Crane Basic Safety

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Crane Rigging Basic Safety

Introduction
How to Use this Presentation DISCLAIMER

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This training material presents very

important, pertinent information. It should
not be assumed, however, that this program
satisfies every legal requirement of every
This presentation contains base material for use in an instructor-led training state. Some states require the training be
setting. You may modify this presentation to satisfy the specific training developed and delivered by an individual with
specific training and experience.
needs of your organization.
This training is AWARENESS LEVEL and does
On some slides, the display text is supplemented with additional material in not authorize any person to perform work or
the slide notes. validate their level of competency; it must be
supplemented with operation and process-
specific assessments and training, as well as
This content is licensed for modification and use in a classroom setting. You management oversight, to assure that all
may not redistribute this material in any form. training is understood and followed.
Your organization must do an evaluation of all

exposures and applicable codes and
regulations. In addition, establish proper
controls, training, and protective measures to
effectively control exposures and assure
compliance.
This program is neither a determination that

the conditions and practices of your
organization are safe, nor a warranty that
reliance upon this program will prevent
accidents and losses or satisfy local, state, or
federal regulations.
Introduction
Introduction
Safety from the Ground Up

The safety of a rigging project depends on the proper
preparation of the necessary components at each stage of
the lift, from the sling, attachments, and lifting device, to
the riggers, crane operators, and other personnel involved.
Course topics:
• General rigging equipment and safety
• Various sling types
• Steel erection rigging operations

Introduction
Course Overview
1. General Rigging Safety
2. Alloy Steel Chain Slings
3. Wire Rope Slings
4. Metal Mesh Slings
5. Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
6. Synthetic Web Slings
7. Steel Erection Rigging
8. Hand Signals
General Rigging Safety
What you need to know:
1. General safety practices
2. Inspection requirements
3. Proper identification of equipment limits
4. Proper storage of equipment
5. Hitches and slings

1 General Rigging Safety
Sling Types
Alloy steel chain Wire rope Metal mesh Fiber rope Synthetic web
Vertical Hitches
Under normal conditions, a sling in a

vertical (90°) hitch will be able to lift
its maximum rated capacity.
Choker Hitches
Choker hitches will tighten on a load when lifted, but will not provide full
360˚ contact with the load unless the line is wrapped around the load
twice (creating a double choker hitch).
Additionally, the capacity of a sling in a choker hitch is 75 – 80% of the
sling’s maximum rated capacity.
Safe use:
• Do not use a choker hitch to lift loose bundles.
• Do not use slings made with wire rope clips in a choker hitch.
• Do not use wire rope slings with ferrules in choker hitches.
• If using a hitch where the angle of choke is less than 120˚, make
sure to adjust the sling’s capacity accordingly. (This will be covered
in greater detail later in the course.)
Basket Hitches
Basket hitches allow loads to be easily controlled. They minimize a load’s

tendency to twist.
Basket hitches can either be connected to a single hook or in a “U”

configuration with each leg connected vertically to a spreader bar.
The vertical “U” configuration allows the sling to carry the full rated
capacity on each leg, as long as the D/d ratio is at least 25/1.
Safe use:
Do not use basket hitches on hard-to-balance loads.
Bridle Hitches
Bridle hitches connect 2 – 4 sling legs to a load via lifting

attachments (e.g., lugs).
Safe practices:
• Make sure the load is balanced by placing the hook point over its
center of gravity and adjusting the leg lengths to keep the load
level.
• Prior to connecting to your load, determine the working load

limit for multi-legged slings.
• If using a 4-legged sling, calculate the working load limit as you

would if only using 3 legs. This allows the load’s weight to be
evenly distributed while also leaving a leg free for stability.
Safe Operating Practices

Practices for hoisting:

• Securely attach slings to their loads.
• Pad or protect slings from loads’ sharp edges.
• Keep clear of suspended loads and loads about to be lifted.
• Keep your hands or fingers clear of the space between a sling and
the load when the sling is being tightened.
Housekeeping:
When rigging equipment is not in use, remove it from the immediate
work area to assure that it does not present a hazard.
Sling Safety Restrictions

