If each hydrogen atom in the ground state of 1.0
H- spectrum mole of H-atoms is excited by absorbing photons
36.(S) For a hypothetical H like atom which follows of energy 8.4eV, 12.09 eV and 15.0 eV of energy,
Bohr’s model, some spectral lines were observed as then the number of spectral lines emitted is equal
shown. to:
If it is known that line ‘E’ belongs to the visible (a) None (b) Two
region, then the lines possibly belonging to ultra (c) Three (d) Four
violet region will be (n1 is necessarily ground state) 42.(S) A certain transition in H-spectrum from an excited
n5 state to ground state in one or more steps gives rise
n4
C B to a total of ten lines. How many of these belong to
n3
D A
n2 visible spectrum ?
E
n1 (a) 3 (b) 4
[Assume for this atom, no spectral series shows (c) 5 (d) 6
overlaps with other series in the emission 43.(S) In a sample of H-atoms, electrons make transitions
spectrum] from n = 5 to n = 1. If all the spectral lines are
(a) B and D (b) D only observed, then the line having the 3rd highest
(c) C only (d) A only energy will correspond to
37.(S) The given diagram indicates the energy levels of a (a) 5  3 (b) 4  1
certain atom. When the system moves from 2E (c) 3  1 (d) 5  4
level to E level, a photon of wavelength  is 44.(S) If the wavelength of series limit of Lyman series
emitted. The wavelength of photon produced for He+ ion is x Å, then what will be the
4E wavelength of series limit of Balmer series for
during the transition from to E level is (E is
3 Li2+ion ?
energy) : 9x 16x
(a) Å (b) Å
4 9
5x 4x
(c) Å (d) Å
4 7
45.(S) The emission spectra is observed by the
 3 consequence of transition of electron from higher
(a) (b)
3 4 energy state to ground state of He+ ion. Six
4 different photons are observed during the emission
(c) (d) 3
3 spectra, then what will be the minimum wavelength
38.(A) Assertion :Emission spectrum of a pure atom is during the transition ?
line spectrum, not the continuous. 4 4
(a) (b)
Reason :Energy of the atoms are quantized. 27R H 15R H
(a) A (b) B 15 16
(c) C (d) D (c) (d)
16R H 15R H
39.(A) Assertion :For H-atom, all Balmer lines in the
46.(S) What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would
emission spectrum have longer wavelengths than
have the same wavelength as Balmer transition,
wavelength of any lines in Lyman series.
n = 4 to n = 2 in the He+spectrum ?
Reason :Transition energy is always greater when
(a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
electrons come into an orbit with smaller ‘n’ than
(c) n = 4 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
in an orbit with higher ‘n’, no matter from which
higher orbit, the electron is coming.
47.(S) Let1 be the frequency of the series limit of the (a) A (b) B
Lyman series, 2 be the frequency of the first line (c) C (d) D
55.(A) Assertion:The ground state of configuration of Cr
of the Lyman series, and 3 be the frequency of the 5 1
is 3d 4s .
series limit of the Balmer series.
