Test 1

1.In a normal, healthy muscle, what occurs as a result of propagation of an

action potential to the terminal membrane of a motor neuron?
Immersive Reader
(1 Point)
Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the presynaptic membrane
Depolarization of the T tubule membrane follows
Always results in muscle contraction
Increase in intracellular Ca++ concentration in the motor neuron terminalAll of
the above are correct
All of the above are correct
2.The cephalic phase of gastric secretion accounts for about 30% of the acid
response to a meal. Which of the following can totally eliminate the cephalic
phase of gastric secretion?
(1 Point)
Antacids (e.g., Rolaids)
Atropine
Vagotomy
Histamine H2 blocker
Anti-gastrin antibody
3.What is the proper pathway for the extrinsic clotting pathway?
(1 Point)
Contact of blood with collagen, formation of prothrombin activator, conversion
of prothrombin into thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads into
thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads
issue trauma, formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin
into thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads
Trauma to the blood, formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of
prothrombin into thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads
Activation of platelets, formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of
prothrombin into thrombin, conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin threads
4.After a person is placed in an atmosphere with low oxygen, how long does
it take before there are increased numbers of reticulocytes?
(1 Point)
12 hours
3 days
5 days
6 hours
2 weeks
5.Which of the following tends to decrease potassium secretion by the
cortical collecting tubule?
(1 Point)
Increased plasma potassium concentration
High sodium intake
A diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g., spironolactone)
Acute alkalosis
A diuretic that decreases proximal tubule sodium reabsorption
6.A 65-year-old man eats a healthy meal. Approximately 40 min later the
ileocecal sphincter relaxes and chyme moves into the cecum. Gastric
distention leads to relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter by way of which
reflex?
(1 Point)
Intestino-intestinal reflex
Enterogastric reflex
Gastrocolic reflex
Gastroileal reflex
Rectosphincteric reflex
7.If the ventricular Purkinje fibers become the pacemaker of the heart, what
is the expected heart rate?
(1 Point)
85/min
30/min
65/min
50/min
75/min
8.Which of the following is the main digestible carbohydrate normally
consumed in the human diet?
(1 Point)
Cellulose
Amylose
Cellulose
Starch
9.During an inflammatory response, which is the correct order for cellular
events?
(1 Point)
Increased production of neutrophils, activation of tissue macrophages,
infiltration of neutrophils from the blood, infiltration of monocytes from blood
Activation of tissue macrophages, infiltration of neutrophils from the blood,
infiltration of monocytes from blood, increased production of neutrophils
Filtration of monocytes from blood, increased production of neutrophils,
activation of tissue monocytes from blood, increased production of
neutrophils,macrophages, infiltration of neutrophils from the blood
macrophages, infiltration of neutrophils from the blood
Infiltration of neutrophils from the blood, activation of tissue macrophages,
infiltration of monocytes from blood, increased production of neutrophils
10.The term “glycocalyx” refers to
(1 Point)
the negatively charged carbohydrate chains that protrude into the cytosol
from glycolipids and integral glycoproteins
the negatively charged carbohydrate layer on the outer cell surface
the layer of anions aligned on the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane
the large glycogen stores found in “fast” muscles
a mechanism of cell–cell attachment
11.Which of the following capillaries has the lowest capillary permeability to
plasma molecules?
(1 Point)
Muscle
Intestinal
Glomerular
Liver
Brain
12.A twofold increase in which of the following would result in the greatest
increase in the transport of oxygen across the capillary wall?
(1 Point)
Intercellular clefts in the capillary wall
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary wall hydraulic permeability
Oxygen concentration gradient
13.Which of the following ions has the highest concentration in saliva under
basal conditions?
(1 Point)
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Chloride
14.Helper T cells
(1 Point)
destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
require the presence of a competent B-cell system
are activated by the presentation of antigen by an infected cell
are activated by the presentation of antigen by macrophage or dendritic cells
15.Which of the following statements about smooth muscle contraction is
most accurate?
(1 Point)
Ca++ independent
Does not require an action potential
Requires more energy compared to skeletal muscle
Shorter in duration compared to skeletal muscle
16.Calmodulin is most closely related, both structurally and functionally, to
which of the following proteins?
(1 Point)
G-actin
Myosin light chain
Tropomyosin
Troponin C
17.Which of the following would be expected to occur in response to
constriction of the renal artery?
(1 Point)
Decrease in renin release
Increase angiotensin II
Increase in sodium excretion
Decrease in arterial pressure
18.Parasympathetic stimulation increases gastrointestinal motility and
sympathetic stimulation decreases motility. The autonomic nervous system
controls gut motility by changing which of the following?
