.

LAB 05
OBJECTIVE:
Using SCR is controlled rectifier state the measurement of peak positive amplifier of load
current, gate current, conduction & firing angle by utilizing DC gate controlled & AC anode
source.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Transformer
 Diode
 Multimeter
 Breadboard
 SCR
 Resistor (1K, 470Ω, 470KΩ)

THEORY:
1. Peak Positive Amplitude of Load Current:
 The load current in a controlled rectifier represents the flow of current through the load
(such as a resistive or inductive element). By measuring the peak positive amplitude of
the load current, one assesses the maximum value reached during the positive half-cycle
of the rectified waveform.

2. Gate Current:
 Gate current is the current supplied to the SCR's gate terminal to trigger its conduction.
In a DC gate-controlled configuration, the gate current is crucial for initiating SCR
conduction. Measuring this current provides insights into the control signal strength and
the SCR's responsiveness.

3. Conduction Angle:
 The conduction angle is the portion of the AC cycle during which the SCR conducts,
allowing current to flow to the load. In a DC gate-controlled rectifier, the conduction
angle is influenced by the timing and duration of the gate signal. A smaller conduction
angle implies less power transfer.

4. Firing Angle:
 The firing angle is the phase delay between the zero-crossing point of the AC input
voltage and the triggering of the SCR. In a DC gate-controlled rectifier, adjusting the
firing angle regulates the point in the AC cycle at which the SCR starts conducting. It
directly influences the power delivered to the load.
.

PROCEDURE:

 Begin by placing the circuit on the breadboard according to the circuit diagram.
 Set the reference values to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close S1 and open S2, then
connect the multimeter probes to points A and B. Display the waveform on the
oscilloscope.

 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Adjust the potentiometer to the minimum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value.
Close S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the
waveform on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current. 6.
Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value.
Close S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the
waveform on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Use formulas to calculate the conduction angle and firing angle.
 Carefully take note of the readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Wavefor Peak to Firing

Waveforms IL IG Conduction
m no. peak angle

Reference 63.20V 0.84mA 0mA 0° 0°

Max 46.8V 0.68mA 0.36mA 90 90

Min 32.8V 0.71mA 0.52mA 135 45

CONCLUSION:
In a controlled rectifier employing SCR with DC gate control and AC anode source, the
measurements highlight the peak positive amplitude of load current and gate current.
Additionally, insights into conduction and firing angles offer crucial information about the
rectifier's efficiency and control in converting AC to DC power. These parameters collectively
characterize the performance of the rectifier in a DC-controlled environment with an AC power
source
.

LAB 06
OBJECTIVE:
Using SCR is controlled rectifier state the measurement of peak positive amplifier of load
current, gate current, conduction & firing angle by utilizing AC gate controlled & AC anode
source.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Transformer
 Diode
 Multimeter
 Breadboard
 SCR
 Resistor (1K, 470Ω, 470KΩ)

THEORY:
1. Conduction Angle (α):
The conduction angle is the portion of the AC cycle during which the SCR conducts
current. It is measured in degrees and is determined by the firing angle.

2. Firing Angle (θ):

The firing angle is the angle of delay from the zero crossing of the AC waveform to the
point where the SCR is triggered to start conducting. It is usually measured in degrees.

3. Load Current (IL):

This is the current flowing through the load connected to the SCR. The load current
waveform will depend on the firing angle and the characteristics of the load.

4. Gate Current (IG):

This is the current supplied to the gate terminal of the SCR to trigger it into conduction.
It is typically a short pulse of current applied at the desired firing angle.

 In an AC gate-controlled SCR circuit, the gate current is applied to control the firing
angle, and the load current is regulated by adjusting this firing angle.
 The AC anode source provides the alternating voltage to the SCR, and by controlling the
firing angle, the SCR can control the power delivered to the load.
.

