Living in the IT Era
• Machines can do tasks faster and more efficient
Information and Communications Technology
Technology
• Advancement in communication and how information is
handled.
Information and Communications Technology
• Related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically mediated
communication.
IT VS ICT
ICT
• Using computers and other digital technologies to assist
individuals or institutions in handling or using information.
• Supports activities involving information such as gathering,
processing, storing, and presenting data.
IT
• Industry that involves computers, software, networking and
other IT infrastructure to help relay or manage information
important in modern-day living as seen primarily in large
companies or corporations.
• IT is a subset of ICT as the technology used in the field of IT
aids in the use of ICT.
Breakdown of ICT
INFORMATION
• Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,
investigation, study, or research.
• It is regarded as processed data.
• It is needed to make decisions and to foresee the future.
• Processed information is called knowledge.
COMMUNICATION
• It is an act of transmitting messages.
• It is a process in which information is exchanged between
individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
TECHNOLOGY
• It has evolved in ways that improve people’s daily activities.
• It has also made broadcasting of information, such as news or
weather reports more effective.
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
• A computer is an electronic device operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results,
and store the results for future use.
• Automation is defined as “the technique of making an
apparatus, a process, or a system operate automatically.”
• Intelligent systems are far more complex and are capable of
learning.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
• First-generation computer (1946-1959)
➢ Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
➢ Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
➢ ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of several
panels capable of performing different functions.
➢ Can do arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction of up to 10 digits.
➢ The computer was roughly 167 sqm in size and weighed 27
tons.
• Second-generation computer (1959-1965)
➢ Using transistors as the inter sections of the computer.
➢ Transistors were much smaller, faster, and more
dependable than the vacuum tubes of the first-generation
computer.
➢ They generated less heat and consumed less electricity but
were still very costly.
• Third-generation computer (1965-1971)
➢ Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) that was
used instead of transistors as the interior sections to build
the computer.
➢ A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
that even the full circuit board of a transistor can be replaced
entirely with one chip.
• Fourth-generation computer (1971-1980)
➢ Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used to
build computers.
➢ Has 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a single chip known as
microprocessor
• Fifth-generation computer (1980-onwards)
➢ VLSI evolved into Ultra Large-scale integration (ULSI)
having 10 million electronic components.
➢ This generation involved computer intelligence which is
associated with artificial intelligence (AI), natural
language, and expert systems that interpret the means and
practices of producing computers that think like human
beings.
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
• Hardware pertains to the computer’s physical devices.
• It is any part of the computer that can be seen and touched.
• A computer’s hardware consists of interrelated electronic
devices that are used to manipulate the computer’s operation,
input devices, and output devices.
• Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the
user or from another computer system on the internet while
output devices send back the administered data to the user or to
another computer system.
INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard - accepts letters, numbers, and commands from
the user.
• Mouse – lets one select options from on-screen menus. A
trackball has a ball that can rotate using a finger or the palm of a
hand to move the pointer. A touchpad or trackpad is a touch-
sensitive pad that lets the user move the pointer by touching.
• Microphone – allows a user to speak into the computer to
input data and instructions.
• Scanner – converts printed material into a form the computer
can use.
➢ Flatbed Scanner – most common
➢ Portable Scanner – small
➢ Pen Scanners – can scan line by line
• Digital camera – allows one to take pictures and then transfer
the photographed images to the computer or printer.
• PC video camera – a digital video camera that enables users to
create a movie or take still photographs electronically.
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Printer – produces text and graphics on a physical medium such
as paper.
➢ Impact printer – makes contact on paper by pressing an
inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins
(dot-matrix printer)
➢ Non-impact printer - does not use a striking device and
produces less noise (inkjet & laser printer)
• Monitor – displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen.
• Cathode ray tube (CRT) – is a vacuum tube containing an
electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end.
From this electron gun, a process called thermionic emission
generates a strong beam of electrons.
• Liquid crystal display (LCD) — is a flat-panel display that
consists of a layer of color or monochrome pixels arranged
schematically between a couple of transparent electrodes and
two polarizing filters.
• Light-emitting diode (LED) — is a flat-panel display that uses
light-emitting diodes for backlighting. The display is of LCD
only but the backlighting is done by LEDs.
SYSTEM UNIT
• is the enclosure composed of the main elements of a
computer that are used to administer data. This can be referred
to as a computer case or tower. The circuitry of the system unit
containing the primary components of a computer with
connectors into which other circuit boards can be positioned
recognized as motherboard.
