Ayub khan history in urdu pdf

What is the meaning of ayub. General ayub khan history.

Ayub khan era summary.

Reforms Introduced by Ayub Khan On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza abrogated the Constitution and declared Martial Law in the country. This was the first of many military regimes in Pakistan’s history. The Constitution of 1956 was abrogated, ministers were dismissed, Central and Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political
activities were banned. General Muhammad Ayub Khan, the then Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, became the Chief Martial Law Administrator. The parliamentary system in Pakistan came to end. Iskander Mirza was ousted by General Ayub Khan, who then declared himself President. This was welcomed in Pakistan as the nation had
experienced a very unstable political climate since independence. Despite economic growth, continuing economic and social inequalities, the disadvantaged position of East Pakistan, and the limitation of civil liberties provoked increasing discontent with his regime. Ayub Khan used two main approaches to governing in his first few years. He
concentrated on consolidating power and undermining the opposition. He also aimed to establish the groundwork for future stability through altering the economic, legal, and constitutional institutions. The imposition of martial law targeted “antisocial” practices such as abducting women and children, black marketeering, smuggling, and hoarding.
Many in the Civil Service of Pakistan and Police Service of Pakistan were investigated and punished for corruption, misconduct, inefficiency, or subversive activities. Corruption had become so widespread within the national and civic systems of administration that Ayub Khan was welcomed as a national hero by the people. The new military
government promised that they would carry out reforms in the entire government structure and would cleanse the administration of the rampant corruption. A thorough screening process of all government servants was conducted and service records were closely scrutinized. Public servants were tried for misconduct by tribunals consisting of retired
judges of the Supreme Court or High Court.

Disciplinary actions such as dismissal or compulsory retirement of the public servant could take place against corrupt officials. A public servant could also be disqualified from holding any public office for 15 years. About 3,000 officials were dismissed and many others were reduced in rank as a result of these measures. A law called the Elective
Bodies Disqualification Order, popularly known as E. B.
D. O, was promulgated for the disqualification of politicians. Under this law, a person could be disqualified from being a member of any elective body. Under this harsh law, several politicians like Suhrawardy and Qayyum Khan were disqualified. The E. B. D.
O, particularly its application, was severely criticized in the legal and political circles throughout Pakistan. Moreover, Ayub Khan focused on the long-standing question of land reforms in West Pakistan. It was meant to reduce the power of groups opposing him like the landed aristocracy. The Land Reform Commission was set up in 1958. In 1959, the
government imposed a ceiling of 200 hectares of irrigated and 400 hectares of unirrigated land in the West Wing for a single person. In the East Wing, the landholding ceiling was raised from thirty-three hectares to forty-eight hectares. Landholders retained their dominant positions in the social hierarchy and their political influence. Four million
hectares of land in West Pakistan were released for public acquisition between 1959 and 1969. It was sold mainly to civil and military officers. It created a new class of farmers having medium-sized holdings. These farms became immensely important for future agricultural development, but the peasants benefited scarcely at all.
Besides, a legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws. Ayub Khan examined its report and issued the Family Laws Ordinance in 1961. It restricted polygamy and “regulated” marriage and divorce, giving women more equal treatment under the law. It was a humane measure supported by women’s organizations in
Pakistan. The ordinance could not have been promulgated owing to opposition from the ulema and the fundamentalist Muslim groups. This law like family planning was relatively mild and did not seriously transform the patriarchal pattern of society. Furthermore, Ayub Khan adopted an energetic approach toward economic development. It soon bore
fruit in a rising rate of economic growth.

Ayub Khan period is credited with Green Revolution and economic and industrial growth. Land reform, consolidation of holdings, and strict measures against hoarding were combined with rural credit programs and work programs, higher procurement prices, augmented allocations for agriculture, and, especially, improved seeds put the country on
the road to self-sufficiency in food grains. This is popularly known as the Green Revolution. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incentives stimulated new industrial entrepreneurs and exporters.
Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreign exchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offered for investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringing industry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. Moreover, Ayub Khan introduced certain
reforms in the field of education. It was meant to raise the literacy level and trained manpower in Pakistan. He made technical education mandatory. The two-year degree program was extended to three years. Civil Defense training was made mandatory in schools and colleges. Last but not the least, Ayub khan introduced labor reforms. Ayub showed
interest to work for the betterment of the labor class. It was made mandatory for the factory owners to recognize the elected union council and to consider its opinion in all the issues. The government provided security to the leader and members of the union council from any revengeful activity of the factory owner. In September 1961, a law was
passed about the basic daily wages of the laborers. Social security scheme was promulgated by which the labor was to be facilitated in case of any emergency. Ayub’s policies of concentrating political power in his own hands, his control over the press and media, imposing the state of emergency in the country, and his interference in religion were
also responsible for his downfall. By the end of 1968, the public resentment against the Ayub’s regime touched a boiling point and an anti-Ayub movement was launched by the urban-middle class; including students, teachers, lawyers, doctors, and engineers. Law and order broke down and Ayub was left with no other option but to step down. Ayub
Khan (1907-1974) Ayub Khan started his career as an army officer in the British Army and served on many fronts. On the eve of partition, he chose to serve under the banner of a Muslim state i.e. Pakistan. He became the first C-in-C of Pakistan’s Army as well as the country’s first CMLA, appointed by Sikander Mirza. He was also elected to serve in
the public office of the presidency.
He gave Pakistan a constitution and a few important reforms, which however were never implemented. Many historians and political analysts consider him responsible for the dismemberment of East Pakistan. After a long illness, he breathed his last on 19th April 1974. Ayub Khan was born on May 14, 1907, in Rihana near Haripur district that is
located in North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtoonkhoah) of Pakistan. As far as his family background is concerned, he belonged to the Tareen tribe of Pakhtoon ethnicity. His father was a Risaldar-Major in the British Army. After completing his primary education, Ayub Khan got enrolled in the Aligarh Muslim University but left his
studies incomplete and was accepted in the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. On behalf of his extraordinary performance in the Sandhurst Academy, he was inducted as a commissioned officer in 1928 in the British India army. He served the military on various fronts i.e. Waziristan war (1936-39) and World War II on the Burma front (1944-1945)
being two of them.