Never:
• Load slings in excess of their rated capacities.
• Use damaged or defective slings.
• Use slings that are shortened with knots, bolts, or

other makeshift devices or slings with kinked legs.
• Rest a load on a sling. (However, if a load does rest

on a sling, do not pull the sling out from under the
load.)
• Ride on the sling or the load, unless the load is

specifically designed and tested for carrying
personnel.
• Shock load, which is allowing the load to free fall,

changing the load’s center of gravity during hoisting,
or both.
Inspections
Prior to use on each shift, a competent person must thoroughly

inspect rigging equipment for damage or defects.
• During use, as needed and where service conditions allow,

slings and rigging equipment are subject to additional
inspection.
• Defective rigging equipment, slings, or fastenings must be

removed from service immediately.
Rating and Identification

Identification markings are required on all rigging equipment.
Identification marking requirements:
• Permanently affixed
• Legible
• Approved by the manufacturer
• Marked with the safe working load.
* Do not use equipment without identification

markings.
! Never load equipment in excess of the safe

working load.
Sling Attachments and Custom Equipment

Capacity requirements: Custom equipment:

Sling attachments should have a rated capacity greater Any special custom equipment (e.g., grabs, hooks, etc.)
than or equal to that of the chain in use. must also be marked with its safe working load, as well as
proof-tested prior to use at 125% of the rated load.
If you must use attachments with a lower capacity than
the sling, do not use the sling beyond the rated capacity of
the weakest attachment.
Common sling attachments include:

• Clips • Master links
• Eyebolts • Shackles
•
Fittings
Hooks
•
•
Sockets
Triangles
* Do not use clips to fabricate wire rope slings.
Hooks
• Sling legs must only contact the Inspections and removal from
hook within 45˚of the centerline. service:
– Do not connect loads using the
Immediately remove from service any
hook’s tip. hooks that display:
• When connecting hooks to a load in • Cracks
a bridle hitch, the hook tips must be
pointing out or up. • Deformation
• Nicks
• Gouges
• Missing latch facility
• Wear of 5% at the narrowest

point or 10% of the profile or
depth
* Watch for wear at these points.
Center of Gravity (horizontal)

Loads can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Either way, connect

the load above their horizontal center of gravity.
Symmetrical Load Asymmetrical Load
The center of gravity is The center of gravity is not

along the centerline. along the centerline.
Center of Gravity (horizontal)

Loads not rigged at the

horizontal center of gravity
Balanced Unbalanced
may tip or fall off the sling. Asymmetrical Load Asymmetrical Load
In addition to the risks of
falling objects and damage to
the load, slipping or falling
loads can cause shock stress
on the rigging and hoisting
equipment, weakening it for
future use.
Center of Gravity (vertical)

In addition to the horizontal

center of gravity, consider
the load’s vertical center of
gravity.
Connect loads at or above

the vertical center of gravity.
Loads connected below their
horizontal center of gravity
may be at risk of toppling.
Load is stable. Load is unstable.

Environmental Conditions
Be aware of environmental conditions that may affect the capacity of the

sling or other components.
• Weather:
– Wind
– Precipitation
– Temperature
•
– Visibility
Worksite features:
– Power lines or other overhead obstructions
* If any of these conditions are
present, follow the manufacturer
recommendations.
– Uneven or unstable surfaces
• Reactive substances:
– Chemicals which may damage slings, other rigging components,
or personnel
Sling-to-Load Angles
The sling-to-load angle The lower the sling leg The sling angle is not a concern for vertical hitches
is the angle between a angle, the greater the because they are not affected by angle loss factors.
sling’s legs and the load’s tension on the sling.
However, for basket, bridle, and choker hitches,
horizontal plane. This tension increases the
knowing this angle is critical to planning a lift. You
sling’s actual load.
must calculate how much the angle reduces the
load capacity.
Never use angles that are less than 30˚without
approval from a qualified person.
Sling Angle Loss Factor

The sling angle loss factor allows you to calculate how Sling Angle Loss Factors
much the angle reduces the overall load capacity.
Angle from
Horizontal Loss Factor
• To obtain the loss factor, refer to a sling angle loss (degrees)
factor table. (See the adjacent example.)
90 1.000
• To use the loss factor: Multiply the loss factor by 85 .9962
the load capacity to obtain the reduced load
80 .9848
capacity. (A low angle equals a lower loss factor,
creating a lower reduced load capacity.) 75 .9659
70 .9397
65 .9063
60 .8660
55 .8192
* If the reduced load capacity is less than the

load weight, the hitch is not strong enough
to perform the lift.
50
45
40
.7660
.7071
.6428
35 .5736
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor

Reduced Load Method Actual Load Method

The reduced load method uses the The actual load method uses inverse
sling-to-load angle to determine the proportions to determine the actual load
reduced load limit. for each sling leg.

Reduced Load Method

Use the reduced work load method
to confirm the adequate sling strength
to carry this load in a bridle hitch.