STORAGE DEVICES
• The goal of using a storage is to keep data permanently.
• There are many types of storage devices which include the disk
drive, a small portable storage device often referred to as pen
drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. Another type of storage is
the hard disk drive.
• Another storage device is the compact disc. It is a flat, round,
and portable metal disc. One type of compact disc is a CD-
ROM, which can be accessed using most CD and DVD drives.
Another type of compact disc is a DVD-ROM, which has
enough storage capacity to store a full-length movie.
WHY COMPUTERS ARE POWERFUL?
• Allows users to communicate and interact.
• A user is anyone who communicate and interacts with a
computer or makes use of the information it generates.
• Speed
• Reliability and consistency
• Accuracy
• Communication
CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
• Personal computer — is a small, single-user computer based
on a microprocessor. It has a keyboard for entering data, a
monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for
saving data.
• Workstation - is a powerful, single-user computer. It has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.
• Minicomputer — is a multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
• Mainframe — is a powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
• Supercomputer — is an extremely fast computer that can
perform millions of instructions per second.
• Desktop computers — are computers designed to be placed on
a desk, and are normally made up of a few different parts,
including the computer case, central processing unit (CPU),
monitor keyboard, and mouse.
• Laptop computers - are battery-powered computer devices
whose portability makes them possible to use almost anywhere.
• Tablet computers — are hand-held computers with touch-
sensitive screen for typing and navigation
• Smartphones — are hand-held telephones which can do things
that computers can do.
• Wearables — include fitness trackers and smartwatches that
can be worn throughout the day
• Smart TVs — are the latest television sets that include
applications present in computers,
Digital Age, Information Age, and Computer Age
• It is a period in human history characterized by the shift from
traditional industry to information technology-based
economy brought by industrialization during the Industrial
Revolution.
Media in the Digital Age
• Media normally refers to the means of communication that uses
unique tools to interconnect among people.
The Message
• Media is considered to be the message itself for those who create
and own the rights of content. User-generated content (UGC)
is a form of content created and owned by the users of a system.
UGC has grown exponentially especially with the wide internet
coverage or easy Wi-Fi access, increased social media
participation, and affordable smart devices
Blog
• A blog is a combination of two words— web and log it works
the same way as pen and paper would privacy becomes
irrelevant given that a blog post can be seen by anyone online.
A person who writes blogs is called a blogger.
The Medium
• The medium used refers to the tool or tools used in sending a
message from the source to the destination
The Messenger
• The messenger is the one who delivers the message.
Evolution of Media
• The media has transformed itself based on two things
1. how information is presented; and
2. how the connection is established.
Overview of Current Trends
• A trend refers to something hip or popular at a certain point
in time. A new trend may always come along to replace the old
one.
• Technology trends tend to change as time goes by. Following
Moore's Law, technology is bound to upgrade itself every two
years. In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted that the computing
power would dramatically increase over time. But as it increases,
the cost is expected to proportionally go down.
• Major trends in 2017
➢ IOT and smart home technology
➢ Augmented reality and virtual reality
➢ Machine learning
➢ Automation
➢ Big data
➢ Physical-digital integrations
➢ Everything on demand
Impact of ICT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society
• Positive Effects
➢ Improved access to education
➢ Access to information and communication
➢ Security
• Negative Effects
➢ Reduced personal interaction and physical activity
➢ Job loss or increase in unemployment
➢ Security
Ethical Issues in ICT
• Plagiarism - It is an act of theft in which a person copies
another person‘s ideas, words, writings, etc., and passes
them off as his or her own.
• Exploitation- It is an action in which one deals with a
person dishonestly, unethically, and dishonorably, in
order to take advantage of the latter‘s works and/or
resources.
• Libel - It can either be an insult, slur, or slander. Either
written or spoken or even through actions, it may lead to
libel if the accusation is not true and without any piece of
evidence.
• Software Piracy - It refers to an act of installing or
copying a software into the computer in the absence of an
end-user licensing agreement (EULA), and/or producing
a copy disregarding the copyrights.
Computers in Our Daily Life
How computers work?
• Computer can understand machine language. It sees the
letters as a series of 0's and 1's called the binary language.
• A computer can only understand two digits—a 0 and a 1.
This type of number system is called the binary number
system, with the prefix bi, which means 2.