PROCEDURE:
 Assemble the circuit according to the connections mentioned above.
 Ensure all connections are secure and the components are properly connected.
 Apply power to the circuit and ensure the SCR is not conducting initially.
 Gradually adjust the potentiometer to vary the gate current and observe the point
where the SCR starts conducting.
 Measure and record the voltage waveform across the load resistor using the
oscilloscope.
 Measure and record the load current through the load resistor.
 Measure and record the gate current at different settings of the potentiometer.
 Adjust the potentiometer to change the firing angle from 0 to 180 degrees in
increments.
 At each interval, note the voltage waveform, load current, and gate current
measurements.
 Analyze the recorded data to determine the peak position amplitude of the voltage
waveform at different firing angles.
 Observe the relationship between firing angle, voltage waveform, load current, and gate
current.
 Calculate the firing angles corresponding to various points on the waveform, such as
peak positions or zero-crossings.
 Compile all the recorded data, measurements, and observations into a report or table
for reference and analysis.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TR1
D1 R4
220 RV1
DIODE

R2 U1
SCR
4.7k

5k
R3 R1
1K 470
.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Waveform Peak to Firing

Waveforms IL IG Conduction
no. peak angle

Reference 2.54 0 0 180° 0°

Max 10.6 0.3 0.9 90° 90°

Min 11.2 1.78 0.9 60° 120°

CONCLUSION:
In an SCR-controlled rectifier with AC gate control and AC anode source, the measurements
reveal the peak positive amplitude of load current, gate current, and provide values for
conduction and firing angles. These parameters collectively define the performance and
efficiency of the rectifier under varying operational conditions, offering insights into its
functionality and effectiveness in regulating power flow.
.

LAB 08
OBJECT:
Construct the single phase half wave RC triggering circuit using SCR. Observe the range of firing
angles from 0° - 180° and measure the peak to peak, amplitude of voltage wave form, load
current, gate current, conduction & firing angle.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Thyresistor (MCR-1006)
 Digital multimeter
 Bread board
 Transformer (12V, 1 amp)
 Resistor (470 Ω)
 Capacitor (0.1uF)
 Oscilloscope
 Diode (1N4001)
 Potentiometer (1MΩ)

THEORY:

Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier:

1. AC Input:
 The single-phase half-wave rectifier is primarily used to convert alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC).
 The AC input is usually a sinusoidal waveform, representing the voltage supplied
by the power source.

2. Diode Rectification:
 The key component in a single-phase half-wave rectifier is a diode. Diodes allow
current to flow in only one direction.
 During the positive half-cycle of the AC input voltage, the diode conducts,
allowing current to pass through and reach the load.

3. Positive Half cycle:

.

 In the positive half-cycle of the AC waveform, the diode is forward-biased.

 Current flows through the diode and reaches the load, resulting in a positive
voltage across the load.
4. Negative Half cycle:
 In the negative half-cycle of the AC waveform, the diode is reverse-biased.
 The diode blocks the current flow, preventing the negative voltage from reaching
the load.

5. Output Waveform:
 The output waveform of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is characterized by
only half of the AC input cycle being utilized.
 As a result, the rectified output is a pulsating DC waveform with only positive
half-cycles.

6. Ripple Factor:
 The output of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is not pure DC; it contains ripples
due to the absence of the negative half-cycles.
 The ripple factor is a measure of the amount of AC component in the rectified
output.

7. Efficiency:
 The efficiency of a single-phase half-wave rectifier is relatively low compared to
other rectification methods.
 This is because only half of the input power is utilized, and the output contains a
significant AC component.

8. Applications:
 Single-phase half-wave rectifiers are often used in low-power applications where
simplicity is more critical than efficiency.
 Examples include battery chargers, small power supplies, and other applications
with modest power requirements.

PROCEDURE:
 Connect the single-phase half-wave RC triggering circuit on the breadboard following
the given schematic.
 Supply power to the circuit by connecting it to the transformer. Ensure the voltage
levels are appropriate for the experiment, which is quite simple as AC wave.
 Begin by taking a reference waveform using an oscilloscope to capture the initial state of
the circuit at a firing angle of 0°.
.

 Gradually vary the firing angle from 0° to 180° using the potentiometer while monitoring
the oscilloscope. Record the corresponding peak-to-peak voltage, amplitude of the
voltage waveform, load current, and gate current at each angle.
 Pay attention to the conduction characteristics of the SCR as the firing angle changes.
Note any observable changes in the waveform and current values.
 Repeat the process, focusing on specific firing angles within the range of 0° to 180°, and
record the data systematically.
 Analyze the collected data to draw conclusions about the circuit's performance,
observing how changes in the firing angle impact the electrical parameters such as
voltage, current, and conduction characteristics.
 Summarize the findings in a report, highlighting the relationships between firing angles
and the measured parameters.