When the partition plan was declared, Ayub Khan was one of those senior Muslim officers who opted for Pakistan. He was among the ten most senior officers of Pakistan. In 1951 he became the first native C-in-C of Pakistan, succeeding General Douglas Gracy. He was not appointed the C-in-C on behalf of his seniority rather on the perception that he
was an apolitical military officer. Later events proved that perception to be wrong.
Ayub’s appointment as the C-in-C was an incident which he had never thought would materialize in that life and provoked the latent talent of statesmanship in him. He, with the ambition to rule the country, started to take interest in state politics. It was Ayub, on whose suggestion, Liaquat Ali, the, then, Premier of Pakistan stretched the hand of
friendship towards the U.S.A. Actually; Ayub Khan presented the shortage of arms and armaments in a very alarming situation for the security of the country and compelled Liaquat Ali to approach the USA for the acquisition of munitions. In such a way, he got succeeded in establishing the relation between U.S.A and Pakistan, which was a relation
between G.H.Q and Pentagon. To execute his plans, he considered it necessary to take the senior-most bureaucracy into his confidence and made them realize that the politicians were not worthy to rule the country. Till then, the bureaucrats had also been tired of their ineligible and inefficient ‘’Bosses’’. Together with Ayub Khan, they entered into a
secret understanding and allegiance and were determined to ‘save’ their country from the clutches of uneducated and ill-mannered landed aristocracy. In 1954, he was assigned with an extra charge of the Ministry of Defense, which he held for almost a year i.e. 1954-55. Politically the country seemed to be very unstable but behind the curtain, the
establishment was tightly holding the reins of the administrative machinery and the state was far from collapse or civil war.
Ayub supported not only the acts of Ghulam Muhammad, who dismissed many ministries, but also backed the illegal and immoral acts of Sikandar Mirza.
Under the commandment of Sikandar Mirza, he abrogated the constitution of 1956 and promulgated Martial law in the country on 7th October 1958. Soon he dismissed the president on 27th October 1958 and became the CMLA of Pakistan. Ayub Khan lifted Martial Law in 1962 and a new constitution was enforced in the country. When he got
confidence about his popularity in public spheres, accompanied by the fact that the political powers were divided, he declared presidential elections in 1965. The opposition, though divided, made consensus on Fatima Jinnah (the reverend sister of the founder of Pakistan) as the presidential candidate against Ayub Khan. The elections were held on
2nd January 1965 followed by Ayub’s success. The major reason for Ayub’s success referred to the support of Basic Democrats. This time Ayub got the legal cover to dictate the nation. The turning point in his reign was the Indo-Pak War of 1965 which ended in a settlement reached by Ayub at Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration. The whole
nation felt deceived at this act of Ayub Khan; even his right hand and foreign minister of that time, Zulfiqar Bhutto, resigned from his post and took up the opposition against Ayub. The war had its repercussions on the domestic politics of the country. Two powers emerged as a result of this incident i.e. Z.A.Bhutto in West-Pakistan and Mujeeb-ur-
Rehman’s opposition in East Pakistan where the Awami League sought more autonomy for the province. In 1969, Ayub opened negotiations with different political powers excluding Bhashani and Bhutto. But under severe pressure of the agitating forces, Ayub handed over control of Pakistan to Commander-in-Chief General Yahya Khan, who was the
President’s most loyal lieutenant and was promoted on behalf of his loyalty to the president by overruling the set rules of promotion. Ayub Khan was in West Pakistan at the time of the war of 1971 and was willing to fight along with the armed forces of Pakistan but he could not do so on behalf of his poor health. He died in 1974.