4,200 lbs
Step 1: Establish the weight of the load.
1. Load: 4,200 lbs


4,200 lbs
Step 2: Find the vertical load capacity of the sling.
1. Load: 4,200 lbs
2. Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs


4,200 lbs
Step 3: Account for the capacity of both legs. (Multiply

the vertical load capacity by 2.)
1. Load: 4,200 lbs

3. Vertical load capacity (two legs): 5,600 lbs (2,800 x 2)

4,200 lbs
Step 4: Determine the angle of your sling legs.

1. Load: 4,200 lbs

4. Sling angle (both legs): 60˚


Sling Angle Loss Factors
Angle from
Loss
Horizontal
Factor
(degrees)
90 1.000
85 .9962
80 .9848
75 .9659
4,200 lbs 70 .9397
65 .9063
Step 5: Determine your loss factor.
60 .8660
1. Load: 4,200 lbs 55 .8192
2. Vertical load capacity (single leg): 2,800 lbs 50 .7660
45 .7071
40 .6428
35 .5736
5. Loss factor: .866

Step 6: Determine the reduced load capacity of your hitch.
1. Load: 4,200 lbs

4,200 lbs 5. Loss factor: .866
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above to calculate
the full load capacity of your hitch.
x =
Full 2-Leg Vertical 60˚ Sling Angle Reduced Load
Load Capacity (lbs) Loss Factor Capacity (lbs)

Step 7: Confirm that your hitch can carry your load.
1. Load: 4,200 lbs

4,200 lbs 5. Loss factor: .866
6. Reduced load capacity: 4,849.6 lbs
Based on the figures above, is your reduced hitch load capacity

adequate to lift this load?
Yes No

Actual Load Method

We will now use the actual load
method to calculate a two-leg bridle
hitch load that allows for a tight vertical
clearance.

5,200 lbs
1. Load weight: 5,200 lbs


3.2 ft
Step 2: Determine the vertical height of your hitch.
2. Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft


4 ft
Step 3: Establish the length of your sling legs.


3. Sling leg length: 4 ft

Step 4: Establish the proportional tension factor.

(Divide the sling leg length by the vertical height.)
4 1. Load weight: 5,200 lbs
3.2 2. Vertical hitch height: 3.2 ft

Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above.
÷ =
Sling Leg Length Vertical Hitch
Height

Step 5: Determine the vertical load on each of the two legs.
1: Load weight: 5,200 lbs

4. Tension factor: 1.25

? ?
5,200 ÷ 2 = 2,600
Load Weight (lbs) Number of Vertical Load for
Sling Legs Single Leg

Step 6: Determine the actual load on each sling leg.
5. Vertical load on each sling leg: 2,600 lbs
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above.
x = 3,250
Vertical Load on Tension Factor Actual Load For
Each Sling Leg (lbs) Each Sling Leg

Step 7: Verify your vertical sling load capacity.

6. Actual load on each sling leg: 3,250 lbs

7. Vertical load capacity: 2,800 lbs

Step 8: Verify your vertical sling load capacity.


6. Actual load on each sling leg: 3,250 lbs
7. Vertical load capacity: 2,800 lbs
Based on the actual load on each sling leg and the

vertical load capacity, is your actual sling load
capacity adequate to lift this load?
Yes No
Sling-to-Load Angle—Choker Hitch

A sling’s capacity in a choker hitch assumes that the angle

of choke is at or above 120˚.
If the angle of choke is less than 120˚, the sling’s capacity

will be further reduced.
Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch

Choker hitches: Sling Angle Loss Factors

The use of choker hitches reduce a sling’s load limit. The
Angle of
angle of choke can reduce the load limit further. Choke Loss Factor
(degrees)
Once your angle of choke has been determined, multiply
121+ 1.000
the appropriate loss factor to your sling’s capacity to
determine the reduced load limit. (See the adjacent table.) 90 – 120 .870
60 – 89 .740
The total load weight must not exceed the reduced load
limit. 30 – 59 .620
0 – 29 .490
Activity: Sling Angle Loss Factor—Choker Hitch

Confirm the adequate sling strength to

carry this load in a choker hitch.

