Problems and Solutions

In
Engineering Mathematics
 Problems and Solutions
In
Engineering Mathematics
For

B.E./B.Tech (III Semester)

MDU, GJU, KU, Haryana, UPTU, Lucknow; DCE, Delhi; PTU, Jalandhar;
BITS, Pilani; BIT, Bangalore; MIT, Manipal; IITs; IT, BHU, Varanasi;
AMU, Aligarh; PRSSU, Raipur; RGTU, Bhopal;
NERIM, Guwahati and VIT, Vellore

[Part–II]

By

DR. T.C. GUPTA

Ph.D
Professor of Mathematics,
Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities,
Manav Rachna Engineering College, Faridabad (Haryana)
Formerly Deputy Director-General, ICMR, New Delhi
Formerly Scientist
Defence Research and Development Organisation, R&D Headquarters
New Delhi

UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS

(An Imprint of Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.)
BANGALORE l CHENNAI l COCHIN l GUWAHATI l HYDERABAD
JALANDHAR l KOLKATA l LUCKNOW l MUMBAI l RANCHI
NEW DELHI l BOSTON, USA
 2014

350.00

UEM-9700-350-PROB SOL ENGG MATH-II-GUP

 Preface
Many textbooks have been written on “Higher Engineering Mathematics” by different authors
and teachers in India and abroad. But majority of the engineering college students often
find it difficult to fully understand and solve all the problems given in the exercises in those
text­books. Also the teachers are faced with a real problem while selecting suitable problems
with technical bent and due to paucity of time and classroom workload sometimes the
college teachers are not able to help their own students in solving many difficult problems
and questions in the class even though they wish to do so. Keeping in mind such need of
the students, the author was inspired to write a suitable and comprehensive book providing
solutions to the problems selected from different textbooks written in the past two decades
and which are being taught in the various colleges at present. As different universities in
our country have slightly different syllabus for the various semester examinations, this
aspect has been carefully considered by the author and for each semester, a separate book
(or Volume) has been prepared to help the students accordingly. Efforts have been made to
present the material in a cost-effective manner to fulfill the needs of the engineering college
students by covering topics relevant to that specific semester, common to the majority of
Universities and Engineering Colleges.
This book contains Six Chapters covering broadly the syllabus for the students of the
Third Semester (III) of several universities including M.D.U., Rohtak; G.J.U., Hissar and
K.U., Haryana; U.P.T.U., Lucknow and D.C.E., Delhi. It provides solutions to several
problems, which have been selected from different textbooks available in India and abroad.
Efforts have been made to indicate wherever possible the name of the university and year
of examination when a particular problem was asked in the past so as to make all the
students familiar with the type of questions usually set in examinations. It is sincerely
hoped that this book will help and better equip the engineering college students to prepare
and face the examination with greater confidence.
I have endeavoured to present the book in a lucid manner, which will be easier to
understand by all the students. It is hoped the present book will also be found useful by
students of many engineering colleges including those studying in I.I.Ts and other Engineering
Institutions like B.I.T., Pilani; B.I.T., Bangalore; M.I.T., Manipal: I.T., B.H.U., Varanasi;
A.M.U., Aligarh; N.E.R.I.M., Guwahati and V.I.T., Vellore. An outstanding and distinguishing
feature of the book is to provide solution of large number of well-graded typical problems
selected from various textbooks. I am deeply indebted to all the authors, Indian and Foreign,
whose works I have frequently consulted in writing this book.
I am thankful to Mr. Saurabh Gupta, Managing Director, Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
and his team for bringing out the book in the present form. All efforts have been made to
avoid all types of errors and mistakes as far as possible and all the answers have been
completely checked and verified. Intimation of any error or misprint in this book and any
suggestion for further improvement will be highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.

— Author
 Contents
Chapters Pages
1. Fourier Series ... 1
2. Fourier Transforms ... 75
3. Functions of Complex Variable–I ... 128
4. Functions of Complex Variable–II ... 193
5. Probability Distributions and Hypothesis Testing ... 278
6. Linear Programming ... 367
 1
Fourier Series

IMPORTANT FORMULAE AND DEFINITIONS

DEF : 1 (P.T.U. B. Tech., May 2004, 2005)

