Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

LAB # 04
Objective:
State the determination of DC gate current required to turn on the SCR using DC gate control
and DC anode source.

Components Required:
 Thyristor (MCR 100-6).
 Dual power supply.
 Resistors(470Ω,4.7Ω,1KΩ,220Ω).
 Dual power supply.
 Multimeter.
 Breadboard.
 Potentiometer.
Theory:
1. SCR Introduction:

- An SCR is a semiconductor device that can control the flow of electric current.
- It consists of three terminals: the anode, cathode, and gate.

2. Gate Control:

- The gate terminal is used to control the SCR's conduction.

- Applying a positive voltage to the gate terminal triggers the SCR into conduction.
- The gate current is the current flowing into the gate terminal.

3. Forward Breakover Voltage:

- The forward breakover voltage is the minimum voltage required to trigger the SCR into
conduction.
- It is the voltage at which the SCR starts conducting current, even without a gate signal.

4. Relationship between Gate Current and Forward Breakover Voltage:

- The gate current influences the forward breakover voltage of the SCR.
- A higher gate current generally reduces the forward breakover voltage.
- This means that a smaller applied voltage can trigger the SCR into conduction when a higher
gate current is present.

In summary, the gate current plays a role in determining the forward breakover voltage of an
SCR. A higher gate current typically results in a lower forward breakover voltage, allowing the
SCR to conduct current at a lower applied voltage.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Circuit Diagram:

Observation:

V IG (mA) VAB (V) IA (mA)

10V
S1=OPEN, S2=CLOSED

10V
S1=S2=CLOSED

15V
S1=OPEN,
S2=CLOSED

15V
S1=S2=CLOSED

Result:
• The VAB (V) is approximately equal to 0.7V.Because the voltage across SCR is usually
equal to normal voltage drop of a silicon diode.
• So after varying dc power supply and changing states of switch it is equal to 0.703V,
0.68V, 0.802V and 0.77V.
• The anode current will be 0mA whenever the switch 1 will open. And at potentiometer
the voltage will be 0V.

Conclusion:
The conclusion that if the gate is supplied by a positive current, the forward break over voltage
happens sooner than if the gate is not supplied by a positive current. For lower quantities of
forward voltage, raising the gate current causes the forward break over voltage to occur.
Furthermore, gate current has no function in keeping the SCR in conduction mode.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

LAB #08
Objective:
Construct the single-phase half wave RC triggering circuit using SCR. Observe the range of
firing angles from 0° - 180° and measure the peak to peak, amplitude of voltage wave form, load
current, gate current, conduction & firing angle.

Material Required:
 Thyristor (MCR-1006)
 Digital multimeter
 Bread board
 Transformer (12V, 1 amp)
 Resistor (470 Ω)
 Capacitor (0.1uF)
 Oscilloscope
 Diode (1N4001)
 Potentiometer (1MΩ)

Theory:

Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier:

1. AC Input:
 The single-phase half-wave rectifier is primarily used to convert alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC).
 The AC input is usually a sinusoidal waveform, representing the voltage supplied
by the power source.

2. Diode Rectification:
 The key component in a single-phase half-wave rectifier is a diode. Diodes allow
current to flow in only one direction.
 During the positive half-cycle of the AC input voltage, the diode conducts,
allowing current to pass through and reach the load.

3. Positive Half cycle:

 In the positive half-cycle of the AC waveform, the diode is forward-biased.
 Current flows through the diode and reaches the load, resulting in a positive
voltage across the load.
4. Negative Half cycle:
 In the negative half-cycle of the AC waveform, the diode is reverse-biased.
 The diode blocks the current flow, preventing the negative voltage from reaching
the load.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

5. Output Waveform:
 The output waveform of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is characterized by
only half of the AC input cycle being utilized.
 As a result, the rectified output is a pulsating DC waveform with only positive
half-cycles.

6. Ripple Factor:
 The output of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is not pure DC; it contains ripples
due to the absence of the negative half-cycles.
 The ripple factor is a measure of the amount of AC component in the rectified
output.

7. Efficiency:
 The efficiency of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is relatively low compared to
other rectification methods.
 This is because only half of the input power is utilized, and the output contains a
significant AC component.

8. Applications:
 Single-phase half-wave rectifiers are often used in low-power applications where
simplicity is more critical than efficiency.
 Examples include battery chargers, small power supplies, and other applications
with modest power requirements.