1. Load: 1,650 lbs
1,650 lbs

Step 2: Establish the choker load capacity of your sling.
1. Load: 1,650 lbs
2. Choker load capacity: 2,200 lbs
1,650 lbs

Step 3: Determine the choke angle.
1. Load: 1,650 lbs
3. Choke angle: 80˚
1,650 lbs

Step 4: Determine your loss factor.
1. Load: 1,650 lbs
4. Loss factor: .74
Angle of Choke
Loss Factor
(degrees)
121+ 1.000 1,650 lbs
90 – 120 .870
60 – 89 .740
30 – 59 .620
0 – 29 .490

Step 6: Determine the reduced load capacity of your hitch.
1. Load: 1,650 lbs
4. Loss factor: .74
Populate the fields below with the corresponding figures above to

calculate the reduced load capacity of your choker hitch.
5600 x .866 =
Choker Load 80˚ Choke Angle Load Capacity 1,650 lbs
Capacity (lbs) Loss Factor (lbs)

Step 6: Confirm that your hitch can carry the load.
1: Load: 1,650 lbs
4. Loss factor: .74
5. Reduced load capacity: 1,628 lbs
Based on the figures above, is your reduced hitch load

capacity adequate to lift this load?
1,650 lbs
Yes No
Alloy Steel Chain Slings
1. How to identify size, grade, and capacity

specifications
2. Additional inspection criteria specific to alloy steel

chain
3. Deficiencies that require repair or removal of the sling

from service
2 Alloy Steel Chain Slings
Identification
Alloy steel chain identification markings must indicate the following:
• Size
• Grade
• Rated capacity
• Reach This durable steel tag is

ideal for chain identification.
A built-in RFID tag enables
• Manufacturer or fabricator
the specifications to be read
with a mobile device.
• Date of manufacture or fabrication
! Do not use alloy steel chain slings for loads in excess of their
rated capacities (i.e., working load limits).
Attachments
Attachments should have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain in
use. Otherwise, the sling must not be used beyond the rated capacity of the
weakest attachment.
! Do not use makeshift links, fasteners formed from bolts or rods,

or other such attachments.
* Slings for use in overhead lifting must be at least Grade 8.

Inspection
Inspect for the Frequency: Records:

following: Inspect slings at least once The employer must keep
every 12 months. and maintain a record of
• All items listed in the
the most recent inspection
general inspection
The frequency is for each alloy steel chain
requirements
determined by the sling, which must be made
• Wear following: available for examination if
required.
• Defective welds • How often it is used
• Deformation • The severity of service

conditions
• Increase in length
• The type of lifts being
• Evidence of heat
made
damage (e.g.,
discoloration) • Knowledge gained
from the service life of
other slings used in
similar conditions
Safe Operating Temperatures

Service limit:
When a sling is exposed to service temperatures greater than 600˚F,
employers must reduce its maximum working load limit according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Remove from service threshold:

Any alloy steel chain slings that have been heated above 1,000˚F must be
permanently removed from service.
Repair and Reconditioning

Worn or damaged slings:

Worn or damaged alloy steel chain slings or attachments are not to be used
until repaired. If welding or heat testing is performed, slings must also be
reconditioned and proof-tested by the sling manufacturer or equivalent entity
prior to re-entering service.
Broken chain:
Do not use low carbon steel repair links, construction links, or mechanical
coupling links to repair broken lengths of chain.
This is a rare example of a

broken weld point on a chain
link. Never use a chain with
broken welds.
Proof-Testing
Testing before use:

Any new, repaired, or reconditioned alloy steel chain slings,
including all welded components in the sling assembly, must
be proof-tested before use by the sling manufacturer or
equivalent entity.
The employer must assure that proper testing is performed

and keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made
available for examination if required.
A proof-testing machine capable of

applying extreme tensile forces to sling
and attachment materials
Effect of Wear
Chains are prone to extreme wear during lifts. Minimum Allowable Chain Size
Rated chain size Minimum allowable
Remove chains from service if the chain size at any point (inches) chain size at any point
of the link is less than the size stated in the adjacent table. (inches)
¼ 13ൗ
64
⅜ 19ൗ
64
½ 25ൗ
64
⅝ 31ൗ
64
¾ 19ൗ
32
⅞ 45ൗ
64
1 13ൗ
16
1⅛ 29ൗ
32
1¼ 1
1 ⅜ 1 3Τ32
1½ 1 3Τ16
1 ¾ 1 13Τ32
Removal from Service

Alloy steel chain slings displaying cracks or deformation

in any master links, coupling links, hooks, or any other
components must be immediately removed from
service.
A hook with a stretched

throat opening
Wire Rope Slings

specifications
2. Additional inspection criteria specific to wire rope

from service
3 Wire Rope Slings
Identification
Wire rope identification markings must indicate the following:
• Recommended safe working load for the types of hitches used
• The angle that was used to calculate the safe working load, if applicable
• The number of legs
! Do not use wire rope slings for loads in excess of their rated
capacities (i.e., working load limits).
3 Wire Rope Slings
Wire Rope Construction