• There are other types of number systems, such as the octal
number system (from the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8
digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means
6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to represent its
values).
How computers interpret data?
• This is normally done through number system conversion.
Depending on the standard used, computer systems convert
characters from the keyboard and later display them on the
monitor.
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are typically found
underneath each key. Upon typing a letter, the pressure pad
sends information to the CPU for processing.
2. The information is then transmitted in the form of 0's and
1's using the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) code.
3. The CPU determines what character has been typed and
sends the information to the computer monitor, again in
0's and 1's.
4. The monitor displays the information in its equivalent
character, this time readable and understandable humans.
• Computer programmers create programs so that computers can
do specific tasks. People who write programs are programmers.
Another term used for a program is codes. Writing programs is
called programming or coding.
How do computers communicate with one another?
• A computer system, on its own, communicates through what is
called a system bus. A system bus is a pathway composed of
cables and connectors used to carry data from a computer's
peripheral devices—monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc.— to the
CPU and the main memory.
• There are three types of buses: the data bus, the address bus, and
the control bus.
➢ Data Bus - can transfer data to and from the memory of
a computer, or into or out of the CPU.
➢ Address Bus - is used by the CPU to specify a physical
address for instructions, files, and other devices within the
computer system.
➢ Control Bus - is used by CPUs to communicate with
other devices within the computer system.
• As the address bus carries the location of the data being sent
and the data bus carries the actual data being processed, the
control bus carries the commands or instructions from the CPU.
It also sends status signals from the devices, identifying if it is
ready or not. The typical read/write commands are identified
through the control bus.
• The amount of data sent throughout the system bus depends on
the size of the bus. Latest Computer systems use a 64- bit bus
 however, the majority still use a 32-bit computing size for their
computer systems.
How Computers Connect to Other Computers
• Computers are able to communicate with one another over
networks. A computer network is an interconnection of two
more computers. This interconnection gives these computers
the capability to share information and resources.
Computer Network Systems
• Personal Area Network (PAN) - A type of connection that is
often limited to an individual person and his or her personal
devices.
• Local Area Network (LAN) - A connection in which a group
of computers and other device share a common
communications line within a certain area
• Wide Area Network (WAN) - may be made of several LANs
and PANs. A WAN can also be made up of several more WANs.
Methods of Communication
• Wired Communication
➢ USB - Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a connection or
interface that allows the computer to communicate with
system peripherals.
➢ FireWire - It is a type that can transmit data to and
devices which have typical high data rates, such as
external hard drives. The transfer speed of a FireWire is
faster that of a USB.
➢ Ethernet cable - transmits signals between a computer
and network devices such as a router, switch, or other
computers.
➢ HDMI - High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
is a connector for transmitting audio/video data which are
compatible to computers, projectors, and digital televisions
VGA - The 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA)
connector been provided on many video cards,
computer monitors, laptop computers, and
projectors.Serial - An RS-232 serial connection was once
a standard feature of a personal computer used for
connections to modem, printer, mouse, and other peripheral
devices.
➢ Parallel - Similar to the serial connections, parallel
connection were used before to connect other computer
peripherals such as printers.
➢ PS/2 - is a 6-pinconnector used to connect the mouse and
keyboard to a computer. It is color-coded to identify
which peripheral will be connected to which port. Purple is
for keyboard and green is for the mouse.Audio Jacks- are
the 3.5 mm jacks used for microphones (as input), and
speakers (as output). It uses color codes as well to indicate
the type of input and output lines.
▪ Pink: Mic inBlue: Line in
▪ Green: Front speakers out
▪ Black (or dark blue in some older boards): Rear
speakers out
▪ Orange: Center/subwoofer out
▪ Gray: Middle speaker out
Wireless communication
• Wireless communications include microwave transmission,
satellite communication, cellular transmission, and radio
transmission such as WiFi connectivity Wireless technologies
differ hugely from one another, but the most popular types are
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
a professional technical association with members all across the
globe identified standard 802.11 for Wi-Fi and 802.15 for
Bluetooth in the wireless standards.
➢ Wi-Fi - uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit
information across a network. Wi-Fi's signals are
transmitted in frequencies of between 2.5 and 5 gigahertz
(GHz), which are higher than radio and TV signals to
avoid interference.
➢ Bluetooth - uses radio waves to connect to other
devices. The connection via Bluetooth is called pairing.