Procedure:
 Connect the single-phase half-wave RC triggering circuit on the breadboard following the
given schematic.
 Supply power to the circuit by connecting it to the transformer. Ensure the voltage levels
are appropriate for the experiment, which is quite simple as AC wave.
 Begin by taking a reference waveform using an oscilloscope to capture the initial state of
the circuit at a firing angle of 0°.
 Gradually vary the firing angle from 0° to 180° using the potentiometer while monitoring
the oscilloscope. Record the corresponding peak-to-peak voltage, amplitude of the
voltage waveform, load current, and gate current at each angle.
 Pay attention to the conduction characteristics of the SCR as the firing angle changes.
Note any observable changes in the waveform and current values.
 Repeat the process, focusing on specific firing angles within the range of 0° to 180°, and
record the data systematically.
 Analyze the collected data to draw conclusions about the circuit's performance, observing
how changes in the firing angle impact the electrical parameters such as voltage, current,
and conduction characteristics.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

 Summarize the findings in a report, highlighting the relationships between firing angles
and the measured parameters.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current. 6.
Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close
S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the waveform
on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Use formulas to calculate the conduction angle and firing angle.
 Carefully take note of the readings.

Circuit Diagram:
R1
470

U1 D2
DIODE
D1 POTENTIOMETER
1M
SCR DIODE

C1
0.1uF

Calculation:
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Observation Table:
Waveform Firing Conduction IL IG
Waveforms Vpp
no. angle angle (mA) (mA)

Reference 0° 0° 0V 0 0

Max 180° 0° 14.20V 9.47 0.1

Intermediate 90° 90° 25.4V 5.9 0.16

Min 0° 180° 13.80V 9.83 7.720

Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Conclusion:
In the single-phase half-wave RC triggering circuit using an SCR, we observed the firing angles
from 0° to 180°. The measurements revealed variations in peak-to-peak voltage, amplitude of
voltage waveform, load current, and gate current at different firing angles. Analyzing the data
helped understand the circuit's conduction characteristics and the impact of varying firing angles
on electrical parameters.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

LAB #09
Object:
Construct the single-phase full wave resistance triggering circuit using SCR. Observe the range
of firing angles from 0° - 90° and measure the peak to peak, amplitude of voltage wave form,
load current, gate current, conduction & firing angle.

Material Required:
 Thyristor (MCR-1006)
 Digital multimeter
 Bread board
 Transformer (12V, 1 amp)
 Resistor (1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ)
 Oscilloscope
 Diode (1N4001)
 Potentiometer (1MΩ)

Theory:
Full-Wave Rectifier with Resistance Triggering Circuit:
1. Full-Wave Rectifier:
A full-wave rectifier allows current to flow through the load during both halves of the AC
input cycle, providing a more continuous and efficient conversion from AC to DC.

2. Thyristors:
SCRs or thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used in power electronics. They
can be triggered to conduct current through them by applying a gate pulse.

3. Resistance Triggering Circuit:

The resistance-triggering circuit is used to control the firing angle of the thyristors in the
full-wave rectifier.
It typically involves resistors and capacitors configured in a specific manner to control
the timing of the gate pulse applied to the thyristors.

4. Operation:
During each half-cycle of the AC input, the resistance-triggering circuit determines when
to trigger the SCRs. The gate pulse is generated by the resistance-triggering circuit,
allowing the SCRs to conduct and enable current flow through the load.

5. Applications:
These circuits are commonly employed in motor drives, power supplies, and other
applications where precise control of the output voltage is necessary.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Procedure:
 Begin by placing the circuit on the breadboard according to the circuit diagram.
 Set the reference values to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close S1 and open S2, then
connect the multimeter probes to points A and B. Display the waveform on the
oscilloscope.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Adjust the potentiometer to the minimum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close
S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the waveform
on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current. 6.
Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close
S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the waveform
on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Use formulas to calculate the conduction angle and firing angle.
 Carefully take note of the readings.

Circuit Diagram:
R1 R2
1k 100K

D1 D3
DIODE DIODE

U1
POTENTIOMETER
1M

SCR
D2 D4
DIODE DIODE
R3
10k

Calculation:
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Observation Table:
Waveform Firing Conductio IL IG
Waveforms Vpp
no. angle n angle (mA) (mA)

Reference 0° 0° 0V 0 0

Max 90 90 17.02V 10.3 6.4

Intermediate 54 126 17.80V 9.04 3.9

Min 18 162 16.90V 6.83 4.29

Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Conclusion:
In the single-phase full-wave resistance triggering circuit using an SCR, we investigated firing
angles from 0° to 90°. Our measurements unveiled changes in peak-to-peak voltage, voltage
waveform amplitude, load current, and gate current at different firing angles. This analysis sheds
light on how variations in firing angles impact key electrical parameters and the circuit's
conduction characteristics.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

LAB #10

Objective:
To implement a full wave resistance capacitance triggering circuit using SCR. Observe the range
of firing angle from 0˚-180˚ and measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of voltage waveform, gate
current, load current, firing and conduction angles.