Fourier Series. Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval, (α, α + 2l). Then
∞
nπx nπx 
f(x) =
1
a +
2 0 ∑
n=1

 an

cos
l
+ bn sin
l 


is called Fourier Series of f(x), where

a0 =
1
I α + 2l
f ( x) dx
(K
KK
I
l α
α + 2l
dx, n ≠ 0 ) are also known as Euler’s Formulae.
1 nπx
an = f ( x) cos
KK
I
l α l
1 α + 2l nπx
bn = f ( x) sin dx, n ≠ 0 K
l α l *
Remark I. If l = π, then the interval (α, α + 2l) reduces to (α, α + 2π) and the Fourier Series of f(x)
is given by
∞
f(x) =
1
a +
2 0 ∑ (a n cos nx + bn sin nx)

I
n=1
1 α + 2π
where a0 = f ( x) dx

I
π α
1 α + 2π
an = f ( x) cos nx dx , n ≠ 0

I
π α
1 α + 2π
bn = f ( x) sin nx dx , n ≠ 0.
π α

DEF : 2
Even and Odd Functions. A function f(x) is said to be an Even Function if f(– x) = f(x) e.g. x4,
cos x etc.
A function f(x) is said to be an Odd Function if f(– x) = – f(x) e.g. sin3 x, x3 etc.

Formula-1. I−a
a
K
f ( x) = & a
I
%0, if f ( x) is odd function

K'2 0 f ( x) dx, if f ( x) is even function.

Formula-2. cos nπ = (–1)n, n ∈ Z
Formula-3. sin nπ = 0, n ∈ Z

1
2 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

I
Formula-4. General rule of integration by parts.

u . v dx = u.v(1) – u′.v(2) + u″.v(3) – u′″.v(4) + ......

I II
where u′ = First derivative of u
u″ = 2nd derivative of u
u″′ = 3rd derivative of u, and so on
and v(1) = Integration of v
v(2) = Integration of v(1)
v(3) = Integration of v(2)
v(4) = Integration of v(3) and so on.

DEF : 3
Fourier Series for Even Function. Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval
(– π, π). Then

f(x) =
1
a +
2 0
∞

∑a
n=1
n cos nx ' bn =
1
π I π

−π
f ( x) sin nx dx = 0

(∴ f(x) sin nx is odd.)

DEF : 4
Fourier Series for Odd Function. Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval
(– π, π). Then

f(x) = ∑
n=1
∞
bn sin nx a0 =
1
π I
−π
π
f ( x) dx = 0, an =
1
π I
−π
π
f ( x) cos nx dx = 0

(Q f(x) cos nx is odd.)

Cor : Write the Fourier series for an odd function in the interval (– c, c).
(P.T.U. B. Tech., June 2006)

 ∞ "
nπ x #
Hint. f ( x) = ∑ b sin
n=1
n
c #
.
! $

Remark 2. Existence of a Fourier Series for a function f(x). Dirichlet conditions.

(P.T.U. B. Tech., May 2008)
Any function f(x) can be expressed as a Fourier Series
1 ∞
f(x) = a +
2 0
n =1
∑ (a n cos nx + bn sin nx ) , iff

(i) f(x) is periodic, single valued and finite.

(ii) f(x) has a finite no. of finite discontinuities in any one period.
(iii) f(x) has a finite no. of maxima and minima.

DEF : 5
Half Range Series. A function f(x) defined in the interval (0, l) has two type of Half range series.
(i) Half-range cosines series. It is given by
∞
nπx
f(x) =
1
a +
2 0
∑a
n=1
n cos
l
,

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FOURIER SERIES 3

where
2 l
l 0
f ( x) dx ; an =
a0 =

(ii) Half-range sine series. It is given by

2
l I I 0
l
f ( x) cos
nπx
l
dx

f(x) =
∞

∑b
n=1
n sin
nπx
l
, where bn =
2
l I0
l
f ( x) sin
nπx
l
dx

Parsaval’s Theorem for Fourier Constants.

Let f(x) be a function defined in the interval (α, α + 2l).

∑  a 
∞
a0 nπ x nπ x
and if f(x) =
2
+
n= 1
n cos
l
+ bn sin
l
,

be the Fourier Series of f(x), then
1
2l Iα
α + 2l
[ f ( x)]2 dx =
a02 1
4
+
2
∞

∑ (a
n=1
n
2
+ bn 2 ) .