(1 Point)
Slow wave frequency
Gastrin secretion
Pacemaker discharge frequency
Spike potential frequency
Secretin secretion
19.Adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelium is
(1 Point)
dependent on activation of integrins
greater on the arterial than venous side of the circulation
due to the inhibition of histamine release
due to a decrease in selectins
20.Digestion of which of the following foodstuffs is impaired to the greatest
extent in patients with achlorhydria?
(1 Point)
Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
21.Presentation of antigen on MHC-I by a cell will result in
(1 Point)
increase in phagocytosis
activation of cytotoxic T cells
release of histamine by mast cells
generation of antibodies
22.Compared to plasma, saliva has the highest relative concentration of
which of the following ions under basal conditions?
(1 Point)
Potassium
Sodium
Bicarbonate
Bicarbonate
Chloride
23.The resting potential of a myelinated nerve fiber is primarily dependent
on the concentration gradient of which of the following ions?
(1 Point)
Ca++
Cl−
HCO3−
K+
Na+
24.In a normal healthy person, which of the following blood components has
the shortest life span?
(1 Point)
Macrophages
Memory B lymphocytes
Erythrocytes
Memory T cells
25.At the end of inhalation, with an open glottis, the pleural pressure is
(1 Point)
equal to alveolar pressure
less than alveolar pressure
greater than alveolar pressure
equal to atmospheric pressure
greater than atmospheric pressure
26.A healthy, 45-year-old man is reading the newspaper. Which of the
following muscles are used for quiet breathing?
(1 Point)
Diaphragm only
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Internal intercostals and abdominal recti
Diaphragm and external intercostals
Scaleni
Diaphragm and internal intercostals
27.The gastric phase of gastric secretion accounts for about 60% of the acid
response to a meal. Which of the following can virtually eliminate the
secretion of acid during the gastric phase?
(1 Point)
Antiacids (e.g., Rolaids)
Histamine H2 blocker
Antigastrin antibodies
Atropine
Proton pump inhibitor
28.Which of the following conditions at the A-V node will cause a decrease in
heart rate?
(1 Point)
Increased sodium permeability
Decreased acetylcholine levels
Increased norepinephrine levels
Increased potassium permeability
Increased calcium permeability
29.Similarities between smooth and cardiac muscle include which of the
following?
(1 Point)
Ability to contract in the absence of an action potential
Dependence of contraction on Ca++ ions
Presence of a T tubule network
Role of myosin kinase in muscle contraction
Striated arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments
30.The maximum clearance rate possible for a substance that is totally
cleared from the plasma is equal to which of the following?
(1 Point)
Filtration fraction
Urinary excretion rate of that substance
Filtered load of that substance
Renal plasma flow
GFR
31.Under conditions of normal renal function, which of the following is true
of the concentration of urea in tubular fluid at the end of the proximal
tubule?
(1 Point)
It is higher than the concentration of urea in the plasma
It is higher than the concentration of urea in the final urine in antidiuresis
It is lower than plasma urea concentration because of active urea reabsorption
along the proximal tube
It is higher than the concentration of urea in tubular fluid at the tip of the loop
of Henle
32.Eating a meal leads to a large increase in gastric acid secretion that peaks
within about 5 min and returns to normal about 4 hr after a meal is taken.
How long after a meal does the pH of the gastric contents reach its lowest
level (in hours)?
(1 Point)
4
3
2.0
1
2.5
1,5
33.Which of the following segments of the circulatory system has the highest
velocity of blood flow?
(1 Point)
Aorta
Capillaries
Arteries
Venules
Veins
34.Which of the following hormones is released by the presence of fat and
protein in the small intestine and has a major effect to decrease gastric
emptying?
(1 Point)
Motilin
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLIP)
Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
35.Which of the following would decrease venous hydrostatic pressure in the
legs?
(1 Point)
Increase in right atrial pressure
Pregnancy
Movement of leg muscles
Presence of ascitic fluid in the abdomen
36.Movement of solutes such as Na+ across the capillary walls occurs
primarily by which of the following processes?
(1 Point)
Vesicular transport
Active transport
Filtration
37.Which of the following conditions at the A-V node will cause a decrease in
heart rate?
(1 Point)
Increased sodium permeability
Decreased acetylcholine levels
Increased norepinephrine levels
Increased potassium permeability
Increased calcium permeability
38.A decrease in which of the following would be expected to occur in
response to a direct increase in renal arterial pressure?
(1 Point)
Inrushing of blood into the ventricles in the early to middle part of diastole
Glomerular filtration rate
Sodium excretion
Water excretion
Extracellular fluid volume
39.A 54-year-old woman eats a healthy meal. Approximately 20 min later the
woman feels the urge to defecate. Which of the following reflexes results in
the urge to defecate when the stomach is stretched?
