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Note-Waves & Oscillations
Note-Waves & Oscillations
√ √
y2 a2 −y 2 1
⇒ cos(ωt + α) = 1− a2
= a2
= a √a2 − y2
We know,
Velocity, v = aω cos(ωt + α)
= aω. a1 √a2 − y 2
= ω √a2 − y 2
But in this case, there is a phase difference between the two vibrating particles.
Notice, for the circle with the centre C 1 , the numbers (0,8) are parallel to the x-axis (revolving
axis) instead of being perpendicular. This is because of the phase difference.
x = a sin (ωt + α)
π π
Here, α = 2 , so t he particle has travelled an extra
2 rad.
π 3π
Sir told us to practice for α= 4 , 4 ,π for the exam.
Note: this a here and the K in the equations for undamped vibration are the same, Brijlal
sir used K and Gias sir used a.
● A resistive force
F ∝ − v [v = velocity of the body]
⇒ F = − bv [ b = constant of proportionality = damping coefficient = the resistive or
dissipative force per unit velocity, b is a positive constant]
dy
⇒ F = − b dt
One of the Solutions to this equation will be in the form y = Aekt , where A & k are both arbitrary
constants. Let this be used as a trial solution.
How did that happen? Time to revise differentiation classes :3
Which implies that if the natural frequency of the body matches with that of the applied
external periodic force or vibration, it will be called resonance, and the body will
resonate with its maximum displacement (amplitude). But if the frequencies don’t match,
then the oscillation will not reach its amplitude and it’ll be called forced oscillation, not
resonance. So resonance is a special kind of forced oscillation where the natural
frequency of the body and the frequency of the applied force are the same.
Now, this amplitude of the driven oscillation will remain constant if the amount of
damping is also constant. But if damping increases without changing the ratio between
the natural frequency of the body and the frequency of applied force, the amplitude will
decrease & vice versa.
[In order to have its minimum value, the derivative of that term has to be zero.]
8.03 - Lect 3 - Driven Oscillations With Damping, Steady State Solutions, Resonance
α = phase dif f erence, x = path dif f erence
2πv
ω = 2πf = λ
Velocity of the particle:
2 2
ρ[ 4πλav
2 sin 2π
λ (vt − x)]dy
Total energy:
E = P .E + K .E
2π 2 v 2 ρ 2
= λ
2 a [sin2 { 2πλ (vt − x)} + cos2 { 2πλ (vt − x)}]
2π 2 v 2 a2 ρ
= λ
2