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AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF HARATALA (ARSENIC TRISULPHIDE – As 2 S 3 ) AND

ITS THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE

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 International Journal of Research in Alternative Medicines
ISSN: 2349-9834
www.ijram.org

Review Article

AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF HARATALA (ARSENIC TRISULPHIDE – As2S3)

AND ITS THERAPEUTIC IMPORTANCE
1* 2 3 4
Binu Alappat A , Kamdev Das , Arun Kumar Das , Roshy Joseph C

1. Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gopabhandu Ayurveda Maha Vidyalaya, Puri,
Odisha, India.
2. Professor & HOD, Dept. Of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, SSN Ayurveda Medical College & Research
Centre, Paikmal, Bargarh, Odisha, India.
3. Professor, PG Dept. of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gopabhandu Ayurveda Maha Vidyalaya, Puri,
Odisha, India.
4. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College &
Hospital, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract

Three arsenic compounds which are deadly poisons are Haratala (Orpiment-Arsenic trisulphide), Manashila
(Realgar-Arsenic disulphide) and Gouripashana (Arsenic oxide). But in Ayurveda these compounds have
miraculous medicinal effects on human body. These special actions are mentioned in various texts of
Rasasastra (alchemy) in Ayurveda and Siddha system. Haratala (Arsenic trisulfide) is an inorganic
compound with the formula As2S3. This bright yellow solid is a well known as mineral orpiment. In olden days
Haratala was used for dhatuvada purpose (making lower metals to higher metals), further used for external
application and internally for chronic diseases after purification and incineration. Here in the article an attempt
has been made to collect various Ayurvedic review on haratala and its therapeutic importance from various
literatures and journals.

Key words: Ayurveda; Rasasastra; Haratala; Arsenic trisulphide (AS2S3).

*Address for correspondence:

Dr. Binu Alappat A
Ph.D. Scholar,
Dept. of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana,
Gopabhandu Ayurveda Maha Vidyalaya,
Puri, Odisha, India – 752 002.
E-mail: ayurvalley@yahoo.co.in

[Received: 18-12-2014; Revised: 04-02-2015; Accepted: 08-02-2015]

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 International Journal of Research in Alternative Medicines
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INTRODUCTION
Ayurvedic medicines are widely used all
over the world for various diseases.
Rasasastra and Bhaishajya kalpana deals
with the conversion of raw drugs into
medicinal form. Rasasastra deals about
Metals, Minerals, Ratnas (gems and
precious stones), Calcium compounds,
Visha dravyas (poisonous drugs) etc. and
its method of converting into medicine.
Three arsenic compounds which are
deadly poisons are Haratala (Orpiment-
Arsenic trisulphide), Manashila (Realgar-
Arsenic disulphide) and Gouripashana
(Arsenic oxide). Haratala (Arsenic
trisulfide) is an inorganic compound with
the formula As2S3. This bright yellow solid
is a well known mineral orpiment.
This chalcogenide material is a group
V/VI, intrinsic p-type semiconductor and
exhibits photo-induced phase-change
properties. The word arsenic is derived
from the Greek word Arsenikon, meaning
“potent”.[1] At the time of 2000 BC, the
word becomes synonyms with poison. In
fact, it was considered as the perfect
poison for many reasons - its physical
qualities (odorless and nearly tasteless
with a sugar like appearance), its ability to
cause a slow painful death and the
inability to detect it in the body.[2]
In ancient days arsenic was used to treat
diseases and such functions were
described by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Pliny
the Elder and Paracelsus. It was used to
treat dietary deficiencies (pellagra,
anorexia), neuralgia, rheumatism, asthma,
chorea, tuberculosis, diabetes, fever, skin
disorders, malaria and syphilis and it is
still being used for the treatment of some
protozoal infections.[3]
The references of haratala are available in
Susrutha samhita, sutra sthana, for
cleansing wounds. In chikitsa sthana, as
Int J Res Altern Med. 2015;2(1):1-10
vrana sodhana (wound cleaning), pandu
karma (coloring the skin after scars of
wounds), arsha (piles), for various skin
disorders, granthi (nodules), upadamsa
(penile and veneral diseases), visarpa
(herpes) and as a hair remover in different
yogas (formulations). In kalpasthana, two
references are available regarding dhatu
vishas in lutadamsa chikitsa.
Simultaneously in uttara tantra, seven
references are available in the subject of
worms, eye diseases, skin diseases and
several paediatric disorders in the form of
oil, powder, and dhumapana
(fumigation).[4]
Vagbhata has used haratala mainly in
nasa rogas (nasal diseases), sotha
(oedema), vrischika damsa (scorpion
sting), for vidarana action (self opening of
the abscess).[5] Acharyas Bhela and
Kashyapa have described the indications
of haratala. In Rasashastra, majority of
Rasacharyas placed haratala in Uparasa
group. In Sarangadhara Samhita it is
placed in Upaloha and upadhatu varga
(group).
Mythologically Haratala is considered as
Harebijam and some has opined as the
sexual pleasure of Lord Shiva. Some
others opine that, the demon Hiranya
Kasipu was killed by Lord Narasimha in
the evening. The vomit of the demon
became Haratala which came out from
axillary fossa.
The data in the present review are
organised in various sections based on
Ayurvedic view and recent research
carried out on the drug.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data was collected from Ayurveda
literatures and scientific journals.
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Availability As2S3 occurs both in crystalline and