1.2. PARSAVAL’S IDENTITY

Q. 1. If f(x) has the Fourier series expansion
∞
nπx nπx 
∑
a0 
+  an cos + bn sin  , in a ≤ x ≤ a + 2l,
2  l l 
n=1

show that I a
a + 2l
[f(x)] 2 dx = 2l


!
a0 2 1
4
+
2
∞

∑ (a
n=1
n
2
"
+ bn 2 )# .
#
$
∞
nπx nπ x 
∑
a0 
Sol. Given f(x) = +  an cos + bn sin  (1)
2  l l 
n=1
Multiplying (1) by f(x) and integrating from – l to l, we get

I−l
l
[ f ( x)]2 dx =
a0
2 I
−l
l
f ( x) dx + ∑
n=1
∞
an
I −l
l
f ( x) cos
nπx
l
dx +
∞

∑b
n=1
n I−l
l
f ( x) sin
nπx
l
dx

∞ ∞

∑ ∑b
a0
= . 1la0 6 + an . lan + n . l bn
2

I
n=1 n=1
l
' a0 =
1
f ( x) dx,

I
l −l
 ∞ " 1 l nπ x
a0 2 an = f ( x) cos dx,
∑ ( an 2 + bn2 ) #

I
= l + l −l l
2 #
l
! n=1 $ 1 nπx
bn = f ( x) sin dx .
l −l l
 ∞ "
a02 1
= 2l
4
+
2 ∑ (a
n=1
n
2
+ bn 2 ) #
#
! $

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4 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞
nπx
∑a
a0
Q. 2. If f(x) = + n cos , 0 < x < l, then show that
2 l
n=1

I0
l
( f(x)) 2 dx =
l a0 2
2 2
+


!
∞

∑
n=1
"
an 2 # .
#
$

∞
a0 nπx
Sol. Given f(x) =
2
+ ∑a
n=1
n cos
l
...(1)

which is a Half-range cosine series in the interval (0, l) where

a0 =
2
l Il
f ( x) dx ; ...(2)

I
0

2 l nπx
f ( x) cos dx
an = ...(3)
l 0 l
Now multiplying (1) by f(x) and integrating from 0 to l, we have

I 0
l
[ f ( x)]2 dx =
a0
2
.
I 0
l
f ( x) dx +
∞

∑a
n=1
n I
0
l
f ( x) cos
nπx
l
dx

∞  ∞ "
l a02
a la
= 0 . 0 +
2 2 ∑ an .
lan
2
=
2 2
+ ∑
n=1
an 2 # .
#
| Using (2) and (3)
n=1 ! $

1.3. SOME IMPORTANT TYPICAL WAVE FORMS

DEF : 6. TYPICAL WAVE FORMS

(a) Define square wave form, also derive the Fourier Series for square wave form.
It is an extension of the function
%&− k; −π< x<0
f(x) =
' k; 0<x<π
(b) Define saw toothed wave form and derive its Fourier waveform.
It is an extension of the given function f(x) = x ; – π < x < π here f(x) is an odd function ∴ a0 =
0, an = 0 | See Def. 2
∞ Y
Let f(x) = ∑ bn sin nx , where

I
n=1

1 π – 2π – π 2π
bn = f ( x) sin nx dx X

I
π −π O

1 π
= x sin nx dx
π

I
−π

2 π
= x sin nx dx
π 0 I II
| x sin nx is even function
| Integrating by Parts, (Using Formula-4 Page-2)

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FOURIER SERIES 5

π
2   − cos nx   − sin nx  "
= ( x)   − (1) #
π!  n   n2  $ 0
−2
= (– 1)n
nπ
∞
(− 1)n + 1
∑
2
∴ f(x) = sin nx.
π n
n=1
(c) Define Modified Saw Toothed wave form and derive its Fourier series.
It is an extension of the function
%K 0 , − π < x < 0
f(x) = & a x, 0 < x < π . Y
K' π
y=a
∞

∑ (a
a0 a
Let f(x) = + n cos nx + bn sin nx) y=
π
x
2
n=1
be the required Fourier series.

Here a0 =
1
π I−π
π
f ( x) dx
O π 2π 3π
X

=
1
π I 0

−π
0 dx +
1
π I π

0
0
π
x dx

a π2 a
= 2
. = ...(1)
π 2 2

an =
1
π I π

−π
f ( x) cos nx dx =
1
π I 0

−π
0 dx +
1
π I
0
π a
π
x cos nx dx

π
a  sin nx  cos nx  "
= ( x) − (1)  − #
π2 ! n  n2  $ 0

a  (− 1) n
1 = a
=
π 2  n 2
−
n 2  n π 2 2 [(– 1)n – 1]