(1 Point)
Duodenocolic reflex
Enterogastric reflex
Intestino-intestinal reflex E) Rectosphincteric
Gastrocolic reflex
40.A 19-year-old man is fed intravenously for several weeks following a
severe automobile accident. The intravenous feeding leads to atrophy of the
gastrointestinal mucosa most likely because the blood level of which of the
following hormones is reduced?
(1 Point)
Gastrin and secretin
Secretin only
Cholecystokinin only
Gastrin only
Gastrin and cholecystokinin
Secretin and cholecystokinin
41.Which of the following best explains how sympathetic stimulation affects
the heart?
(1 Point)
Permeability of the S-A node to sodium decreases
Permeability of the A-V node to sodium decreases
Permeability of the S-A node to potassium increases
There is an increased rate of upward drift of the resting membrane potential of
the S-A node
Permeability of the cardiac muscle to calcium decreases
42.Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share which of the following
characteristics?
(1 Point)
Can be blocked by specific inhibitors
Do not require adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Require transport protein
Saturation kinetics
Transport solute against concentration gradient
43.The proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted mainly from which of the following
structures?
(1 Point)
Ductal cells of the pancreas
Acinar cells of the pancreas
Epithelial cells of the duodenum
Gastric glands of the stomach
44.Sympathetic stimulation of the heart normally causes which of the
following conditions?
(1 Point)
Decreased heart rate
Decreased rate of conduction of the cardiac impulse
Acetylcholine release at the sympathetic endings
Increased force of contraction of the ventricles
Decreased force of contraction of the atria
45.Which of the following changes tends to increase peritubular capillary
fluid reabsorption
(1 Point)
Increased renal blood flow
Increased efferent arteriolar resistance
Decreased angiotensin II
Decreased filtration fraction
Increased blood pressure
46.What is the membrane potential (threshold level) at which the S-A node
discharges?
(1 Point)
−55 mV
−105 mV
−40 mV
−65 mV
−85 mV
47.Autoregulation of tissue blood flow in response to an increase in arterial
pressure occurs as a result of which of the following?
(1 Point)
Decrease in tissue metabolism
Initial decrease in vascular wall tension
Decrease in vascular resistance
Excess delivery of nutrients such as oxygen to the tissues
48.Tetanic contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber results from a cumulative
increase in the intracellular concentration of which of the following?
(1 Point)
ATP
Ca++
K+
Na+
Troponin
49.Which of the following decreases in length during the contraction of a
skeletal muscle fiber?
(1 Point)
A band of the sarcomere
I band of the sarcomere
Thick filaments
Thin filaments
Z discs of the sarcomere
50.Which of the following is not normally found in abundance in the portal
blood?
(1 Point)
Glucose
Short-chain fatty acids
Amino acids
Triglycerides
51.Which of the following food substances requires chewing for digestion?
(1 Point)
Meat
Eggs
Cheese
Vegetables
52.The basic rhythm of respiration is generated by neurons located in the
medulla. Which of the following limits the duration of inspiration and
increases respiratory rate?
(1 Point)
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Dorsal respiratory group
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
Ventral respiratory group
53.Under normal physiological conditions, blood flow to the skeletal muscles
is determined mainly by which of the following?
(1 Point)
Angiotensin II
Capillary osmotic pressure
Metabolic needs
Sympathetic nerves
Vasopressin
54.What occurs following activation of basophils?
(1 Point)
Increased capillary permeability
Contraction of blood vessels
Decreased ameboid motion
Decreased diapedesis of neutrophils
55.Which of the following phases of the cardiac cycle follows immediately
after the beginning of the QRS wave?
(1 Point)
Isovolumic relaxation
Ventricular ejection
Atrial systole
Diastasis
Isovolumic contraction
56.During the second trimester of pregnancy, where is the predominant site
of red blood cell production?
(1 Point)
Liver
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Yolk sac
57.Which of the following are caused by acetylcholine?
(1 Point)
Hyperpolarization of the S-A node
Depolarization of the A-V node
Decreased permeability of the S-A node to potassium ions
Increased heart rate
Increased permeability of the cardiac muscle to calcium ions
58.Swallowing is a complex process that involves signaling between the
pharynx and swallowing center in the brainstem. Which of the following
structures is critical for determining whether a bolus of food is small enough
to be swallowed?
(1 Point)
Palatopharyngeal folds
Upper esophageal sphincter
Larynx
Soft palate
Epiglottis
59.Which of the following is filtered most readily by the glomerular
capillaries?