amorphous forms. Both forms feature
Italy and Iran are main sources. In India, it polymeric structures consisting of trigonal
is manufactured in surat and culcutta. pyramidal As (III) centres linked by
sulphide centres. The sulphide centres
Synonyms of haratala are two-fold coordinated to two arsenic
atoms. In the crystalline form, the
Synonyms of haratala are collected compound adopts a ruffled sheet
from various Ayurvedic texts and structure.[6] The bonding between the
tabulated in Table 1. sheets consists of van der Waals forces.
The crystalline forms are usually found in
Vernacular names geological samples. Amorphous As2S3
does not possess a layered structure but
Hindi - Haratala is more highly cross-linked. Like other
Malayalam - Aritalam glasses, there is no medium or long-range
Gujarati - Haratala order, but the first co-ordination sphere is
Marathi - Haratala well defined. As2S3 is a good glass former
Bengali - Haratala and exhibits a wide glass-forming region
Punjabi - Haratala in its phase diagram.
Oriya - Haratala
Tamil - Ardidaram, Vellikuo Types of haratala
pashanam
Telugu - Haratala, Pasanam Most of the Ayurvedic Rasa shastra
Kannada - Haridala, Haratala, texts have described as two types. They
Aradala are Patra haratala and Pinda haratala.[7]
Assamese - Haratala
Patra haratala
Description of drug
It is usually preferred and practiced for
It is golden yellow coloured, hard the therapeutically purposes. It is golden
substance. The layers were found to form yellow in colour, heavy and unctuous.
a hard mass. It has soft surface. It is a This type of haratala contains number of
chemical compound of arsenic and layers and bright. The haratala which
sulphur. The name orpiment originated contains more number of layers is
from Latin word Ori pigment. These kings considered as rasayana (rejuvenator).
yellow have 69% of arsenic and 31% of According to the classics of Rasa sastra
sulphur. this is the best quality of orpiment.

Molecular formula : As2S3 Pinda haratala

Molar mass : 246.04 g mol−1
Appearance : Orange crystals This type of haratala is mostly without
Density : 3.43 g cm-3 layers and les in potency. If it is
Melting point : 310 °C (590 °F; consumed by the woman, it may lead
583 K) menstrual cycle. This type of Haratala is
Boiling point : 707 °C (1,305 °F; not preferred for the oral application
980 K) because the portion of clay has mixed

