ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
 Atomic Models
 Bohr Model
 Wave-Mechanical model
 Atomic Bonding
 Physical Properties
arising from these bonds
 Metallic
 Ionic
 Covalent
 Van der waals bonding

 Types of Chemical Bonds

 Ionic Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
 Metallic Bonding
 Van der waals bonding
ATOMIC MODELS – BOHR MODEL
 Electrons move in discrete orbits around the nucleus
 Energy is quantized
ATOMIC MODELS – BOHR MODEL
 Electrons fill lower energy states first before filling the
higher energy states
ATOMIC MODELS – WAVE MECHANICAL MODEL
 Electron behaves like a wave and a particle
PARTICLE VS. WAVE?
ATOMIC MODELS – WAVE MECHANICAL MODEL
 Electron behaves like a wave and a particle
 Instead of orbits, we have electron clouds
 Electron’s position is described in terms of
probability
COMPARISON OF BOHR AND
WAVE-MECHANICAL MODEL
ATOMIC BONDING
ENERGY VS SEPARATION DISTANCE
CHEMICAL BOND

term used to describe the linkages between atoms joined

together to form molecules or crystals
form when electrons can be simultaneously near two or
more nuclei.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
 IONIC BONDS
 Found in compounds that are composed of both
metallic and nonmetallic elements.
 Atoms either lose or gain electrons
 Octet rule
 The attractive bonding forces are Coulombic
 The (+) and (-) ions attract each other
COVALENT BONDS
 Atoms share electrons instead of gaining or
losing them.
 Mostly nonmetals, as well as semiconductors,
exhibit this bond
NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

 when electrons are shared equally

 Same atoms are involved

O2, H2, or Cl2

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

 when electrons are shared but shared unequally

 different atoms

 the more electronegative atom will have a

stronger attraction, and will acquire a slightly
negative charge

H2O
METALLIC BONDS
 found in metals and their alloys
 Electron “sea model”
 Unlike the two previous bonding types, valence
electrons are not bound to any particular atom
 Electrons are free to roam to other atoms
 Can be thought of as “ion cores” (i.e. atomic nuclei and
nonvalence electrons) immersed in a sea of electrons

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +
VAN DER WAALS BONDING
 van der Waals, or physical bonds are weak
 Exists between virtually all atoms or molecules

 Bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular

dipoles
 Coulombic attraction between the positive end of
one dipole and the negative region of an adjacent
one
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARISING
FROM THESE BONDS
IONIC BONDS
 Mostly found in ceramics
 Insulators (heat and electricity)
 No delocalized electrons
 High melting temperatures (strong ionic bonds)
 Hard but brittle
COVALENT BONDS
 Found in some polymeric materials and other
elemental solids such as carbon, silicon, and
germanium, as well as other ceramics.

 Usually nonconductive (electricity and heat)

 No free electrons unlike metallic bonds

 Can be very weak (e.g. bismuth, which melts at

270oC) or very strong (e.g. diamond, which melts
at temperatures greater than 3550oC.)
METALLIC BONDS
 Found in metals
 Ductility and malleability

 Bonding may be weak or strong

 energies range from 68 kJ/mol (0.7 eV/atom) for
mercury to 850 kJ/mol (8.8 eV/atom) for tungsten.
 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 Due to free or “delocalized” electrons
VAN DER WAALS BONDING
 They are weaker than normal covalent and ionic bonds.
 Van der Waals forces are additive and cannot be
saturated.
 They have no directional characteristic.
 They are all short-range forces and hence only
interactions between the nearest particles need to be
considered (instead of all the particles). Van der Waals
attraction is greater if the molecules are closer.
 Van der Waals forces are independent of temperature
except dipole – dipole interactions.
 Lower melting points and are softer than those held
together by the stronger ionic, covalent, and metallic
bonds.
SUMMARY
 Types of chemical bonds
 Covalent – polymers and carbon
 Metallic – metals
 Ionic – ceramics
 Van der Waals – noble gas argon or the organic liquid
benzene

 Physical Properties arising from these bonds