Once paired, devices are able to and receive information
provided they are within a given range which is typically
10 meters.
How Humans Communicate with Computers
• Computer software
• System platforms
• System software
• Applications software
• Online applications software
• The computer software is a combination of instructions, data
and programs that the needs in order to do a specific task.
Another term used for software is computer programs.
• Programs are a set of codes or instructions which are usually
designed or written by computer programmers using a specific
programming language.
• The most common type of programming language used by
programmers is called object-oriented programming.
➢ C#
➢ Java
➢ PHP (python)
• Programmers have developed two types of computer
software—the system software and application software.
• Application Software - Most of the day-to-day tasks done in
front of a computer involve the use of application programs.
• System Software - The system software also called an
operating system (OS) is the most important software running
on a computer since it manages the computer's memory and
instructions and has the ability to control all the connected
hardware and installed software applications.
• The OS allows a person to interact with the computer—from
the hardware components and peripherals to all the installed
software applications and files one has stored on the computer.
System Platforms
• Desktop systems differ from mobile systems in terms of how
each platform treats the application Software installed in the
system.
• According to the International Data Corporation (IDC), the
most popular mobile operating system as of 2316 is Android
OS, acquiring 85% of the global market (IDC, 2017).
Applications software
• consists of programs that are designed to perform specific
tasks for users. Specific application software products, called
software packages, are available from different vendors.

Online Applications Software
• Online application software is now introduced with the
improved internet speed being made available to consumers.
• Wix.com and WordPress.com are two of the most popular
website creation tools available online. Both tools offer
blogging and website Content Management System (CMS).
Users do not need to be programmers due to the simple and
easy-to-use design of the CMS.
How Computers Impact Everyday Life
• Education
• Banking
• Workforce Industry
• Electronic Commerce
• Hospitals
The Internet and World Wide Web
The Internet
• The internet (capitalized as Internet when it first came into
widespread use) is defined as a Worldwide network
connecting to a million of computers via dedicated routers
and servers.
• When computers are connected to the internet, end-users
could start sending and receiving different types of
information. These types of information can be sent and
received via electronic mail (emails), text or video chats
and/or conferencing, and computer programs, among others.
Then and Now
• The Internet started from the Advanced Research
Projects Agency's Wide Area Network which is called
the ARPANET. This was established by the U.S.
Department of Defense in the 1960s so that the military's
research unit could collaborate or partner with business
and government laboratories.
• Afterwards, other universities and U.S. institutions were
connected to ARPANET that resulted in the growth of
ARPANET is different from everyone's expectations.
ARPANET then attained the name of "Internet".
The Internet 2 Environment: Future Empowerment
• Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium founded
in 1996 by 34 university research institutions in the U.S. It
provides a collaborative environment where U.S. research and
education organizations work together and develop advanced
technologies and innovative solutions such as telemedicine,
digital libraries, and virtual laboratories to assist education,
research, and community development.
• The Philippines, via the Philippines Research, Education and
Government Information Network (PREGINET), is among
the international peers reachable via Trans-Eurasia
Information Network (TEIN), one of the Internet2's peering
relationships. Just in August 2017, a national training course on
nuclear neurology was held in which a nationwide webcast
among hospitals was made possible through the high-speed
connectivity provided by PREGINET and the video conference
server hosted locally at the Department of Science and
Technology-Advanced Science and Technology Institute
(DOST-ASTI). By supporting telemedicine or telehealth in the
country this information infrastructure, therefore, enables
Philippine hospitals to keep abreast of new medical diagnostics
and world-class treatment options without having to travel
abroad.
Internet Today: Still Growing
• Today, the internet connects thousands of networks and
billions of users around the world. The number of internet
users as of January 2018 is 4.021 billion which means that
more than half of the world's population is now online as
revealed by We Are Social and Hootsuite in their 2018
Global Digital suite of reports. Despite this huge number,
the Internet has no central ownership. It means that no
single person or group controls the network.
Jobs the Internet Can Do
• Move, transfer, or assign computerized information from one
place to another. All this information is known as data.
How Data Travels the Internet
• Data and information are transferred around the world through
wired or wireless transmission media.
• However, there is a big difference between how a telephone
call works and how the internet carries data. For example,
friend A gives friend B a telephone call; the telephone then
opens a direct connection (also known as the circuit) between
friend A's home and friend B's home. In this scenario, a direct
line can be pictured out, running along miles of cable, from
friend A's telephone to friend B's telephone. As long as the
two friends are over the telephone, that connection or circuit
 stays open between the two telephones. This method of
linking the telephones together is called circuit switching.