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with it. Generally it is preferred for the
external applications like ointments etc.
Shodhana (Purification)
There are different methods mentioned in
classics to purify the drug. Screening
various texts of Rasashastra fourteen
different liquid medias are used for
shodhana of haratala. Number of
references are tabulated in Table 2. The
liquid medias mentioned in Table 2 are
used for swedana but in addition
Churnodoka and Kanji are also used for
Bhavana.
Method 1
Haratala has to be boiled in dola yantra
with any one of the juice of Kushmanda
(Benincasa hispida),[8] tilakshara (ash of
Sesamum indicum) or churnodaka (lime
water).[9]
Method 2
The small pieces of haratala should be
added with one tenth of tankana (Borax)
and washed with lemon juice and kanji
(gruel). After that, this has to be tied in a
cloth as pottali (bolus) and boiled in lime
water and kanji throughout a day in dola
yantra.
Method 3
Another method is to boil the haratala in
dolayantra with the juice of kushmanda or
shalmali (Salmalia malabarica) for a
day.[10]
Method 4
Patra Haratala is purified by subjecting to
bhavana (grinding) for seven times with
churnodaka (lime water).[11]
Int J Res Altern Med. 2015;2(1):1-10
Marana of Haratala
Method 1
Shoditha Haratala should be crushed into
fine powder and ground well (Bhavana)
with decoction of punarnava (Boerhavia
diffusa) for one day. Then contents are
made into thin, round and flat cake
shaped (Chakrikas) and dried under the
sunrays. These Chakrikas should be kept
in a Sharavasamputa (earthen vessel)
and Sandhibandhana (binding the edges)
should be done. An earthen pot should be
taken and half filled with ash of
punarnava, Saravasamputa should be
placed and again filled with the ash of
punarnava in the earthen pot. Then
Sandhibandhana should be done and
puta (incineration) given.[12]
Method 2
Purified Haratala and Shuktika Bhasma
(ash of conch shell) is to be taken in equal
quantity, rubbed with juice of Kumari (Aloe
vera) for one prahara (3 hours) and made
into chakrika. Then it is dried in sunlight
and subjected to laghuputa (mild
incineration).[13]
Method 3
Purified Haratala is to be broken into
pieces, rubbed with lime water, juice of
Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera), solution
of Ksharas (ash) and then to be kept in an
earthen vessel with powdered Ksharas of
barley husks put below and upon. This is
to be covered with an earthen basin. The
remaining portion of vessel is to be filled
with the kernel of a kushmanda fruit
(Benincasa hispida). The mouth of the
vessel is then to be closed. It is next to be
subjected to heat which is to be increased
gradually at uniform rate for twelve hours.
Haratala thus incinerated.[14]
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Table 1: Synonyms of haratala mentionedin various Classical texts

Ra.Sa.Sa

R.Cha
M.N.P
R.K.D

Bh.P
Ba.R

S.Ch
A.K

A.N
D.N

R.N
C.S

A.P

S.N
R.T
S.S

R.J
Synonym

Aalam + + + + + +
Alam + + + + + + + + + + + +
Kanak
+ +
prabham
Kanak rasah +
Karsuram +
Kancanakam +
Kancanrasah +
Kharjura + +
Godantam + + + + + + +
Gauram + +
Gaurilalitam +
Citragandham +

Table 2: The liquid media used for Shodhana of Haratala and Number of References

S.No. Name of materials No. of References

1 Kushmanda Swarasa 15
2 Kanjika 10
3 Tilataila 09
4 Triphala Kwatha 08
5 Churnodaka 08
6 Nimbu Swarasa 06
7 Tila Kshara Jala 04
8 Shalmali Moola Kwatha 04
9 Palashamula jala 02
10 Gruha dhuma Jala 01
11 Snuhi Kshira 01
12 Katukalaburasa 01
13 Mahishi Mutra 01
14 Balamula Kwatha 01

Method 4 and Bala (Sida cordifolia) and made into a

One palam (48g) of purified Haratala is to
be rubbed with the juice of kanya (Aloe
vera) dried, kept in a samputam and
heated for 36 hours.[14]
Method 5
Haratala is to be powdered very fine and
rubbed for two days with the juice of
Dugdhika, Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea)
ump which is to be dried in the shade and
filled in a samputam or in a glass bottle
with the ashes of Palasha (Butea
monosperma), placed on all sides of lump
and then heated in Valuka yantram (sand
filled vessel).[14]
Method 6
Fine powder of Haratala is to be subjected
to Bhavana for twenty days with the juice