 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current. 6.
Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value.
Close S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the
waveform on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Use formulas to calculate the conduction angle and firing angle.
 Carefully take note of the readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
R1
470

U1 D2
DIODE
D1 POTENTIOMETER
1M
SCR DIODE

C1
0.1uF
.

CALCULATION:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Waveform Firing Conduction IL IG

Waveforms Vpp
no. angle angle (mA) (mA)

Reference 0° 0° 0V 0 0

Max 180° 0° 14.20V 9.47 0.1

Intermediat
90° 90° 25.4V 5.9 0.16
e
.

Min 0° 180° 13.80V 9.83 7.720

CONCLUSION:
In the single-phase half-wave RC triggering circuit using an SCR, we observed the firing angles
from 0° to 180°. The measurements revealed variations in peak-to-peak voltage, amplitude of
voltage waveform, load current, and gate current at different firing angles. Analyzing the data
helped understand the circuit's conduction characteristics and the impact of varying firing
angles on electrical parameters.
.

LAB 09
OBJECT:
Construct the single phase full wave resistance triggering circuit using SCR. Observe the range
of firing angles from 0° - 90° and measure the peak to peak, amplitude of voltage wave form,
load current, gate current, conduction & firing angle.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
 Thyresistor (MCR-1006)
 Digital multimeter
 Bread board
 Transformer (12V, 1 amp)
 Resistor (1kΩ, 10kΩ, 100kΩ)
 Oscilloscope
 Diode (1N4001)
 Potentiometer (1MΩ)

THEORY:

Full-Wave Rectifier with Resistance Triggering Circuit:

1. Full-Wave Rectifier:
A full-wave rectifier allows current to flow through the load during both halves of the AC
input cycle, providing a more continuous and efficient conversion from AC to DC.

2. Thyristors:
SCRs or thyristors are semiconductor devices commonly used in power electronics. They
can be triggered to conduct current through them by applying a gate pulse.
.

3. Resistance Triggering Circuit:

The resistance triggering circuit is used to control the firing angle of the thyristors in the
full-wave rectifier.
It typically involves resistors and capacitors configured in a specific manner to control
the timing of the gate pulse applied to the thyristors.

4. Operation:
During each half-cycle of the AC input, the resistance triggering circuit determines when
to trigger the SCRs.
The gate pulse is generated by the resistance triggering circuit, allowing the SCRs to
conduct and enable current flow through the load.

5. Applications:
These circuits are commonly employed in motor drives, power supplies, and other
applications where precise control of the output voltage is necessary.

PROCEDURE:

 Begin by placing the circuit on the breadboard according to the circuit diagram.
 Set the reference values to achieve the peak-to-peak value. Close S1 and open S2, then
connect the multimeter probes to points A and B. Display the waveform on the
oscilloscope.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Adjust the potentiometer to the minimum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value.
Close S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the
waveform on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect connection using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current. 6.
Adjust the potentiometer to the maximum value to achieve the peak-to-peak value.
Close S1 and S2, then connect the multimeter probes to points C and B. Display the
waveform on the oscilloscope.
 Disconnect using the IL and IG currents for load current and gate current.
 Use formulas to calculate the conduction angle and firing angle.
 Carefully take note of the readings.
.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R1 R2
1k 100K

D1 D3
DIODE DIODE

U1
POTENTIOMETER
1M

SCR
D2 D4
DIODE DIODE
R3
10k

CALCULATION:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Waveform Firing Conduction IL IG

Waveforms Vpp
no. angle angle (mA) (mA)
.

Reference 0° 0° 0V 0 0

Max 90 90 17.02V 10.3 6.4

Intermediat
54 126 17.80V 9.04 3.9
e

Min 18 162 16.90V 6.83 4.29

CONCLUSION:
In the single-phase full-wave resistance triggering circuit using an SCR, we investigated firing
angles from 0° to 90°. Our measurements unveiled changes in peak-to-peak voltage, voltage
waveform amplitude, load current, and gate current at different firing angles. This analysis
.

sheds light on how variations in firing angles impact key electrical parameters and the circuit's
conduction characteristics.