• Circuit switching, however, is inefficient because if you stay
connected with your friend or relative over the phone all the
time, the circuit is still connected, and is, therefore, blocking
other people from using it. A traditional dial-up connection to
the net, in which a computer dials a telephone number to reach
the internet service provider, uses circuit switching. This
appears inefficient because browsing the internet and using the
telephone at the same time is not possible.
• Packet switching is a mode of transmission in which the
message is broken into smaller parts (called packets) which
are sent independently, and then reassembled at the ultimate
destination.
• Compared to circuit switching, packet switching, therefore, is
much more efficient. A permanent connection is not necessary
between the two places communicating, which avoids
blocking the entire chunk of the network each time a message
is sent.
1. Application
2. Data broken into packets
3. Router (TCP)
4. Modem (IP)
5. Local ISP
6. Long Haul Provider
7. Border Gateway Protocol
8. Any Additional Network Exchanges
9. Long Haul Provider of Destination
10. Local ISP of Destination
11. Modem (IP)
12. Router (TCP)
13. Packets Reassembled
14. Destination Server or Computer
15. Application
What do Computers do on the Internet?
• Computers do different jobs on the internet, some computers
work like electronic filing cabinets that store information and
send it when clients request so. These are called servers.
• A server is a computer that is designed to process any
requests for data and deliver data to other client computers
over a local network or the internet. A client is a computer or
device that gets information from a server. Any computer
running with special software can function as a server, and
servers have different roles to play.
• A computer that holds the user accounts, computer accounts,
organizational units, and application services is called the
Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS).
• Another machine that helps the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server is a server that configures IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses specifically in giving names to each IP address
up to its root recognition which is called the domain name
system (DNS) server.
• Another machine that holds and manages documents is known
as the file server while the other one that holds users' mail
services and Web services is referred to as Web Server II. A
device that connects printers to client computers through the
internet is called a print server.
• Besides clients and servers, the internet is made up of a
hardware device designed to receive, analyze, and send
incoming packets to another network. This is called router.
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web is referred to as the collection of public
websites that are connected to the internet worldwide,
together with the client computers which include personal
computers, laptops, iPads, and cellular phone that access its
content.
Web Technologies
• The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the
internet and computer networks. This is based on three
fundamental technologies that are said to be part of the
WWW development
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• is a standard markup language used for creating web pages.
HTML is classified as the set of markup symbols or codes
appended in a file intended for presentation on a World Wide
Web browser page
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• is classified as the set of standards allowing users of the World
Wide Web to interchange information seen on web pages. Port
80 is the standard port for HTTP connections.
Web Servers and Web Browsers
• is a software application for recovering, presenting, and
navigating information resources on the World Wide Web.
There are different browser applications that are currently used
in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more.
The World Wide Web Today
• It is observed and shown that the way the Web works is
reasonably simple having its four basic stages: connection,
request, response, and close.
• The first stage is where many users access the browsers such as
Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox (some
of the most used browsers) to connect to the Web server.
Browsers work by using a unique protocol known as the
HTTP which demands a particular programmed text from the
web server. The text is actually written in HTML format that
informs the browser on how it will display the text on the user's
screen. Different technical terms are used in explaining how the
Web works. One of the most important terms to know is the
uniform resource locators (URLs) which is sorted as the
internet address. A URL contains four parts, namely the
protocol identifier which indicates the protocol to use, the
domain name which specifies the IP address where the
resource is located, the path, and the file name (Mitchell,
2017).
Searching for Information on the Web
• A website is maintained by its owner, called a web
administrator. The owner can modify the website content as
well as add new information in it. However, no single
organization controls additions, deletions, and changes to all
websites. This means there is no single repository for all the
websites found on the internet. Several companies, however,
maintain organized directories of websites to help people find
 information about specific topics (Shelly, Cashma, &
Vermaat, 2011).
• There are two mainly managed search tools that people use in
locating information on the web: subject directories and
search engines. Subject directories are developed and
maintained by human editors and not by electronic spiders or
robots that are used to fetch web pages automatically. A
search engine, on the other hand, uses small programs called
spiders or bots (like Googlebot, Yahoo Slurp, and MSNbot)
that polish the internet, follow links, and return information to
the search engine's indicator.