Reason : A set of half-filled orbital’s containing
(a) 1 – 2 = 3 (b) 2 – 1 = 3
one electrons each with their spin parallel provides
1 extra stability.
(c)  2 (1  3 ) (d) 1 + 2 = 3
2 (a) A (b) B
De-broglie concept& Heisenberg’s principle (c) C (d) D
48.(S) If E1, E2 and E3 represent respectively the kinetic 56.(S) If Hund’s rule is not obeyed by some elements
energies of an electron, an alpha particle and a given below then which atom has maximum
proton each having same de Broglie wavelength magnetic moment.
then : (a) Fe (b) Cu
(a) E1> E3> E2 (b) E2> E3> E1 (c) Cr (d) Mn
57.(A) Assertion :Half-filled and fully-filled degenerate
(c) E1< E3< E2 (d) E1 = E2 = E3
orbitals are more stable.
49.(S) If the radius of the Bohr orbit is r then the de Reason :Extra stability is due to the symmetrical
Broglie wavelength of the electron in the third orbit distribution of electrons and exchange energy.
will be (a) A (b) B
2r (c) C (d) D
(a) r (b)
3 58.(S) Which out of the following configurations is
3r incorrect ?
(c) (d) r 2 2 2 2 0
3 (a) 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
50.(S) An electron is continuously accelerated in vacuum 2 2 1 1
tube by applying potential difference. If its de (b) 1s 2s 2px 2p y
2 2 1 1 1
Broglie wavelength is decreased by 1%, the change (c) 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
in the kinetic energy of the electronis nearly
(d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
(a) Decreased by 1.0 % (b) Increased by 2.0 %
59.(S) The ratio of magnetic moments of Fe (III) and Co
(c) Increased by 1.0 % (d) Decreased by 2.0 %
(II) is :
Quantum No.&Electronic Configuration
(a) 5 : 7 (b) 35 : 15
51.(S) In any subshell, the maximum number of electrons
having same value of spin quantum number is (c)7 : 3 (d) 24 : 15
60.(S) A compound of vanadium has a magnetic moment
(a)     1 (b)  + 2
() of 1.73 BM. If the vanadium ion in the
x+
(c) 2 + 1 (d) 4 + 2 compound is present as V , then, the value of x is?
2+
52.(A) Assertion :The spin only magnetic moment of Zn (a) 1 (b) 2
is zero. (c) 3 (d) 4
Reason :Electrons are lost from 4s atomic obrital 61.(A) Assertion : The spin only magnetic moment of
10 2+
leaving 3d configuration for Zn . Zn2+ is zero.
(a) A (b) B Reason :Zn2+ had 3d10 4s0 configuration. If has no
unpaired electron.
(c) C (d) D
(a) A (b) B
53.(A) Assertion : An orbital cannot have more than two
(c) C (d) D
electrons and they must have opposite spins. x+
62.(S) The magnetic moment of M (atomic number =
Reason :No two electrons in an atom can have
same set of all the four quantum numbers as per 25) is 15 BM. The number of unpaired electrons
Pauli’s exclusion principle. and the value of x, respectively, are
(a) A (b) B (a) 4, 3 (b) 3, 4
(c) C (d) D (c) 3, 2 (d) 5, 2
54.(A) Assertion : The ground state electronic 63.(S) The total spin and magnetic moment for the atom
configuration of nitrogen is with atomic number 24 are :
(a)  3, 48 BM (b)  3, 35 BM
Reason :Electrons are filled in orbital’s as per

