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Q2INTRO2PHILO11
Q2INTRO2PHILO11
MAAÑO | 11 – ALCALA
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON 11
SEMESTER 1 – QUARTER 2 | A.Y. 2023 – 2024 LECTURER: MR. BEAVEN C. BERMUDEZ
I 1. UNDER COMPULSION
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY • Circumstances which are beyond the control of
the agent and contributes none to the action
HUMAN ACTIONS VS. ACTS OF MAN • Example: A person was kidnapped, hence
impossible to resist.
ACTS OF MAN
• Performed with full knowledge through free will 2. THROUGH IGNORANCE OF PARTICULAR
• Actions shared by humans and other animals 2. CIRCUMSTANCES
• Not dependent upon intellect and free will • Actions without a complete understanding of the
• Done by a human person but is not proper to him specific details and consequences
as a person, but it stems from those faculties • Example: A man steals and ignorant of the law,
which are peculiar to man – intellect and free will arrow or gun shot by mistake.
• Example: Yawning, winking, sneezing
HUMAN FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION
HUMAN ACTIONS • According to John Mothershead, freedom and
• Performed with full knowledge through free will obligation are two indispensable conditions for
• The appropriate actions of human beings morality to occur.
• Voluntary; under the control or direction of the • Freedom is present when one is choosing an
will (which is proper to man) or from another action and taking full responsibility for
human power that may be motivated by the will, consequence of his actions. This is anchored to
either by an act of intellect or by the sense of the individual’s moral and rational capacity to
reasoning or emotion discern what is right and wrong.
• Consciously and freely; grounded in the nature of • In several meta-ethical traditions, obligation
a person that they are intelligent and free follows freedom. Freedom is making choices
• Example: An act of love or choice, a gesture with regards to determining what is the right thing
commanded by the will to do in situations and circumstances.
• An action is not in the full extent of morality if a
ARISTOTLE’S DISTINCTION OF VOLUNTARY AND person does something while his or her freedom
INVOLUNTARY ACTION and rationality is altered (if the person’s
environment highly affects his judgement).
VOLUNTARY ACTION
INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS. PRACTICAL CHOICE
• Acts using knowledge about the situations
INTELLECTUAL CHOICE
1. VOLUNTARY
• Deliberately selected based on a moral standpoint
• Performed from will and reason • A decision made with consideration for morality
• Example: Samantha was feeling exhausted but • Normative answers (societal norms) about what
has two options: she could either order takeout we ought to do from a moral system that we
and watch TV, or go to the gym for a workout. uphold and its moral principles.
Knowing that she wanted to prioritize her health, • The answers are usually assumption,
she to head to the gym. prescriptive, imaginary, and hypothetical because
you are not facing the actual moral situation.
2. RELATED TO COMPULSION
• Mixed of voluntary and involuntary PRACTICAL CHOICE
• It is more voluntary if the desire and choice has • Born out of psychological and emotional
been performed and involuntary if it has considerations
considered preferences or alternatives. • Made when confronted with the actual situation ,
• Example: You are asked to perform a crime and and usually affected by psychological aspect of
your options are; either you do it and your family the person embroiled in the moral situation or
survives or you don’t do it but they will be dilemma.
murdered. • Psychological and emotional stress and lack of
time to deliberate during an actual moral
INVOLUNTARY ACTION situation may affect a person’s moral decision.
• Acts done under force or coercion and ignorance They could make his practical choice
where the doer failed to understand the effect inconsistent with his intellectual choice.
and feels sorry on the result
II • All people, collectively regarded as constituting
INTERSUBJECTIVITY a community of related, interdependent
individuals living in a definite place, following a
INTERSUBJECTIVITY certain mode of life (Ariola, 2012).
• “Inter” – Among and between • Why do people live in a society (Ariola, 2012)?
• “Subject” – A conscious being o For survival
• Sharing of subjective states by two or more o Feeling of gregariousness
individuals (Scheff, 2006) o Specialization
• The organic union of the subjective reality and
the objective reality of beings. FUNCTIONS OF A SOCIETY
• Regarding others as part of ourselves • It provides a system of socialization.
• Universal; exists when and where human exist • It provides the basic needs of its members.
• It regulates and controls people’s behavior.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT • It provides the means of social participation.
PHILOSOPHERS • It provides mutual support to the members.
SPIRITUAL/BIBLICAL DEATH
• Ecclesiastes 12:7: Dust returned to the Earth as it
was and the spirit (breath of life) shall return unto
God who gave it.
• What is the state of man when he dies?
o Psalm 145:4: His thoughts perish…
o Ecclesiastes 9:5: Knows nothing…
o Ecclesiastes 12:7: Unto their graves…
o Job 14:11-13: Not awake…
o Thessalonians 4:13: Asleep…
o Psalm 115:17: The dead praise not God…
o Job 4:17: Man is not mortal
o James 4:14: Man’s life is even a vapor, and
then vanished away.
• When I die, will I go to heaven or hell? The Bible
describes death as like “a kind of sleep”. The dead
are asleep in the grave, awaiting either a
resurrection to judgment or eternal life. –
Ecclesiastes 9:5
• Is this the reason why I am a Christian? “But I
would not have you to be ignorant, brethren,
concerning them which are asleep, that ye sorrow
not, even as others which have no hope. For if we
believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so
them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring
with him. For this we say unto you by the word of
the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto
the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them
which are asleep.” – 1 Thessalonians 4:13-15
• Where do I go when I die? “Do not be amazed at
this, for a time is coming when all who are in their
graves will hear his voice 29 and come out—those
who have done what is good will rise to live, and