Prior to use or inspection, verify the sling’s construction,

including the following:
• Core material
• Lay
• Fabrication
6x19
! Never use wire rope slings in ways that are not

specified by the manufacturer’s recommendations.
18x7
8x19
3 Wire Rope Slings
Attachments
Most end attachments must be proof-tested by the manufacturer or

equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to their initial use.
The employer must keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made
Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations to verify if your end attachments

require proof-testing.
A spelter socket
3 Wire Rope Slings
Attachments: Choker Hitch Shackle

Safe shackle attachment: Hazardous shackle attachment:

The eye-splice loop is secured around the Movement of the sling’s leg may unscrew
shackle bolt. the bolt during the lift.
3 Wire Rope Slings
Minimum Lengths
Wire rope is subject to minimum lengths between splices, sleeves, loops, or end fittings.
Sling type Minimum length
Cable laid slings, 6x19 slings, and 30 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves,
6x37 slings or end fittings
Braided slings 40 times the component rope diameter between loops or end
fittings
Cable laid grommets, strand laid Circumferential length of 96 times the sling’s diameter
grommets, and endless slings
3 Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Wire Conditions

In addition to the general inspection requirements, wire rope must be inspected

for the following conditions:
Faulty sling construction: Broken wires:

Wire rope slings used in hoisting, Do not use wire rope slings if the
lowering, or pulling loads must be total number of visible broken wires
constructed from a single continuous in any length of 8 diameters exceeds
piece without knots or splices, except 10% of the total number of wires or if
for eye splices in the ends of wires the rope shows any other signs of
and other endless rope slings. excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.
Knots: Do not inspect a sling by passing bare

hands over the wire rope body.
Do not secure wire rope with knots, Broken wires, if present, may
except for haul back lines on puncture the hands.
scrapers.
Broken wire rope is
hazardous to handle
because of sharp
loose wires.
3 Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Splices and Swages

Proper splices:
Cover or blunt any protruding ends of strands in splices on
slings and bridles.
Eye splices in any wire rope must have at least three full
tucks. Please note that this requirement does not prohibit
the use of other approved splices or connections which are
proven to be as efficient.
Swages:
Check that any swaged fittings are
secure and that no wires are broken
at the fitting.
3 Wire Rope Slings
Inspections: Eye Formation

Eye formation: Number and Spacing of

Do not use wire rope clips or knots to form eyes in rope U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips
bridles, slings, or bull wires. Improved Number of Clips Minimum
Plow Steel spacing
Rope Drop Other (inches)
U-bolts: Diameter Forged Material
(inches)
When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, refer to
the adjacent table to determine the number and spacing of
clips. ½ 3 4 3
⅝ 3 4 3¾
¾ 4 5 4½
⅞ 4 5 5¼
* When used for eye splices, apply the U-bolt clip

so that the “U” section is contacting the dead
end of the rope.
1
1⅛
1¼
5
6
6
6
6
7
6
6¾
7½
1⅜ 7 7 8¼
1½ 7 8 9
3 Wire Rope Slings

Fiber Core Non-Fiber Core
All fiber core wire rope slings Non-fiber core wire rope slings
that have been exposed to may be used in temperatures
temperatures above 200˚F ranging from -60˚F to 400˚F
must be permanently removed without decreasing the working
from service. load limit.
! If operating outside this

temperature range, follow
the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
! If operating outside this
temperature range, follow
recommendations.
3 Wire Rope Slings

Damage to wire rope: Damage to hooks:
Wire rope slings displaying any of the following characteristics must be Hooks displaying any cracks or
immediately removed from service: deformation must be immediately
removed from service.
• 10 randomly distributed • Kinking, crushing, bird caging,

broken wires in one rope or any other damage-causing
lay distortion of the wire rope’s
structure
• 5 broken wires in one
strand of one rope lay • Proof of heat damage
• Wear or scraping of ⅓ of • Ropes or end attachments

the original diameter of showing corrosion, cracks,
outside individual wires deformation, or wear
Metal Mesh Slings

specifications
2. Requirements for testing new and repaired metal

mesh slings

from service
4 Metal Mesh Slings
Identification
Metal mesh identification markings must indicate the sling’s

rated capacity for vertical basket hitch and choker hitch
loadings.
! Do not use metal mesh slings for loads in excess

of their rated capacities (i.e., working load
limits).
! Do not apply coatings to metal mesh slings that

diminish its rated capacity.
4 Metal Mesh Slings
Attachments
Handles or other attachments must have a rated capacity at least equal to that
of the metal mesh sling and must not exhibit any deformation after proof-
testing.
Make sure that:
• Handles are attached to the sling in a way that does not reduce the sling’s
rated capacity.
• The load is evenly distributed across the width of the fabric.
• Sharp edges do not damage the fabric.
• All attachments are rated for the temperature in your lifting environment.
4 Metal Mesh Slings
Repair and Reconditioning