3 3
(c)  , 48 BM (d)  , 35 BM
aufbau principle, Hund’s rule of maximum spin 2 2
multiplicity and Pauli’s principle.
EXERCISE– 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR OTHER COMPETITION QUESTIONS
6. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and l

1. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen
(2012)
atom is : (2017) (1) n = 4, l = 1 (2) n = 4, l = 0
(Planck’s Const. h = 6.6262 × 10–34Js; (3) n = 3, l = 2 (4) n = 3, l = 1
can be placed in order of increasing energy as
Mass of electron = 9.1091 × 10–31 kg;
(a) (3) < (4) < (2) < (1)
–19 (b) (4) < (2) < (3) < (1)
Charge of electron e = 1.60210 × 10 C;
(c) (2) < (4) < (1) < (3)
Permittivity of vacuum
(d) (1) < (3) < (2) < (4)
 0  8.854185  10 12 kg 1m 3 A 2 ) 7. A gas absorbs photon of 355 nm and emits at two
(a) 4.76 Å (b) 0.529 Å wavelengths. If one of the emission is at 680 nm, the
(c) 2.12 Å (d) 1.65 Å other is at (2011)
2. A stream of electrons from a heated filament was (a) 1035 nm (b) 325 nm
passed between two charged plates kept at a (c) 743 nm (d) 518 nm
potential difference V esu. If e and m are charge
and mass of an electron, respectively, then the 8. The frequency of light emitted for the transition n = 4
value of h/ (where  is wavelength associated to n = 2 of He+ is equal to the transition in H atom
with electron wave) is given by: corresponding to which of the following ? (2011)
(2016) (a) n = 3 to n = 1 (b) n = 2 to n = 1
meV (c) n = 3 to n = 2 (d) n = 4 to n = 3
(a) 2meV (b)
9. The energy required to break one mole of Cl–Cl
(c) 2meV (d) meV
bonds in Cl2 is 242 kJ mol–1. The longest wavelength
3. Which of the following is the energy of a possible of light capable of breaking a single Cl–Cl bond is
excited state of hydrogen ? (2015) (2010)
(a) 594 nm (b) 640 nm
(a) – 3.4 eV (b) + 6.8 eV
(c) 700 nm (d) 494 nm
(c) + 13.6 eV (d) – 6.8 eV 10. Ionisation energy of He+ is 19.6 × 10–18 J atom–1. The
4. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the energy of the first stationary state (n = 1) of Li2+ is
valence electrons of rubidium atom (Z=37) is : (2014) (2010)
1 1 (a) 4.41 × 10 –16 –1
J atom
(a) 5,1,0,  (b) 5,1,1, 
2 2
(b) – 4.41 × 10–17 J atom–1
1 1 (c) – 2.2 × 10–15 J atom–1
(c) 5,0,1,  (d) 5,0,0, 
2 2
(d) 8.82 × 10–17 J atom–1
5. Energy of an electron is given by
 Z2 
E  2.178  10 18 J  2  11. In an atom, an electron is moving with a speed of 600
n  m/s with an uncertainity of 0.005%, the position of
Wavelength of light required to excite an electron in the electron can be (h = 6.6 × 10–34 kg m2s–1, mass of
an hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be electron em = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) (2009)
(2013) (a) 1.52 × 10–4 m (b) 5.01 × 10–3 m
(h = 6.62 × 10–34Js and c = 3.0 × 108ms–1) (c) 1.92 × 10–3 m (d) 3.84 × 10–3 m
(a) 1.214 × 10–7 m (b) 2.816 × 10–7 m
(c) 6.500 × 10–7 m (d) 8.500 × 10–7 m
12. Calculate the wavelength (in nanometer) associated 19. In a multielectron atom, which of the following
with a proton moving at 1.0 × 103ms–1 (Mass of orbitals described by the three quantum numbers will
proton = 1.67 × 10–27 kg and h = 6.63 × 10–34Js) have the same energy in the absence of magnetic and
(2009) electric fields ? (2005)
(a) 0.032 nm (b) 0.40 nm (A) n = 1, l = 0 m = 0
(c) 2.5 nm (d) 14.0 nm (B) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0
13. The ionization enthalpy of hydrogen atom is 1.312 × (C) n = 2, l = 1, m = 1
106 J mol–1. The energy required to excite the electron (D) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1
in the atom from n = 1 to n = 2 is (E) n = 3, l = 2, m = 0
(2008) (a) (D) and (E) (b) (C) and (D)
5 –1 5 –1
(a) 8.51 × 10 J mol (b) 6.56 × 10 J mol (c) (B) and (C) (d) (A) and (B)
5 –1 5 –1
(c) 7.56 × 10 J mol (d) 9.84 × 10 J mol 20. The wavelength of the radiation emitted, when in a
14. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers hydrogen atom electron falls from infinity to
represents the highest energy of an atom ? (2007) stationary state 1, would be (Rydberg constant =
(a) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + 1/2 1.097 × 107 m–1) (2004)
(a) 91 nm (b) 192 nm
(b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + 1/2
(c) 406 nm (d) 9.1 × 10–8 nm
(c) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2
21. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is
(d) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2
correct for an electron in 4f orbital ? (2004)
15. Uncertainty in the position of an electron
(a) n = 4, l = 3, m = + 4, s = + 1/2
(mass=9.1×10–31 kg) moving with a velocity 300 ms–1,
Accurate upto 0.001%, will be (h = 6.63 × 10–34Js) (b) n = 4, l = 4, m = – 4, s = – 1/2
(2006) (c) n = 4, l = 3, m = + 1, s = + 1/2
(a) 19.2 × 10–2 m (b) 5.76 × 10–2 m (d) n = 3, l = 2, m = – 2, s = + 1/2
–2 –2 22. Consider the ground state of Cr atom (Z = 24). The
(c) 1.92 × 10 m (d) 3.84 × 10 m
16. According to Bohr’s theory, the angular momentum numbers of electrons with the azimuthal quantum
of an electron in 5th orbit is (2006) numbers, l = 1 and 2 are, respectively (2004)
h h (a) 12 and 4 (b) 12 and 5