Google search tricks released in 2016
1. Use quotes to search for an exact phrase
2. Use an asterisk within quotes to specify unknown or variable
words
3. Use the minus sign to eliminate results containing certain
words
4. Search websites for keywords
5. Compare using "vs"
6. Use "DEFINE: "to search for the meaning of words- slang
Included
7. Search images using images
INFORMATION, CONTROL, AND PRIVACY
RESOURCES
• Physical resources are tangible and can be easily identified.
• Conceptual resources are non-tangible and are considered
valuable for what they represent rather than their physical make-up.
INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE
Information can be simply defined as "facts about something or
someone that are provided or learned." Facts are considered relevant
truths which have been validated and identified. Data are considered
facts; therefore, processed data are considered as information as they
are organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond
the value of the facts themselves.
• Expandable – can be expanded without compromising its
integrity
• Compressible – can give more detailed without fillers.
• Transportable – can be sent through email, facebook, copy
on flash drive, etc.
• Diffusive – information spreads easily
• Shareable – can be spread easily
Information is not all different from other resources. Similar to how
physical resources are managed, information is considered valuable
and also has a life cycle. It begins with transforming raw materials
into a finished product—processing data to come up with valuable
information
Valuable Information
Information is said to be valuable if it the following characteristics
(Stair & Reynolds, 2016):
• Accurate – error-free
• Complete – contains all the important facts
• Economical – relatively economical to produce
• Reliable – can be depended on
• Flexible – can be used for different purposes
• Relevant – important
• Simple – is not overly complex
• Timely – delivered when needed
• Verifiable – can be checked for correctness and accuracy
• Accessible – Easy access at right time to meet needs
• Secure – secure from unauthorized access
Information is considered valuable mains for business purposes as
businesses depend on it to quality products and services. Valuable
information helps managers make good decisions which is why
valuable or useful information is called knowledge.
INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE
Information, as a resource, has four characteristics:
• Zero-marginal cost –you don’t have to pay for the
information
• Non-rivalrous – can be consumed by users simultaneously
• Non-exclusive – not limited to any person
• No transparency – must be known
Information Economics
Since people have widely different values for a particular piece of
information, value-based pricing leads naturally to differential
pricing. In economics, a good is considered to be an experience good
if consumers must experience it to value it. Information, on the other
hand, may be treated differently, since it is not the asset that provides
value in today's economy: what provides value is the information
about the asset.
Strategies:
• Browsing Previews – gives a preview of information
• Branding – creating brand identity
• Reputation – based on other reviews
In the digital world, an experience good may not necessarily translate
into a good which is physical or directly used by consumers. With
mobile games becoming more popular, users feel the need to excel in
them, in which the need for more equipment, higher experience
levels and better gaming results become more of a necessity. For this
reason, game apps offer virtual goods such character gears,
equipment, and even level-up boosts in exchange for virtual money.
However, there are cases in which some would pay real money,
usually in U.S. dollars, in exchange for a virtual item.
Information Overload
Information is produced at rapidly-increasing rates due to the
following reasons:
• Easy duplication and transmission of information
• Increase in communication methods
• Growth archives of historical information
MOBILE SOCIAL MEDIA AND MOBILE COMMERCE
With the introduction of the internet, market shifted from a brick-
and-mortar set-up to an online operation more commonly known as
e-commerce. And now with mobile internet, people can access
internet services without the need for computers, They have their
smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices connected to the
network to send and receive information wherever they are and
whenever they want to. This connectivity has paved the way to two
new scenarios in communication:
• Mobile social media – accessing social media sites using
social media
• M-Commerce
M-Commerce
M-commerce or mobile commerce was a term used during the 1997
Global Mobile Commerce Forum by Kevin Duffey. He described it
as the delivery of electronic commerce capabilities directly into the
consumer's hand, anywhere, via wireless technology. The use of
mobile devices has paved the way for data to be transmitted and
received much faster, without compromising security and scalability.
Industries that are now embracing m-commerce include:
• Financial Services – online banking
• Mobile ticketing – receipts of transactions
• Service/Retail – place and pay for orders
• Information Services – delivery news, stock quotes, sport
figures, emergency reports, and weather and traffic
Information Control
A large requirement for information control comes from commerce,
industry, and copyright owners in general. Information control comes
in the form Of keeping Secrets inside a business or selling IPR
(Intellectual Property Rights) to those prepared to purchase it.