Manufacturer Repairs Manufacturer Proof-Testing
Do not use repaired metal mesh slings unless the Do not use any new or repaired metal mesh slings,
repairs were performed by the sling’s manufacturer or including handles or other attachments, until they have
an equivalent entity. been proof-tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity
to at least 1 ½ times their rated capacity.
Any repairs must be indicated either by permanently
marking or tagging the sling or keeping a written record Proof-testing must be performed on elastomer
detailing the date and nature of the repairs and the impregnated slings prior to coating.
person or organization that performed the repairs.
Any records are to be made available for examination if

required.
4 Metal Mesh Slings

Non-elastomer impregnated Polyvinyl chloride or neoprene

metal mesh or metal mesh that impregnated metal mesh:
is not impregnated:
Allowable temperature range:
Allowable temperature range: 0˚F to 200˚F
-20˚F to 550˚F
! Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations if operating

outside these temperature ranges, or using metal mesh
slings impregnated with other materials.
4 Metal Mesh Slings

Metal mesh slings are to be immediately removed from service if any

of the following are discovered:
• A broken weld or broken brazed joint along the sling edge
• Reduction in the wire’s diameter of 25% due to abrasion or of 15%

due to corrosion
• Lack of flexibility caused by distortion of the fabric
• Distortion of the female handle so that the slot’s depth is increased by

more than 10%
• Distortion of either handle so that the width of the eye is decreased by

more than 10%
• A 15% reduction of the original cross sectional area of metal at any

point around the handle’s eye
• Distortion of either handle out of its plane

Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
1. How to identify size, grade, and capacity specifications
2. Proper splicing requirements

from service
5 Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope
Identification and Attachments

Identification:
Fiber rope identification markings must indicate the following:
• The stated capacity for the types of hitches used and the angle upon which
it is based
• The type of fiber material
• The number of legs (if more than one)
! Do not use fiber rope slings for loads in excess of their rated
! Do not use fiber rope slings if the end attachments in contact with
the rope have sharp edges or projections.
Splicing
Use spliced fiber rope Tucks:

slings only if they meet Rope Type Eye Splices Short Splices
the following minimum (minimum full tucks) (minimum full tucks)
requirements, along with Manila Rope 3 6 (3 per side of the center line)
any additional
Synthetic Fiber Rope 4 8 (4 per side of the center line)
manufacturer
recommendations:
Tail ends:
Do not trim strand tail ends flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent
to the full tucks. This requirement applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and
short splices.
Rope Diameter Minimum Tail Length beyond the last full tuck
Under 1” diameter 6 rope diameters
1” diameter and larger 6 inches
In cases where a projecting tail interferes with the sling’s use, taper the tail and splice it
into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks, leaving a tail length of
approximately 6 rope diameters beyond the last full tuck.
Splicing
Minimum clear length:

The required minimum clear length of rope between eye splices is equal to 10
times the rope’s diameter.
Knots:
Do not use knots in place of splices.
Specialized clamps:
Only use clamps specifically designed for fiber ropes and splicing.
Fiber rope eye splice
Proper splice sizing:
For all eye splices, make sure that the eye is appropriately sized so that it
provides an included angle of 60° or less at the splice when the eye is placed
over the load or support.
Safe Operating Temperatures and Repairs

Safe Operating Temperatures Repairs
Fiber rope slings may be used in temperatures Only fiber rope slings made from new
ranging from -20˚F to 180˚F without decreasing rope may be used.
working load limits.
!
If operating outside this temperature range or if Never use repaired or
dealing with wet frozen slings, follow the reconditioned fiber rope slings
manufacturer’s recommendations. under any circumstances.

Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings are to be immediately removed

from service if any of the following criteria are met:
• Abnormal wear
• Powdered fiber between strands
• Broken or cut fibers
• Variations in the size or roundness of strands
• Discoloration or rotting
• Distortion of hardware in the sling

Synthetic Web Slings

specifications
2. Necessary precautions to be taken in specific

environmental conditions

from service
6 Synthetic Web Slings
Identification
Synthetic web identification markings must indicate the following

information:
• Name or trademark of manufacturer
• Rated capacities for each type of hitch
• Type of synthetic web material
! Do not use synthetic web slings for loads in excess of their rated
Sling Construction
Synthetic web slings must be of uniform thickness and width. Selvage Synthetic web sling
edges must not be split from the webbing’s width. with uniform
thickness
Fittings must have a minimum breaking strength equal to the sling’s and must
be free of any sharp edges that could damage the sling.
Attachments
End fittings and eyes may only be attached or formed via stitching.
When attaching fittings or forming eyes, the thread must be applied in an even
pattern and contain a sufficient number of stitches to reach the full breaking
strength of the sling.
Synthetic web sling

strap with attached
fitting
Environmental Conditions
Certain synthetic web slings may not be used if specific environmental

conditions are present.
• Nylon web slings are not to be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or
liquids of acids or phenols are present.
• Polyester and polypropylene web slings, or any sling with aluminum

fittings, are not to be used where fumes, vapors, sprays, mists, or liquids
of caustics are present.