(a) 25 (b) 1.0
  (c) 16 and 4 (d) 16 and 5
h h 23. The de-Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass
(c) 10 (d) 2.5
  60 g moving with a velocity of 10 m/s is
17. The ‘spin-only’ magnetic moment [in units of Bohr approximately (Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34Js)
2+ (2003)
magneton (B)] of Ni in aqueous solution would be
(a) 10–33 m (b) 10–31 m
(Atomic number : Ni = 28) (2006)
(c) 10–16 m (d) 10–25 m
(a) 2.84 (b) 4.90
24. The number of unpaired d-electrons retained in
(c) 0 (d) 1.73 Fe2+(At. no. of Fe = 26) ion is (2003)
18. Which of the following statements in relation to the (a) 6 (b) 3
hydrogen atom is correct ? (2005) (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals all have the same energy 25. The orbital angular momentum for an electron
(b) 3s and 3p orbitals are of lower energy than 3d revolving in an orbit is given by     1 h/2. This
orbital momentum for an s-electron will be given by
(c) 3p orbital is lower in energy than 3d orbital (2003)
(d) 3s orbital is lower in energy than 3p orbital 1 h
(a)  . (b) zero
2 2
h h
(c) (d) 2.
2 2
26. In Bohr series of lines of hydrogen spectrum, the 35. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration 1s7,
third line from the red end corresponds to which one it would have energy lower than that of the normal
of the following inner-orbit jumps of the electron for ground state configuration 1s2 2s2 2p3, because the
Bohr orbits in an atom of hydrogen ? (2003) electrons would be closer to the nucleus, yet 1s7 is not
(a) 3  2 (b) 5  2 observed because it violates (2002)
(c) 4  1 (d) 2  5 (a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
(b) Hund’s rule
27. Energy of H-atom in the ground state is –13.6 eV,
(c) Pauli exclusion principle
hence energy in the second excited state is (2002)
(d) Bohr postulate of stationary orbits
(a) –6.8 eV (b) –3.4 eV
(c) –1.51 eV (d) –4.53 eV 1 1
36. The quantum numbers  and  for the electron
28. Which of the following ions has the maximum 2 2
spin represent (2001)
magnetic moment ? (2002)
(a) rotation of the electron in clockwise and
(a) Mn2+ (b) Fe2+
anticlockwise direction respectively
(c) Ti2+ (d) Cr2+
(b) rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and
29. Uncertainty in position of a particle of 25 g in space
–5 –1
clockwise direction respectively
is 10 m. Hence, uncertainty in velocity (m s ) is (c) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and
–34
(Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10 Js) (2002) down respectively
(a) 2.1 × 10
–28
(b) 2.1 × 10
–34 (d) two quantum mechanical spin states which have
–34 –24
no classical analogue
(c) 0.5 × 10 (d) 5.0 × 10 37. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing
30. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr 200g and moving at a speed of 5 m/h is of the order
orbit of a hydrogen atom is [a0 is Bohr radius] (2013) (2001)
h2 h2 (a) 10–10 m (b) 10–20 m
(a) (b) (c) 10–30 m (d) 10–40 m
42 ma 02 162 ma 02
38. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2,
h2 h2
(c) (d) 2s22p6, 3s23p63d5, 4s1. This represents its (2000)
322 ma 02 642 ma 02
(a) excited state (b) ground state
31. The number of radial nodes in 3s and 2p respectively (c) cationic form (d) anionic form
are (2005) 39. The electrons, identified by numbers n and l,
(a) 2 and 0 (b) 0 and 2 (i) n = 4, l = 1, (ii) n = 4, l = 0, (iii) n = 3, l = 2, and
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 1 (iv) n = 3, l = 1 can be placed in order of increasing
32. The number of nodal planes in a px orbital is (2005) energy, from the lowest to highest, as (1999)
(a) One (b) Two (a) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) (b) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii)
(c) Three (d) Zero (c) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv (d) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
33. Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as 40. The energy of an electron in the first Bohr orbit of H-
that of Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom ? (2004) atom is –13.6 eV. The possible energy value(s) of the
(a) n = 2, Li2+
(b) n = 2, Be 3+ excited state(s) for electrons in Bohr orbits of
(c) n = 2, He +
(d) n = 3, Li2+ hydrogen is (are) (1998)
34. Rurtherford’s experiment, which established the (a) –3.4 eV (b) – 4.2 eV
nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of (2002) (c) – 6.8 eV (d) + 6.8 eV
(a) -particles, which impinged on a metal foil and 41. For a d-electron, the orbital angular momentum is
got absorbed (1997)
(b) -rays, which impinged on a metal foil and  h   h 
(a) 6  (b) 2 
ejected electrons  2   2 
(c) Helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil  h   h 
(c)   (d) 2  
and got scattered  2   2 
(d) Helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered
42. Which of the following has the maximum number of 1
(b) 4 0 0
unpaired electrons ? (1996) 2
(a) Mg2+ (b) Ti3+ 1
(c) 3 2 –3
(c) V3+ (d) Fe2+ 2
43. The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s 1
orbital is (d) 5 3 0 
2
1 h 50. Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment
(a)  . (b) zero
2 2 eventually led to the conclusion that (1986)
h h (a) mass and energy are related
(c) (d) 2.
2 2 (b) electrons occupy space around the nucleus
44. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired (c) neutrons are burried deep in the nucleus
electron of chlorine atom is (1989) (d) the point of impact with matter can be precisely
n l m n l m determined
(a) 2 1 0 (b) 2 1 1 51. Electromagnetic radiation with maximum wavelength
is (1985)
(c) 3 1 1 (d) 3 0 0
45. The correct ground state electronic configuration of (a) ultraviolet (b) radio wave
chromium atom is (1989) (c) X-ray (d) infrared
5 1 4 2
(a) [Ar] 3d 4s (b) [Ar] 3d 4s 52. The radius of an atomic nucleus is of the order of
6 0
(c) [Ar] 3d 4s (d) [Ar] 4d5 4s1 (1985)
46. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is (a) 10–10 cm (b) 10–13 cm
violated (1988)
(c) 10–15 cm (d) 10–8 cm
(a) 53. Bohr’s model can explain (1985)
(b) (a) the spectrum of hydrogen atom only