Material Required:
 Thyristor
 Transformer
 Potentiometer 1mΩ
 Resistors 1kΩ,100 kΩ
 Capacitor 1uf
 Diode (1N4001)
 Multimeter
 Breadboard
 Oscilloscope

Theory:
In the RC-half wave trigger circuit power can be delivered to the load only during the positive
half cycle of es because the SCR conducts only when it is forward biased. This limitation can be
overcome in several ways; here the ac line voltage is converted to pulsating dc by the full-wave
diode bridge. This allows the SCR to be triggered ON for both half cycle of the line voltage,
which doubles the available power to the load. The initial voltage, by which the capacitor C
charges is almost zero. Capacitor C is set to this low positive voltage (upper plate positive) by
the clamping action of the SCR gate.

Procedure:
1. To determine load current, gate current, conduction, and firing angles and peak to peak
amplitude of voltage waveform, we must use the procedures.
2. Choose the required components from toolbar according to circuit configuration.
3. Make the connections, place the oscilloscopes for graphical display.
4. Take readings by varying the resistances of potentiometer on different points i.e.,
maximum, minimum and intermediate conduction points.
5. After take the readings calculate conduction and firing angles.
6. Note all the readings of firing angle, conduction angle, load current and gate current in
observation table.
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Circuit Diagram:

Observation:

Parameters Waveform Vpp IL (mA) IG (mA) β α

Reference 41V 0mA 0mA 0˚ 0˚

Maximum 18V 1.47mA 0.72 mA 106.92˚ 73.08˚

Intermediate 17.6V 0.38mA 0.42 mA 86.58˚ 93.42˚
Minimum 17.6V 0.24mA 0.24 mA 68.76˚ 111.24˚

Results:

Reference: Maximum:
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Intermediate: Minimum:

Calculations:

Conclusion:
The full wave RC triggering circuit is combination of resistances and capacitor. In this circuit the
firing angle can be varied from 0 to 180˚.There is a direct relation between conduction angle and
load current while inverse relation between load current and firing angle.

LAB # 11
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Objective:
Construct a single-phase full wave midpoint converter circuit using SCR observe the range of
firing angles from 0-180 and measure the peak-to-peak amplitude of voltage waveform load
current load current gate current conduction and firing angle.

Components Required:
 Thyristor (MCR 100-6)
 Diode (1N4001)
 Transformer (centertap24V)
 Resistor (470Ω,220Ω,1kΩ,4.7kΩ)
 Potentiometer (5kΩ)
 Oscilloscope
 Multimeter
 Breadboard.

Theory:
The circuit below illustrate a midpoint converter circuit with resistive load this type of full wave
rectifier circuit uses two SRS connected to the center tab secondary of a transformer the input
signal is coupled through the transformer to the center tab secondary During the positive half
cycle of the AC supply that is when terminal A of the transformer is positive with respect to
terminal B or the secondary winding terminal A is positive with respect to north SCR 1T1 is
forward biased and SCR 2 and T2 is reverse biased since no triggering pulses are given to the
gates of the SCR initially they are in the off state when SCR one is triggered at a firing angle a
current would flow from terminal A through SCR 1 that is just of Lord are and back to the center
tab of the transformer this current path is also shown in the figure this current continues to flow
up two angle when the line voltage reverses its polarity an SCR one is turned off depending upon
the value and the load circuit parameters the conduction angle of SCR 1 maybe any value
between zero and pi. During the negative half cycle of the AC supply the terminal B of the
transformer is positive with respect to SCR 2 is forward biased when SCR 2 is triggered at an
angle π + a current flow from terminal B through SCR 2 the resistive load and back to center tab
of the transformer this current continues till angle 2π then SCR 2 is turned off here it is assumed
that both transistors are triggered with the same firing angle hence they share the load current
equally.

Circuit Diagram:
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

Observations:

Waveform Peak to IL(mA) IG(mA) Conductio Firing

numbers peak volts n angle angle

Reference 338V 20.9mA 411uA 0 0

Maximum 15V 18.5mA 581uA 141.12 38.88

Intermediat 15V 16.4mA 235uA 103.68 76.32

e

Minimum 15V 12.88mA 333uA 65.34 114.6

REFERENCE: MAXIMUM

INTERMEDIATE: MINIMUM:

Conclusion: In this lab experiment, a single phase full wave midpoint converter circuit was constructed
using SCR. It can be concluded that, this type of full wave rectifier circuit uses two SCRs connected to
the center-tapped secondary of a transformer, as shown in the figure. The input signal is coupled through
the transformer to the center-tapped secondary. Each half of the input wave is applied across the load thus
across the load, there are two pulses of current in the same direction .Hence the ripple frequency across
Muhammed Rafay Lakhani 2021F-BBM-068

the load is twice that of the input Supply frequency.