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of Asvattha (Ficus religiosa), rubbed in a
clean mortar and made into a ball which is
to be kept inside a vessel, one half of
which is filled with the ashes and the
mouth of the vessel is to be closed by
means of a basin, usual. The whole thing
is now to be heated for 12 hours in
Gajaputa. [14]
Method 7
Purified haratala should be given bhavana
with palasha moola kwatha (decoction of
Butea monosperma root) and then
bhavana with goat’s urine for three times.
Then chakrikas should be prepared and
dried under hot sun. This should be kept
in sharava samputa and then kapota puta
is given for 12 times.[15]
Properties of haratala
The properties of Haratala from various
classics are tabulated in Table 3.
Karmas
Lekhana (scrapping), jantughna
(antiseptic), Romasatana (falling of hairs),
nadi daurbalya (weekness of nerves),
dipana (appetiser), pachana (digestive),
anulomana (laxative), sothahara (anti-
inflammatory), raktha shodaka, tvachya
(good for skin), jwaraghna (anti pyretic).
Indications of haratala
Kushta (skin diseases), vata vyadhi
(diseases of vata), agnimandya
(indigestion), sula (abdominal pain),
gulma (tumour), pleeharoga (disease of
spleen), kasa (cough), swasa (asthma),
kshaya (emaciation), nadi vrana (sinus
ulcers), bhagandara (fistula), vatarakta
(arthritis), phiranga (syphilis).[16]
Int J Res Altern Med. 2015;2(1):1-10
Prevoius research works on haratala
Antimicrobial activity of haratala
250 mg/ml concentration of Hartala
bhasma showed 100% inhibition result on
Streptococcus pneumonia &
Staphylococcus aureus but 75% on
Klebsiella pneumonia and 50% on
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In 200 mg/ml
conc. of Hartala bhasma showed 75%
inhibition result on Streptococcus
pneumonia, 50% on Staphylococcus
aureus, 250% on Klebsiella pneumonia
but no any antimicrobial effect seen on
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. So Hartala
bhasma has antibacterial property on
Gram +ve > Gram –ve. In 150mg/ml
concentration. of Hartala bhasma no any
antimicrobial effect was seen on gram +ve
and gram –ve bacteria.[17]
Anti asthmatic effect of haratala
Haratala is one of ingredient in
sameerapanaga rasa. Pharmaceutical
standardization of sameera pannaga rasa
and its effect on tamaka shwasa
(bronchial asthma) conducted at I.P.G.T.
& R.A., Jamnagar, have proved its effect
on asthma.[18]
Anticonvulsant effect
Haratala bhasma is having a definite
demonstrable anticonvulsant action as
ascribed by experimental study conducted
on Albino rats (In vivo method).[19]
Toxic effects of ashodhita haratala
(Unpurified)
Toxic effects of ashodhita haratala are
tabulated in Table 4.
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Table 3: Showing the properties of Haratala from some of the prime texts (Enlisted
in abbreviations)

RASA GUNA VIRYA VIPAKA

Name of Texts
Snigdha Usna Guru Usna Katu
A.S. Kasaya, katu + + +
A.P. Katu, kasaya + + + +
Bh.P. Katu, kasaya + + + +
D.N. Katu + + + +
M.N.P. Katu ,kasaya + + + +
R.N. Katu + + + +
R.Cha. Katu + + + +
R.K.D. Katu, kasaya, tikta + + + + +
R.J. Katu + + + +
R.M. - +
R.A. - +
R.P.S. Katu + + + +
R.R.S. Katu + + + +
R.T. - + + +
R. Chi. - +
R. Chu. Katu + + + +
Ra sa sa. Katu kasaya + + +
S.N. +
S.B.M. Katu, kasaya + + +
Ba. R. Katu + + + +
Y.R. Katu, kasaya + + +