Polyester and Nylon Polypropylene
Never use synthetic web slings Never use web slings at

at temperatures above 180˚F. temperatures above 200˚F.
Repairs
Do not use repaired synthetic web slings if any part of the sling (including
webbing and fittings) has been repaired in a temporary manner.
Only use repaired synthetic web slings if the repairs were performed by the
sling manufacturer or equivalent entity.
In addition, all repaired slings must be proof-tested by the manufacturer or

equivalent entity to twice its rated capacity before returning to service. The
employer must keep a certificate of the proof test, which is to be made

Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the
following are discovered:
• Acid or caustic burns
• Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface
• Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts
• Broken or worn stitches
• Distortion of fittings
Steel Erection Rigging
1. Pre-shift inspection requirements for cranes and rigging
2. Basic safety requirements during crane operations
3. Additional safe practices in specific scenarios

7 Steel Erection Rigging
Pre-Shift Visual Inspection of Cranes

Prior to each shift, a competent person must inspect any cranes used in steel erection activities for deficiencies during
operation. The following components must be included in the inspection:
Control mechanisms: Pressurized lines:

Check all control mechanisms for Check air, hydraulic, and other
maladjustments, and check the control pressurized lines for deterioration or
and drive mechanism for excessive wear leakage, particularly those with flex in
of components and contamination by normal operation.
lubricants, water, or other foreign matter. Ground conditions:
Safety devices: Check ground conditions around the
Check safety devices, including boom hoisting equipment for proper support,
angle indicators, boom stops, boom kick including ground settling under and
out devices, anti two-block devices, and around outriggers, ground water
load movement indicators where required. accumulation, or similar conditions.
Tires: Electrical apparatuses:
Check for proper inflation and condition. Check for malfunctioning, signs of
excessive deterioration, dirt, or moisture.
Hydraulic systems:
Check for proper fluid levels.
Pre-Shift Visual Inspection of Hoist and Rigging

Equipment
Prior to each shift, a competent person must inspect any crane hoists and rigging equipment for deficiencies during
operation. The following components must be included in the inspection:
Hoisting equipment: Rigging inspection:

Inspect hoisting equipment, prior to Additionally, prior to each shift the
use as well as after each move and rigging must be inspected by a qualified
setup to assure that the load is level. rigger (meaning a rigger who is also a
qualified person).
If any deficiencies are identified, the
inspector must immediately
determine whether the deficiencies
constitute a hazard. If so, the hoisting
equipment is to be removed from
service until all deficiencies have been
corrected.
Operation
Operator control:
Licensed operators are responsible for all operations under their direct control.
If concerns regarding safety arise, operators are authorized to stop and refuse
to handle loads until safety has been assured.
Never remove
Hoist riding: the safety
Use of the headache ball, hook, or load to transport personnel is strictly latch.
prohibited unless the employer demonstrates that the erection, use, and
dismantling of conventional means of reaching the work area (e.g., personnel
hoists, ladders, scaffolds, aerial lifts, etc.) would be more hazardous or
impossible due to the project’s structural design or worksite conditions. Safety latches:
Safety latches on hooks are not to be
deactivated or made inoperable unless
a qualified rigger has determined that
the hoisting and placing of purlins and
single joists can be performed more
safely by doing so or that equivalent
protection is provided in a site-specific
erection plan.
Working Under Loads

Pre-plan your routes.
Organize routes for suspended loads to assure that no employees are required to
work directly below a suspended load, except for employees who are necessary for
the initial connection, hooking, or unhooking of the load.
When working under suspended loads is necessary, the following conditions must
be met:
• Proper rigging: All rigging materials, assemblies, and loads being hoisted
must be properly rigged by a qualified rigger to prevent unintentional
displacement.
• Safety latch hooks: Use only hooks with self-closing safety latches or their
equivalents to prevent components from slipping out of the hook.
Multiple Lift Rigging

