ES128: Homework 5

Solutions

Problem 1
For the beam shown in Fig. 1, compute the deflection at the element nodes. The
modulus of elasticity is E = 10 × 10 6 Pa and the cross section is as shown in Fig. 1. Also
compute the maximum bending stress. Use the finite element method with the
minimum number of elements.
10 N/m

3 0.5 m
1
(1) 2 (2)
0.5 m
10 m 10 m

Fig. 1
Solution
The elements and nodes are shown in Fig. 1.
For both elements, E= 107 , I = (0.5)4 / 12 =0.0052, and L=10.
For elements 1 and 2, the stiffness matrix is
 12 6 L − 12 6 L   0.0625 0.3125 − 0.0625 0.3125 
 6 L 4 L2 − 6 L 2 L2   0.3125 2.0833 − 0.3125 1.0417 
EI   4
K =K = 3
(1 ) (2)
= 10 .
L − 12 − 6 L 12 − 6 L  − 0.0625 − 0.3125 0.0625 − 0.3125 
 2   
 6L 2L − 6L 4L  1.0417 − 0.3125 2.0833 
2
 0.3125
For element 1, the force vector is
 1  ry1   − 50 + ry1 
     
pL  L / 6   0  − 83.3333
(1 )
f = + = .
2  1   0   − 50 
     
− L / 6  0   83.3333 
The global system of the equations is
[1u] [3u] [1θ ] [2u] [2θ ] [3θ ]
 0.0625 0 0.3125 − 0.0625 0.3125 0   0   − 50 + ru1 
  
 0 0.0625 0 − 0.0625 − 0.3125 − 0.3125   0   ru 3 

 0 . 3125 0 2 . 0833 − 0 . 3125 1 . 0417 0   θ 1
  − 83 . 3333 
10 4     = .
 − 0 . 0625 − 0 .0625 − 0 . 3125 0 . 125 0 0 . 3125   u 2   − 50 
 0.3125 − 0.3125 1.0417 0 4.1666 1.0417  θ2   83.3333 
    
 0 − 0.3125 0 0.3125 1.0417 2.0833  θ 3   0 
Solution of the above system gives
θ1  − 0.0360
u   
 2  =  − 0.200  .
θ2   0.0040 
   
θ 3   0.0280 
For element 1,
0
 
 d 2 N u1 d 2 N u1 d 2 N u1 d 2 N u 1  θ1 
ε xx = − y 
 dx
2
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2  u2 
 
θ2 
 0 
− 0.0360
y
=− [0.6ξ 3ξ − 1 − 0.6ξ 3ξ + 1] 
10  − 0.200 
 
 0.0040 
y
=− (0.0240ξ + 0.0364) ,
10
where − 1 ≤ ξ ≤ 1 .
When ξ = 1 and y= ± 0.25, ε xx reaches the maximum value ( ± 0.0015). Thus the
maximum stress ( σ xx = Eε xx ) is ± 1.5 × 10 4 Pa.
Problem 2
The two-dimensional frame structure shown in Fig. 2 (next page) is composed of
two 2 × 4 m steel members ( E = 10 × 10 6 Pa), and the 2 m dimension is perpendicular
to the plane of loading . All connections are treated as welded joints. Using two
beam-axial elements and the node number as shown, determine

a. The global stiffness matrix.

b. The global load vector.
c. The displacement components of node 2.
d. The reaction forces and moments at nodes 1 and 3.
e. Maximum stress in each element.

30m 1200 N

20 N/m

1500 Nm
3 (2) 2

30m
(1)

Fig. 2
1
Solution
The elements and nodes are shown in Fig. 2. For element 1, E= 107 ,
I = 2(4)3 / 12 =10.6667, θ = π / 4 , A=8, and L= 30 2 =42.4264.
EA EI EI
Thus, = 1.8856 × 106 =c1, 3 = 1.3968 × 103 =c2, 2 = 5.9259 × 104 =c3, and
L L L
EI
= 2.5142 × 106 =c4.
L
 c1 0 0 − c1 0 0 
 0 12 × c 2 6 × c3 0 − 12 × c 2 6 × c 3 

 0 6 × c3 4 × c4 0 − 6 × c3 2 × c4 
The local stiffness matrix is  .
 − c1 0 0 c1 0 0 
 0 − 12 × c2 − 6 × c 3 0 12 × c2 − 6 × c 3
 
 0 6 × c3 2 × c4 0 − 6 × c 3 4 × c 4 
  cos θ sin θ 0 0 0 0
− sin θ cos θ 0 0 0 0

 0 0 1 0 0 0
The local-global transformation matrix is  .
 0 0 0 cos θ sin θ 0
 0 0 0 − sin θ cos θ 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1 
The global stiffness matrix of element 1 is
[1ux ] [1uy ] [1θ ] [2ux ] [2uy ] [2θ ]
 0.0951 0.0934 − 0.0251 − 0.0951 − 0.0934 − 0.0251   1u x 
 0.0934 0.0951 0.0251 − 0.0934 − 0.0951 0.0251   1u 
  y
 − 0.0251 0.0251 1.0057 0.0251 − 0.0251 0.5028   1θ 
107    .
 − 0.0951 − 0.0934 0.0251 0.0951 0.0934 0.0251  2ux 
− 0.0934 − 0.0951 − 0.0251 0.0934 0.0951 − 0.0251  2uy 
   
 − 0.0251 0.0251 0.5028 0.0251 − 0.0251 1.0057   2θ 

For element 2, θ = 0 and L= 30.