If the haratala is used without proper (burning sensation), Angasankhochaka,

purification the toxic effects are Daha
(burning sensation), Kampaka (tremors),
Toda (pricking pain), Kshobha, Pida,
Raktadusti (vitiates blood), Kushta (skin
disease), Malinikaroti Gatram, Vata Kapha
Prakopatamaka Roga, Mrtyusankakara.[20]
The other opinion is, if used without
proper purification it shortens the life
span, causes diseases of Kapha and
Vata, prameha (diabetes). It is responsible
for santapa (burning sensation) in the
body, sphota (boils) and snayu
[21]
sankucha.
According to Ayurveda Prakasha, the
toxic effects of improper incinerated
Haratala bhasma are Dehanashaka, Daha
Pida, Kapha Roga, Vata Roga and Kushta
roga.[22]
Chronic arsenic poisoning
The most common early sites of arsenic
poisoning are muscle of the neck,
eyelids, nipples and axillae, especially
hyperkeratosis, weaknesses, aching, skin
pigmentation e t c . Gastro - intestinal
involvement is less prominent in chronic
exposures. Other signs and symptoms
that arise in arsenic poisoning include
garlic odour of the breath, perspiration,
excessive salivation, sweating,
stomatitis, generalized itching, sore
throat, coryza, lacrimation, numbness,
burning or tingling of the extremities,
dermatitis, vitiligo and alopecia.

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Table 4 shows the toxic symptom of Ashodhita Haratala from various literatures

R.sa.sa
R.Cha.

R.K.D.

R.R.S.
Bh..P.

Ba.R.
.S.N.
R.M.
D.N.

R.R.
A.P.

Y.R.
R.T.
R.J.
Toxic symptom

Anga dipti hara +

Anga sankoca kara + + + + + + + + + + +
Aruci kara +
Asma kara + +
Atughnam + + + + + + + + +
Balahani kara +
Daha kara +
Dehanasaka +
Kampa kara +
Kapharoga kara + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Ksobha kara +
Kustha kara + + + + +
Meha kara + + + + + + + + + + +
Murcha kara + +
Malinikaroti angam +
Pangutva kara +
Pidika kara + + + +
Sphota kara + + + + + + + + +
Tapa kara + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Toda kara +
Vataroga kara + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Poisoning may begin insidiously with the Eventually those actions proceed to
symptoms of weakness, longer anorexia, atrophy, degeneration and possibly to
occasional nausea,vomiting, diarrhoea or cancer. Skin eruptions are common in
constipation. Subsequent symptoms may patients who received inorganic arsenic
stimulate acute coryza. Dermatitis and medication.
keratosis of the palms and soles are the
common features. Eventually the cirrhosis Formulations of haratala
of liver may occur. Peripheral neuritis
results in motor and sensory paralysis of Rasamanikya,[23][24][25] Kasturi bhairava
the extremities usually the legs are more rasa, Vethala rasa, Taalakeshvara rasa,
severely affected than the arms. The Sarveswari rasa, Taalasindura,
bone marrow is seriously injured by Sameerapannaga rasa, Krimikashtanala
arsenic by which severe explosion of all rasa, Gulmakalanala rasa,
haematological pathways may be Chandakeshwara rasa, Thalaka bhasma,
affected and causes hyperkeratosis, Nithyananda rasa, Bhuthankusha rasa,
Particularly of the palms and soles are Manthana bhairava rasa, Vidhyadara
effected and hyper pigmentation over the rasa, Rakthapithanthaka rasa, Rasendra
trunk and extremities also can occur. gudika, Vatha gajankusha rasa,

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Vatarakthanthaka rasa, Sannipata [4] Susruta. Sushruta samhitha. Kaviraj

st
bhairava rasa, Kaphakethu rasa.[26] Ambika datta shastri, editor. 1 ed.
Varanasi: Chaukhamba Samskrit
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Matra (Dose) [5] Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hrdaya, Vol. 3.
st
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[6] Retrieved form:
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Guduchi kvatha (Decoction of Tinospora [7] Satpute AD. Rasaratna Samuchchaya. 1
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and its effect on tamaka shwasa [22] Madhava. Ayurveda Prakasha. Gulraj
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Cite This Article

Binu Alappat A, Kamdev Das, Arun Kumar Das, Roshy Joseph C. Ayurvedic review of Haratala (Arsenic
trisulphide – As2 S3) and its therapeutic importance. Int J Res Altern Med. 2015;2(1):1-10.

Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None Declared

Int J Res Altern Med. 2015;2(1):1-10 Page 10

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