NAME: DAVID AZURE

ID: 10987553

1 The blood group of the man is AB, which means he has both A and B alleles.
2 The blood group of the woman is A, which means she has either AA or AO genotype.
Since her father was of blood group O, she will inherited an O allele from her father to
have a genotype AO.

The possible blood groups of their children, :

A B
A AA AB
O AO BO

Type A which comes from either AA or AO has a probability of 50%.

Type B which comes from BO will have a probability of 25%.
Type AB will have a probability of 25%.
These are the possible blood groups that their children will have

2. Based on the results of the cross, the genetic basis of the erminette is suggested to be
controlled by two co-dominant genes:
● one for white plumage (W)
● one for black plumage (B).
● Birds with the erminette pattern are believed to have W/B .

To test this hypothesis,

W B
W WW WB
B BW BB

The expected ratio of the offspring from a cross of two erminettes (WB x WB) is:

¼ will be WW (white)
¼ will be BB (black)
½ will have WB (erminette)
This ratio matches the observed results of the cross, which produced 12 whites, 14 blacks, and
22 erminettes out of 48 progeny. Therefore, the hypothesis is supported by the data.

3.The result of the cross between two normal-looking fruit flies is unusual because the
expected ratio of females to males in the progeny is 1:1, but the observed ratio is about 2:1.
This suggests that there is some factor that affects the sex determination or survival of the male
offspring.

One possible genetic explanation for this anomaly is that the female parent is a carrier of a
recessive X-linked lethal mutation that causes the death of male embryos that inherit it.
● The female parent would have the genotype X¹X, where X¹ is the X chromosome with
the lethal mutation and X is the normal X chromosome.
● The male parent would have the genotype XY, where Y is the normal Y chromosome.
The cross between them would produce the following genotypes and phenotypes:

X. Y
X¹ X¹X X¹Y
X XX XY

X¹X genotype would result in a normal female,

XX genotype would result in a normal female,
XY genotype would result in a normal male,
X¹Y genotype would result in a male embryo that dies before hatching. Therefore, the expected
ratio of females to males in the progeny is 2:1, which matches the observed result.

A test of this hypothesis would be to perform a reciprocal cross, where;

the male parent is X¹Y and
the female parent is XX.
If the hypothesis is correct, the expected ratio of females to males in the progeny would be 1:2,
because the X¹X genotype would be lethal in both sexes. The reciprocal cross would produce
the following genotypes and phenotypes:

X¹. X
X X¹X XX
Y X¹Y XY
X¹X genotype would result in a dead embryo
XX genotype would result in a normal female,
X¹Y genotype would result in a normal male,
XY genotype would result in a normal male.
Therefore, the expected ratio of females to males in the progeny is 1:2.
4. The results of the cross between the pure-breeding strains of squash with disk-shaped and
long fruits suggest that the fruit shape is controlled by two genes, A/a and B/b, that are located
on different chromosomes.
● A and B are dominant alleles that produce disk-shaped fruits when both are present.
● a and b are recessive alleles that produce long fruits when both are present.
● Sphere-shaped fruits are produced when either allele A or allele B is present, but not if
both are present.

The genotypes and phenotypes of the P, F1 and F2 generations are as follows:

P: AABB x aabb

F1: AaBb

F2: AABb (disk),

AaBB (disk),
AAbb (sphere),
AaBb (disk),
aaBB (sphere),
aaBb (sphere),
Aabb (sphere),
aabb (long)
Phenotypic ratio of F2 is 9:6:1 for disk:sphere:long, which is close to the observed ratio of
270:178:32. This ratio can be derived from the product of two independent 3:1 ratios for each
gene pair. The Punnett square below shows the possible combinations of alleles from the F1
parents2:

AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

5. The numbers of the progeny do not match with the expected ratios of 9:7, 13:3 and 3:1.
These ratios are derived from the Mendelian inheritance of two genes that interact with each
other in different ways, such as complementary, duplicate or dominant epistasis.
However, the observed ratio of 100:60 is close to 5:3, which is a ratio that results from the
interaction of two genes that show recessive epistasis.

A possible genetic hypothesis based on this observation is that ;

● the plant of phenotype 1 is heterozygous for two genes, A/a and B/b, that control the
expression of a trait. The dominant alleles A and B produce phenotype 1 when present
together, but the recessive alleles a and b produce phenotype 2 when present together.
The recessive allele b also masks the effect of the dominant allele A when present in the
homozygous state, bb, producing phenotype 2 as well. Therefore, the genotype of the
plant of phenotype 1 is AaBb, and the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the
progeny are:

AaBb (phenotype 1), with a probability of 9/16.

Aabb (phenotype 2), with a probability of 3/16.
aaBb (phenotype 2), with a probability of 3/16.
aabb (phenotype 2), with a probability of 1/16.
The expected ratio of the progeny phenotypes is
9:7 for phenotype 1:phenotype 2, which is close to the observed ratio of 100:60.

AB Ab aB ab
AB AaBb AaBb AaBb Aabb
Ab AaBb Aabb Aabb Aabb
aB AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
ab Aabb Aabb aabb aabb
.

6. The results of the cross between two white-flowered lines of antirrhinum plants suggest that
the flower color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, R and r. The R allele is dominant
and produces red flowers, while the r allele is recessive and produces white flowers. However,
the r allele also shows incomplete dominance over the R allele, which means that heterozygous
plants (Rr) have pink flowers1.

The genotypes and phenotypes of the parents, F1 and F2 are as follows:

Parents: rr (white) x rr (white)

F1: Rr (pink)
F2: RR (red), Rr (pink), rr (white)
The expected ratio of the F2 phenotypes is 1:2:1 for red:pink:white, which is close to the
observed ratio of 29:131:29.

The outcome of crosses of F1 to each parental line would be:

F1 x rr: 50% Rr (pink), 50% rr (white)
F1 x Rr: 25% RR (red), 50% Rr (pink), 25% rr (white)