Multiple lifts are only allowed if the following conditions are met:
• A multiple lift rigging assembly is used.
• A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift.
• Only beams and similar structures are lifted.
• All employees engaged in the lift have received proper training.
• Cranes and hoisting equipment are used in compliance with the

manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
• Controlled load lowering is used whenever the load is over the connectors.
Multiple Lift Rigging: Calculating 5-to-1 Safety Factor

5-to-1 safety factor: Formula:

All components of the
multiple lift rigging assembly
Minimum breaking strength
must be specifically designed
Permissible Working Load =
and assembled with a
Safety factor
maximum capacity for the
total assembly and for each
individual attachment point.
The capacity will be based on

specifications with a 5-to-1 Example:
safety design factor for all 20,000 lbs
components, and must be (Minimum breaking strength)
certified by a manufacturer or 4,000 lbs
=
qualified rigger. (Permissible Working Load)
5
(Safety factor)
Multiple Lift Rigging: Sling Assembly

Make sure that:
• The total load does not exceed the rated capacities of either the hoisting
equipment or the rigging, as specified in the appropriate load and rigging
rating charts.
• All members on the multiple lift assembly are set from the bottom up.
• All members that are rigged in the multiple lift assembly are:
‒ Attached at their center of gravity.
‒ Staying reasonably level.
‒ Rigged from the top down.
‒ Rigged at least seven feet (2.1 m) apart.
Hand Signals
1. How to recognize and perform standard hand signals

for crane direction
8 Hand Signals
Hoist and Lower

Hoist Lower
Move your hand in a circular Move your hand in a
motion with your forearm circular motion with your
vertical and your forefinger forearm extended
pointing up. downward and your
forefinger pointing down.
8 Hand Signals
Stop and Emergency Stop

Stop Emergency Stop
Extend your arm outward with the Extend both arms outward
palm facing down, and rapidly with your palms facing
move your hand back and forth. down, and rapidly move
your hands back and forth.
8 Hand Signals
Trolley Travel and Tower Travel

Trolley Travel Tower Travel

Raise your hand with the palm Extend your arm forward with
facing up, the fingers closed, the hand open and slightly
and the thumb pointing in the raised, and make a pushing
direction of travel. motion in the direction of travel.
8 Hand Signals
Swing and Move Slowly

Swing Move Slowly
Extend your arm outward and Place a motionless hand behind

point with a finger in direction your signal hand.
of the boom’s swing.
8 Hand Signals
Dog Everything
Dog (Hold) Everything
Clasp hands in front of your body.

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Crane Rigging Basic Safety

How to Use this Presentation DISCLAIMER

This training material presents very

Your organization must do an evaluation of all

This program is neither a determination that

Safety from the Ground Up

• Various sling types

• Steel erection rigging operations

1. General Rigging Safety

2. Alloy Steel Chain Slings

3. Wire Rope Slings

4. Metal Mesh Slings

5. Natural and Synthetic Fiber Rope

6. Synthetic Web Slings

7. Steel Erection Rigging

What you need to know:

1. General safety practices

3. Proper identification of equipment limits

4. Proper storage of equipment

5. Hitches and slings

Under normal conditions, a sling in a

• Do not use wire rope slings with ferrules in choker hitches.

Basket hitches allow loads to be easily controlled. They minimize a load’s

Basket hitches can either be connected to a single hook or in a “U”

Bridle hitches connect 2 – 4 sling legs to a load via lifting

• Prior to connecting to your load, determine the working load

• If using a 4-legged sling, calculate the working load limit as you

Safe Operating Practices

Practices for hoisting:

• Pad or protect slings from loads’ sharp edges.

• Keep clear of suspended loads and loads about to be lifted.

Sling Safety Restrictions

• Use damaged or defective slings.

• Use slings that are shortened with knots, bolts, or

• Rest a load on a sling. (However, if a load does rest

• Ride on the sling or the load, unless the load is

• Shock load, which is allowing the load to free fall,

Prior to use on each shift, a competent person must thoroughly

• During use, as needed and where service conditions allow,

• Defective rigging equipment, slings, or fastenings must be

Rating and Identification

Identification markings are required on all rigging equipment.

Identification marking requirements:

• Approved by the manufacturer

• Marked with the safe working load.

* Do not use equipment without identification

! Never load equipment in excess of the safe

Sling Attachments and Custom Equipment

Capacity requirements: Custom equipment:

Common sling attachments include:

• Missing latch facility

• Wear of 5% at the narrowest

Center of Gravity (horizontal)

Loads can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Either way, connect

Symmetrical Load Asymmetrical Load

The center of gravity is The center of gravity is not

Center of Gravity (horizontal)

Loads not rigged at the

Center of Gravity (vertical)

In addition to the horizontal

Connect loads at or above

Load is stable. Load is unstable.