The global stiffness matrix of element 2 is
[3ux ] [3uy ] [3θ ] [2ux ] [2uy ] [2θ ]
 0.2667 0 0 − 0.2667 0 0  3ux 
 0 0.0047 0.0711 0 − 0.0047 0.0711  3u 
  y
 0 0.0711 1.4222 0 − 0.0711 0.7111   3θ 
107    .
− 0.2667 0 0 0.2667 0 0  2ux 
 0 − 0.0047 − 0.0711 0 0.0047 − 0.0711  2uy 
   
 0 0.0711 0.7111 0 − 0.0711 1.4222   2θ 

The global stiffness matrix of the system is

[1u x ] [1u y ] [1θ ] [3u x ] [3uy ] [ 3θ ] [2u x ] [2uy ] [2θ ]
 0.0951 0.0934 −0.0251 0 0 0 −0.0951 −0.0934 −0.0251   1u x 
   
 0. 0934 0 .0951 0 . 0251 0 0 0 − 0.0934 − 0.0951 0.0251   1u y 
 − 0.0251 0.0251 1.0057 0 0 0 0.0251 − 0.0251 0.5028   1θ 
   
 0 0 0 0. 2667 0 0 − 0 .2667 0 0  3u x 
7
K= 10  0 0 0 0 0.0047 0.0711 0 − 0.0047 0.0711  3u  .
  y
 0 0 0 0 0.0711 1.4222 0 − 0.0711 0.7111   3θ 
   
 − 0.0951 − 0.0934 0.0251 − 0.2667 0 0 0.3618 0.0934 0.0251  2u x 
− 0.0934 − 0.0951 − 0.0251 0 − 0.0047 − 0.0711 0.0934 0.0998 − 0.0962 2u y 
   
 − 0 . 0251 0 .0251 0 .5028 0 0 .0711 0 .7111 0 .0251 − 0.0962 2.4279   2θ 
  rx 1   1u x 
 ry1   1u 
   y
 rθ 1   1θ 
   
 rx 3  3u x 
The global force vector is f= ry 3 − 300 
 3u y  .
   
rθ 3 − 1500  3θ 
 0  2u 
   x
 − 1500  2u y 
 0   2θ 
   
u 2 x 
Thus, d F = u2 u  ,
 θ 2 

 − 0.0951 − 0.0934 − 0.0251

− 0.0934 − 0.0951 0.0251 
 
 0. 0251 − 0.0251 0.5028 
K EF = 10 7  ,
 − 0.2667 0 0 
 0 − 0.0047 0.0711 
 
 0 − 0.0711 0.7111 
 0.3618 0.0934 0.0251 
K FF = 10 0.0934 0.0998 − 0.0962 ,
7

 0.0251 − 0.0962 2.4279 

 0 
and fF = − 1500 .
 0 

 0.0005 
Since d E = 0, d F = K f =  − 0.0021  .
-1
FF F

− 0.0001

Based on fE = K EF d F , we can get

at node 1, rx 1 = 1.464 × 10 3 , ry1 = 1.4644 × 10 3 , and rθ 1 = 0.2181 × 10 3 ,
at node 3, rx 3 = −1.464 × 10 3 , ry 3 = 0.3356 × 10 3 , and rθ 3 = 2.3621 × 10 3 .
For element 1, the global displacement vector is [0, 0, 0, 0.0005, -0.0021,-0.0001] T .
With local-global transformation, we can get the local displacement vector
[0, 0, 0, -0.0011, -0.0018,-0.0001] T . The strain
 u1 
 
0.0011  d N u 1 d N u 1 d N u 1 d N u 1  θ 1 
2 2 2 2
ε xx = − − y 
30 2  dx
2
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2  u2 
 
θ 2 
 0 
 
−5 y  6ξ 6ξ  0 .
=- 2.5927 × 10 −  3ξ − 1 − 3ξ + 1
30 2  30 2 30 2   − 0. 0018 
 
− 0.0001
The maximum strain is − 3.2785 × 10 −5 when y=-2 and ξ = 1 . As a result, the maximum
stress is -327.85 N.