(1 Point)
Albumin in plasma
Neutral dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
Polyanionic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
Red blood cells
Polycationic dextran with a molecular weight of 25,000
60.A single contraction of skeletal muscle is most likely to be terminated by
which of the following actions?
(1 Point)
Closure of the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Removal of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction
Removal of Ca++ from the terminal of the motor neuron
Removal of sarcoplasmic Ca++
Return of the dihydropyridine receptor to its resting conformation
61.An increase in which of the following would be expected to decrease
blood flow in a vessel?
(1 Point)
Viscosity of the blood
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Radius of the vessel
Pressure gradient across the vessel
Plasma sodium concentration
62.Sympathetic stimulation of the heart
(1 Point)
Releases acetylcholine at the sympathetic endings
Decreases sinus nodal discharge rate
Decreases excitability of the heart
Releases norepinephrine at the sympathetic endings
Decreases cardiac contractility
63.An increase in shear stress in a blood vessel results in which of the
following changes?
(1 Point)
Decreased endothelin production
Decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate production
Increased nitric oxide release
Increased renin production
Decreased prostacyclin production
64.A liquid-ventilated lung compared to a gas-ventilated lung
(1 Point)
requires greater pressure to inflate
has increased residual volume
has a reduced airway resistance
has a more pronounced hysteresis
is more compliant
65.Which of the following tends to increase the net movement of glucose
across a capillary wall?
(1 Point)

Increase in the concentration difference of glucose across the wall

Increase in plasma sodium concentration
Decrease in wall permeability to glucose
Decrease in wall surface area without an increase in the number of pores E)
Decrease in plasma potassium concentration
66.Which of the following best describes an attribute of visceral smooth
muscle not shared by skeletal muscle?
(1 Point)
Contraction is ATP dependent
Contracts in response to stretch
Does not contain actin filaments
High rate of cross-bridge cycling
Low maximal force of contraction
67.The tendency for turbulent flow is greatest in which of the following?
(1 Point)
Aorta
Small arterioles
Capillaries
Arterioles
68.In which of the following conditions is alveolar Po2 increased and alveolar
Pco2 decreased?
(1 Point)
Decreased alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism
Proportional increase in metabolism and alveolar ventilation
Increased alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism
Increased metabolism and unchanged alveolar ventilation
69.Which of the following pressures is normally negative in a muscle capillary
bed in the lower extremities?
(1 Point)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Venous hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
70.Which of the following will decrease pulmonary blood flow resistance?
(1 Point)
Having the lung at FRC
Breathing 5% O2
Inhalation to total lung capacity
IV injection of norepinephrine
71.What is the term for adhesion of an invading microbe with IgG and
complement to facilitate recognition?
(1 Point)
Phagolysosome fusion
Signal transduction
Opsonization
Chemokinesis

72.An increase in which of the following tends to increase capillary filtration

rate?
(1 Point)
Plasma sodium concentration
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Capillary wall hydraulic conductivity
Arteriolar resistance
73.A healthy 22-year-old female medical student has an exercise stress test
at a local health club. An increase in which of the following is most likely to
occur in this woman’s skeletal muscles during exercise?
(1 Point)
Blood flow
All of the above
Vascular conductance
Arteriolar diameter
Carbon dioxide concentration
74.Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is most accurate?
(1 Point)
The T-tubules of cardiac muscle can store much less calcium than T-tubules in
skeletal muscle
The strength and contraction of cardiac muscle depends on the amount of
calcium surrounding cardiac myocytes
In cardiac muscle the initiation of the action potential causes an immediate
opening of slow calcium channels
Cardiac muscle repolarization is caused by opening of sodium channels
Mucopolysaccharides inside the T-tubules bind chloride ions
75.Which of the following is a likely consequence of ileal resection?
(1 Point)
Peptic ulcer
Achalasia
Constipation
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Atrophic gastritis
76.Which of the following events occurs at the end of the period of
ventricular ejection?
(1 Point)
A-V valves close
Aortic valve opens
Aortic valve remains open
A-V valves open
Pulmonary valve closes
77.Which of the following parts of the circulation has the highest
compliance?
(1 Point)
Aorta
Small arteries
Veins
Large arteries
Capillaries
78.Which of the following applies to cytotoxic T cells?
(1 Point)
Cytotoxic T cells destroy bacteria by initiating macrophage phagocytosis
Cytotoxic T cells require the presence of a competent suppressor T-lymphocyte
system
Cytotoxic T cells are activated by the presentation of antigen by an infected cell
Cytotoxic T cells require the presence of a competent B-lymphocyte system
79.When respiratory drive for increased pulmonary ventilation becomes
greater than normal, a special set of respiratory neurons that are inactive
during normal quiet breathing then becomes active, contributing to the
respiratory drive. These neurons are located in which of the following
structures?