(b) spectrum of an atom or ion containing one
(c) electron only
(d) (c) the spectrum of hydrogen molecule
47. The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic (d) the solar spectrum
transition is inversely related to (1988) 54. Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen
(a) the number of electrons undergoing the transition atom to absorb a photon but not be emit a photon ?
(b) the nuclear charge of the atom (1984)
(c) the difference in the energy of the energy levels (a) 3s (b) 2p
involved in the transition (c) 2s (d) 1s
(d) the velocity of the electron undergoing the
55. Correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence
transition
(outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37) is (1984)
48. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000 Å
wavelength radiation to that of 4000 Å radiation is 1 1
(a) 5, 0, 0,  (b) 5, 1, 0, 
(1986) 2 2
1 1 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 5, 1, 1,  (d) 6, 0, 0, 
4 2 2
1 56. The increasing order (lowest first) for the values of
(c) (d) 2
2 e/m (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton (p),
49. Which one of the following sets of quantum numbers neutron (n) and alpha particle () is (1984)
represents an impossible arrangement ? (1986)
(a) e, p, n,  (b) n, p, e, 
n l m s
(c) n, p, , e (d) n, , p, e
1
(a) 3 2 –2
2
57. Rutherford’s scattering experiment is related to the 59. Any p-orbital can accommodate up to (1983)
size of the (1983) (a) four electrons
(a) nucleus (b) atom (b) six electrons
(c) electron (d) neutron (c) two electrons with parallel spins
58. The principal quantum number of an atom is related (d) two electrons with opposite spins
to the (1983)
60. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of -particles
(a) size of the orbital showed for the first time that the atom has
(b) spin angular momentum (1981)
(c) orientation of the orbital in space (a) electrons (b) protons
(d) orbital angular momentum (c) nucleus (d) neutrons
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE– 1 :BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (d)
71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (a) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (c) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (d)
EXERCISE– 2 : PREVIOUS YEARS COMPETITION QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (b) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (d)
91. (d) 92. (b) 93. (d) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (a) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99. (d) 100. (b)
101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (b) 104. (c) 105. (c) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (a) 110. (c)
111. (c) 112. (d) 113. (b) 114. (c) 115. (a) 116. (b) 117. (a) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (b)
121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (c) 124. (a) 125. (a) 126. (a) 127. (b) 128. (d) 129. (d) 130. (b)
EXERCISE– 3 :ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a)
EXERCISE– 4 :PREVIOUS YEAR OTHER COMPETITION QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (c)
Dream on !!
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM

 Solved Examples ................................................................................................................... 25

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 49

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year Competition Questions .......................................................... 54

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 62

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year Other Competition Questions ............................................... 67

 Answer Key ........................................................................................................................... 71

47. Lime water or slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

VALENCY OF SOME COMMON BASIC AND ACIDIC RADICALS

Electrovalent positive ions (basic radicals)

Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

ELECTROVALENT NEGATIVE IONS (ACIDIC RADICALS)

Monovalent Divalent Trivalent

1. Acetate CH3COO– 1. Carbonate CO32– 1. Arsenate AsO 43–

R.A Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment

Name Discoverer Symbol Charge Relative Mass

Electron J.J. Thomson e –1.6022 × 10–19 C –1 9.1094×10–31 Kg

Neutron Chadwick n 0 0 1.6749 × 10–27 kg

were smaller particles together carrying a negative charge,

A fundamental particle which carries one unit positive

It has been found that radius of atom is of the order of

4.3 Rutherford’s nuclear atomic model

Rutherford carried out a number of experiments, involving

The general notation that is used to represent the mass

Where, X – symbol of element

5.3 Isotopes, Isobars, isotones and Isoelectronic

(i) According to classical mechanics, any charged body in 5.3.1 Isotopes:

Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of unit 2

Mass number (A) = Number of protons(Z) + Number of 18

Isobar Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

Isotones Atomic Mass number No. of neutros

So it is observed that with increasing temperature the

7.1 Electromagnetic Wave Theory (2) Photoelectric Effect

According to Maxwell’s Theory the ejection of electrons

The following observations are made:

This is also called “Quantisation of energy”.

8.1 Explanation of Black body radiation

As the temperature is increased the energy emitted increases

9.3 Absorption Spectra Z2

Thus, energies of various levels are in the order:

K < L < M < N...... and so on.

10.4 Line Spectrum of Hydrogen

When an electric discharge is passed through gaseous

10.2 What does negative energy for Hydrogen atom

This negative sign means that the energy of the electron in

It is the line of shortest wavelength i.e. n2 =  h h h h

Where p is linear momentum of a particle.

1) Inability to explain line spectra of multi-electron atoms. (x). (p)  h/4

|  |2 is the probability of finding the electron at a point

12.2 Concept of Orbital

It is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within

12.3 Quantum Numbers

They may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help

s-subshell (l=0) m=0 1

Principal shell Subshells

1st shell l = 0 (s-subshell) Orbital Value of m

is: s < p < d < f d yz m = –1