For element 2; the local displacement vector is [0, 0, 0, 0.0005, -0.0021,-0.0001] T , and
 u1 
 
0.0005  d N u 1 d N u 1 d N u 1 d N u 1  θ 1 
2 2 2 2
the strain ε xx = − y 
30  dx
2
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2  u2 
 
θ 2 
 0 
 
−5 y  6ξ 6ξ  0 .
= 1.6667 × 10 − 3ξ − 1 − 3ξ + 1 
30  30 30   − 0 .0021 
 
− 0.0001
The maximum strain is 3.1334 × 10 −5 when y=2 and ξ = −1 . As a result, the maximum
stress is 313.34 N.
Problem 3

A square frame of length L = 1 m on each side is subject to equal and opposite horizontal
loads P = 100 N. Each of the four beam members has a square cross-section of width a
= 2 cm. The material is steel with Young’s modulus E = 200GPa. Obtain the horizontal
displacement, ∆ , of joint A relative to joint C. (Hints: Make use of the two-fold
symmetry to reduce the number of unknowns. Take the displacement components and
rotation to vanish at the center of the frame. Symmetry dictates that the horizontal
displacement and rotation vanish at B, while the vertical displacement and the rotation
vanish at A.)

B
3
(2)

C A
P P
1

(1)
Fig. 3
2 D

Solution

Let us focus on the left part (CDB), and the nodes and elements are shown in Fig.3. For
element 1, E= 1011 , I = (2 × 10 −2 )4 / 12 =1.3333 × 10−8 , A=4 × 10−4 , L= 1, and θ = −π / 4 .
The global stiffness matrix of element 1 is
[1ux ] [1uy ] [1θ ] [2ux ] [2uy ] [2θ ]
 4.0016 - 3.9984 0.0011 − 4.0016 3.9984 0.0011   1u x 
- 3.9984 4.0016 0.0011 3.9984 − 4.0016 0.0011   1u 
  y
 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 − 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0005   1θ 
107    .
 − 4.0016 3.9984 − 0.0011 4.0016 - 3.9984 − 0.0011  2ux 
 3.9984 − 4.0016 − 0.0011 - 3.9984 4.0016 − 0.0011  2uy 
   
 0.0011 0.0011 0.0005 − 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0011   2θ 
For element 2, θ = π / 4 , and the global stiffness matrix is
[1ux ] [1uy ] [1θ ] [3ux ] [3uy ] [3θ ]
 4.0016 3.9984 - 0.0011 − 4.0016 - 3.9984 - 0.0011   1u x 
 3.9984 4.0016 0.0011 - 3.9984 − 4.0016 0.0011   1u 
  y
 - 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0005   1θ 
107    .
 − 4.0016 - 3.9984 0.0011 4.0016 3.9984 0.0011  3ux 
- 3.9984 − 4.0016 − 0.0011 3.9984 4.0016 − 0.0011  3uy 
   
 - 0.0011 0.0011 0.0005 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0011   3θ 

The global stiffness matrix of the system is

[1u x ] [1u y ] [1θ ] [2u x ] [2uy ] [2θ ] [3u x ] [3uy ] [ 3θ ]
 8.0032 0 0 −4.0016 3.9984 0.0011 −4.0016 −3.9984 −0.0011   1u x 
   
 0 8. 0032 0. 0022 3.9984 − 4.0016 0.0011 − 3.9984 − 4.0016 0.0011   1u y 
 0 0.0022 0.0022 − 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0005 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0005   1θ 
   
 − 4.0016 3.9984 − 0.0011 4.0016 − 3.9984 − 0.0011 0 0 0  2u x 
7  2u 
10 3.9984 − 4.0016 − 0.0011 − 3.9984

4.0016 − 0.0011 0 0 0
  y
.
 0.0011 0.0011 0.0005 − 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0011 0 0 0   2θ 
   
 − 4 .0016 − 3 . 9984 0.0011 0 0 0 4.0016 3.9984 0.0011  3u x 
− 3.9984 − 4.0016 − 0.0011 0 0 0 3.9984 4.0016 − 0.0011  3uy 
   
 − 0.0011 0.0011 0.0005 0 0 0 0.0011 − 0.0011 0.0011   3θ 
 u1 x 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
The displacement vector is d= u2 y  .
 
0 
0 
 
u3 y 
0 
 
100
 0 
 
 0 
 
 rx 2 
The force vector is f=  0  .
 
 rθ 2 
r 
 x3 
 0 
r 
 θ3 
  ux 1 
 
Thus, d F = uy 2  ,
 uy 3 
 
 8.0032 3.9984 − 3.9984
7 ,
K F = 10  3.9984 4.0016 0 
− 3.9984 0 4.0016 
100
and fF =  0  .
 0 
 ux 1   0.7816 
 
Since d E = 0, d F = K F fF . Thus d F = uy 2  = 10 − 0.7809 .
-1 −3 

uy 3   0.7809 
 
The horizontal displacement of joint A relative to joint C is 1.5632 × 10−3 m.