(1 Point)
Apneustic center
Dorsal respiratory group
Pneumotaxic center
Ventral respiratory group
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius
80.Which of the following substances in plasma is the major factor that
contributes to plasma colloid osmotic pressure?
(1 Point)
Sodium chloride
Glucose
Albumin
Cholesterol
Potassium
81.A cross-sectional view of a skeletal muscle fiber through the H zone would
reveal the presence of what?
(1 Point)
Actin and titin
Actin, but no myosin
Actin, myosin, and titin
Myosin and actin
Myosin, but no actin
82.Mass movements constitute an important intestinal event that lead to
bowel movements. Mass movements cause which of the following?
(1 Point)
Hunger sensations
Rectal distension
Contraction of internal anal sphincter B) Duodenal peristalsis
Gastric retropulsion
83.An increase in which of the following tends to decrease capillary filtration
rate?
(1 Point)
Arteriolar diameter
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Venous hydrostatic pressure
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
84.What is the resting membrane potential of the sinus nodal fibers?
(1 Point)
−20 mV
−55 mV
−90 mV
−100 mV
−80 mV
85.Gastric emptying is regulated to ensure the chyme enters the duodenum
at an appropriate rate. Which of the following factors promotes gastric
emptying?
(1 Point)
Scleroderma
Antral peristalsis
Bulimia nervosa
Type I diabetes
Obesity
Anorexia nervosa
86.Which of the following vessels has the greatest total cross-sectional area
in the circulatory system?

(1 Point)
Venules
Small arteries
Capillaries
Aorta
Vena cava
87.Which of the following tends to increase potassium secretion by the
cortical collecting tubule?
(1 Point)
A diuretic that decreases loop of Henle sodium reabsorption (e.g., furosemide)
Low sodium intake
A diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g., spironolactone)
Acute metabolic acidosis
Decreased plasma potassium concentration
88.A decrease in which of the following tends to increase pulse pressure?
(1 Point)
Plasma volume
Arterial compliance
Stroke volume
Systolic pressure
Venous return
89.Mass movements are often stimulated after a meal by distention of the
stomach (gastrocolic reflex) and distention of the duodenum (duodenocolic
reflex). Mass movements often lead to which of the following?
(1 Point)
Gastric movements
Haustrations
Pharyngeal peristalsis
Esophageal contractions
Bowel movements
90.A decrease in which of the following tends to increase lymph flow?
(1 Point)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Arteriolar diameter
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Lymphatic pump activity
91.Which of the following is a consequence of myelination in large nerve
fibers?
(1 Point)
Decreased velocity of nerve impulses
Generation of action potentials only at the nodes of Ranvier
Increased energy requirement to maintain ion gradients
Increased membrane capacitance
Increased nonselective diffusion of ions across the axon membrane
92.Which of the following has the fastest rate of movement across the
capillary wall?
(1 Point)
Oxygen
Albumin
Glucose
Sodium
93.Excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves all of the
following events EXCEPT one. Which one is this EXCEPTION?
(1 Point)
ATP hydrolysis
Binding of Ca++ to calmodulin
Conformational change in dihydropyridine receptor
Depolarization of the transverse tubule (T tubule) membrane
Increased Na+ conductance of sarcolemma
94.Which of the following changes tends to increase GFR?
(1 Point)
Increased glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
Increased afferent arteriolar resistance
Increased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased efferent arteriolar resistance
95.Where does the transmigration of WBCs occur in response to infectious
agents?
(1 Point)
Arterioles
Inflamed arteries
Lymphatic ducts
Venules
96.Which of the following conditions at the S-A node will cause heart rate to
decrease?
(1 Point)
Increased norepinephrine levels
Increased sodium permeability
Increased calcium permeability
Increased potassium permeability
Decreased acetylcholine levels
97.If the Purkinje fibers, situated distal to the A-V junction, become the
pacemaker of the heart, what is the expected heart rate?
(1 Point)
70/min
50/min
60/min
30/min
80/min
98.CD4 is a marker of
(1 Point)
Helper T cells
A neutrophil precursor
An activated macrophage
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
99.Which of the following structures will have the slowest rate of conduction
of the cardiac action potential?
(1 Point)
Atrial muscle
Anterior internodal pathway
A-V bundle fibers
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle
100.Activation of the complement system results in which of the following
actions?
(1 Point)
Generation of chemotaxic substances
Binding of the invading microbe with IgG
Decreased tissue levels of complement
Inactivation of eosinophils
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