%K 0 ; if n is even
= &K− 2a ; if n is odd
...(2)
' nπ 2 2

bn =
1
π I−π
π
f ( x) sin nx dx =
1
π I−π
0
0 dx +
1
π I π

0
a
x sin nx dx
π I II
| Integrating by Parts, (Using Formula-4 Page-2)
π
a   − cos nx   − sin nx  "
= 2
x  − (1)  #
π !  n   n2  $ 0

a  − π (−1) n
−0 =
"# 0 (−1) n + 1
=
π 2
!n $ π n
...(3)

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6 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

∞ ∞
a
Therefore f(x) =
4
+ ∑
n=1
an cos nx + ∑b
n=1
n sin nx

a 2a  cos 3 x cos 5 x 
= −  cos x + + + ......
4 π2  3 2
5 2 

a sin 2 x sin 3 x 
+  sin x − + − ..... . | Using (1), (2) and (3)
π 2 3 

(d) Define Half wave Rectifier and Derive its Fourier series.
It is an extension of the function Y
%&I 0 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π
f(x) =
' 0 π ≤ x ≤ 2π
. y = I0

See “Fourier series For Discontinuous Functions.”

(e) Define Triangular Wave form and Derive its
Fourier series. X
O p 2p 3p
It is an extension of the function

%K1 + 2 x , −π≤x≤0
f(x) = & π
K'1 − π ,
2x
0≤ x≤π
Y

% 2x
K1 − π
, −π≤− x≤0
Now f(– x) = &
2x X
K1 + , 0≤ − x≤π – π – π/2 O π/2 π
' π

%K1 − 2x , 0≤ x≤π
= & π
K'1 + 2πx , −π≤ x≤0

= f(x) ⇒ f(x) is an even function. ∴ bn = 0 ∀n | Def.-2

∞

∑a
a0
Let f(x) = + n cos nx ...(1)
2
n=1

I I I
π
1 π 2 π 2 
π 2x  2 x2 "
Here a0 = f ( x) dx = f ( x) dx = 1 −  dx = x− # =0
π −π π 0 π 0  π π! π #$
0

an =
2
π I −π
π
f ( x) cos nx dx =
2
π I 
π
1 −
0 
2x 
π
 cos nx dx

| Integrating by Parts, (Using Formula-4 Def-2)

π
2  2 x   sin nx   − 2   − cos nx  "
= 1 −    −   #
π ! π   n   π   n 2  $0

2−2  2 "
(− 1) n −  0 − 2  # =
2 −2 2 4 
(− 1) n + 2 = 2 [1 – (– 1)n]
"#
= 2
π !n π  n π$ π n 2π n π n π ! $

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FOURIER SERIES 7

%K 0 ; if n is even
= &K 8 ; if n is odd ...(3)
'n π
2

From (1), (2) and (3), we have

∞

∑
1 8
f(x) = (0) + cos nx
2 n2 π
n = odd

8 cos 3 x cos 5 x 
∴ f(x) =  cos x + + + ........
π 32 52 

is the required Fourier Series.

DEF : 7
Practical Harmonic Analysis. Let the Fourier series for y = f(x) in (α, α + 2l) is given by
∞
nπx nπ x 
∑
a0 
y= +  an cos + bn sin 
2  l l 
n=1

a0  πx πx   2 πx 2 πx 
= +  a1 cos + b1 sin  +  a2 cos + b2 sin  + ......
2  l l   l l 
 πx πx 
then the term  a1 cos + b1 sin  is called First harmonics. The term
 l l 
 2 xπ 2 xπ 
 a2 cos + b2 sin  is called second harmonic and so on.
 l l 

1.4. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS

If the value of each ordinate f (t) repeats itself at equal intervals in the abscissa, then f (t) is said
to be a periodic function.
If f (t) = f (t + 2T) = ... then T is called the period of the function f (t).
For example:
The period of sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x is 2π.
The period of tan x and cot x is π.
sin x = sin (x + 2π) = sin (x + 4π) = ... so sin x is a periodic function with the period 2π.
 2π  2π
sin 5x = sin (4x + 2π) = sin 5  x +  , Period =
5  5

 2π  2π
cos 3x = cos (3x + 2π) = cos 3  x +  , Period =
 3 3
2nπx  2 nπx  cos 2 nπ  2 πk 
cos = cos  + 2π  = x + 
k  k  k  2 nπ 

2nπ  k k
= cos  x +  , Period =
k  n n
 π π
tan 2x = tan (2x + π) = tan 2  x + ,
 2 2

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8 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS IN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This is also called sinusoidal periodic function.

f(t)
1

–t –2p –p 0 p 2p t

–1
T = 2p

1.5. FOURIER SERIES

Here we will express a non-sinusoidal periodic function into a fundamental and its harmonics. A
series of since and cosines of an angle and its multiples of the form.
a0
+ a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + a3 cos 3x + ... + an cos nx + ...
2
+ b1 sin x + b2 sin 2x + b3 sin 3x + ... + bn sin nx + ...
∞

∑b
a0
= + n sin nx .
2
n= 1
is called the Fourier series, where a0, a1, a2, ... an, ... b1, b2, b3, ... bn ... are constants.
A periodic function f (x) can be expanded in a Fourier Series. The series consists of the following:
(i) A constant term a0 (called d.c. component in electrical work).
(ii) A component at the fundamental frequency determined by the values of a1, b1.
(iii) Components of the harmonics (multiples of the fundamental frequency) determined by a2, a3,
..., b2, b3 ... And a0, a2, ..., b1, b2, ... are known as Fourier coefficients or Fourier constants.
Note. (1) When the function and its derivatives are continuous then the function can be ex-
panded in powers of x by Maclaurin’s theorem.
(2) But by Fourier series we can expand continuous and discontinuous both types of functions
under certain conditions.

1.6. DIRICHLET’S CONDITIONS FOR A FOURIER SERIES

If the function f(x) for the interval (– π, π)
(1) is sngle-valued (2) is bounded
(3) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima.
(4) has only a finite number of discontinuous
(5) is f (x + 2π) = f (x) for values of x outside [– π, π], then
P P

∑a ∑b
a0
SP (x) = + n cos nx + n sin nx
2
n=1 n=1

converges to f (x) as P → ∞ at values of x for which f (x) is continuous and the sum of the series is
1
equal to [f (x + 0) + f (x – 0)] at point of discontinuity.
2

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FOURIER SERIES 9

1.7. ADVANTAGES OF FOURIER SERIES

1. Discontinuous function can be represented by Fourier series. Although derivatives of the
discontinuous functions do not exist. (This is not true for Taylor’s series).
2. The Fourier series is useful in expanding the periodic functions since outside the closed inter-
val, there exists a periodic extension of the function.
3. Expansion of an oscillating function by Fourier series gives all modes of oscillation (funda-
mental and all overtones) which is extremely useful in physics.
4. Fourier series of a discontinuous function is not uniformly convergent at all points.
5. Term by term integration of a convergent Fourier series is always valid, and it may be valid
if the series is not convergent. However, term by term, differentiation of a Fourier series
series is not valid in most cases.

1.8. USEFUL INTEGRALS

The following integrals are useful in Fourier Series.

(i)
I0
2π
sin nx dx = 0 (ii)
I
0
2π
cos nx dx = 0

(iii) I0
2π
sin 2 nx dx = π (iv) I
0
2π
cos2 nx dx = π

(v) I0
2π
sin nx sin mx dx = 0 (vi) I
0
2π
cos nx cos mx dx = 0

(vii) I0
2π
sin nx cos mx dx = 0

(ix) [uv]1 = uv1 – u′v2 = u″v3 – u′″v4 + ...

(viii) I
0
2π
sin nx cos nx dx = 0

where v1 = I v dx, v2 =
I v1 dx, and so on u′ =
du
dx
, u″ =
d 2u
dx 2
and so on and

(x) sin nπ = 0, cos nπ = (– 1)n where n ∈ l

1.9. DETERMINATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (EULER’S FORMULAE)

a0
f (x) = a1 cos x + a2 cos 2 x + ... + an cos nx + ... + b1 sin x + b2 sin 2x + ... + bn sin nx + ... ...(1)
2
(i) To find a0: Integrate both sides of (1) from x = 0 to x = 2π.

I0
2π
f ( x) dx =
a0
2 I
0
2π
dx + a1
I 0
2π
cos x dx + a2
I0
2π
cos 2 x + dx + ...

+ an
I
0
2π
cos nx dx + ... + b1
I0
2π
sin x dx + b2
I
0
2π
sin 2 x dx + ...

+ bn I
0
2π
sin nx dx + ...

=
a0
2 I
0
2π
dx (Other integrals = 0 by formulae (i) and (ii) of Art 12.5)

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EG-MATH10\PSM12-1 10-12-2011 IIIrd 28-3-11 IVth 14-2-12 Vth 22-2-13
 Problems And Solutions In Engineering
Mathematics Volume-II By Dr. T.C.Gupta

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Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 97881318004 23 Author : Dr. T.C. Gupta

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