Information control is about allowing those who have appropriate
authority access to and use of information on the basis of the
authority that they hold.
Software Piracy
According to The Software Alliance (mvw.bsa.org) (2018), software
piracy is "the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted
software... can be done through copying downloading, sharing,
selling or installing multiple copies of software onto personal or work
computers. "
Information Control
Adam Thierer in 2011, identified four issues which further
complicate the problem on information control:
• Convergence – technological advancements and social
media
• Scale – viewers no need to wait long
• Volume – news and media outlets abound in print and
online
• Unprecedented Individual Empowerment – post
anything they want
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property (IF) refers to a number of distinct types of
intangible assets for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized.
IP includes musical, literary, and artistic works such as Taylor Swift's
new album, J. K. Rowling's new book, and the latest iPhone.
However, IP is not just limited to these items. It can also include
words, phrases, symbols, and even designs.
IP is any creation or product of the human mind and may be
expressed in the form of original ideas, expressions, and processes.
Intellectual property rights (IPR) are the rights given to persons over
their creations. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over
the use of his or her creation for a certain period of time. According
to the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic No.
8293 s. 1998), IPR consists of the following:
a. Copyright and Related Rights
b. Trademarks and Service Marks
c. Geographic Indications
d. Industrial Design
e. Patents
f. Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits
g. Protection of Undisclosed Information
The Intellectual Property Office Of the Philippines (IP Philippines)
is the government agency in charge of the implementation of the law
protecting intellectual property rights in the Philippines as provided
for under R. A. 8293, the Intellectual Property Code Of the
Philippines, and the revised Intellectual Property Code Of the
Philippines known as R.A. 10372.
Copyright and Related Rights
Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the creator
of an original work or their assignee for a limited period of time in
exchange for public disclosure of the work, and includes the right to
copy, distribute, and adapt the work. Copyright owners can license
or permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others.
Digital rights, on the other hand, the permission granted to
individuals to legitimately perform actions involving the use of a
computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. It is
particularly related to the protection and realization of existing rights
in the context of new digital technologies, especially the internet.
Digital Rights Management
Digital rights management (DRM) is used to describe the processes
by which the author or publisher of a work exerts his or her rights to
control what the purchaser of the work is entitled to do. This
represents the control by which one can prevent a person or an
organization from copying, printing, editing, or otherwise making the
privileged information available to other people.
Intellectual Property
The following are techniques designed to control access and
reproduction of online information:
• Encryption – authorized person can only understand
• Serial Keys – key that denotes the product or software is
original
• Scrambling – used to hide sensitive information
• Tag Embedding – watermarks to denote ownership
Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor
for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of
an invention. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most
countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling,
or distributing the patented invention without permission. One
example of a patented design is that of Apple's iPod.
Trademark
A trademark is a distinctive sign used by an individual, business
organization, or other legal entity to identify the products or services
to consumers. The mark comes from a unique source, and it
distinguishes its product (trademark) or services (service mark) from
the others. Rights in a mark shall be acquired through registration
made validly in accordance with the provisions of the IP code. For
marks with geographical indications, a notice stating that a given
product originates in a given geographical area must be identified,
This is relatively new in the Philippine IP regime as marks are
identified based on the territory, region, or locality attributed. In the
Philippines, one of the most popular trademarks based on locality is
the Pampanga's Best delicacies logo.
Protection of Undisclosed Information
Industries and companies need to have information control especially
in dealing with sensitive industry to protect these industry secrets,
also called trade secrets, companies usually require employees to
sign contracts with non-disclosure agreements (NDAS)
Trade secret is the term used for any method, formula, device,
process, or any information that gives the business a unique
competitive advantage over its competition. It includes company
research and development information, software algorithms,
inventions, designs, formulas, ingredients, and devices, among
others.
Information Privacy
A cookie is a small file that is stored in the computer's directory, often
a temporary folder. The cookie contains addresses of websites
visited, login credentials, and even credit card account numbers. This
is done so that the next time the person visits the website, the
computer system will no longer reload the same content or data,
saving time and processing power for the computer.
This policy regarding the computer's IP address and cookie
information is mostly common to other services including Google
Mail. Facebook, etc. Yahoo is considered a trusted wwebsite
Data Privacy Act 10173
To protect the privacy of Filipino citizens, Republic Act No, 101 73,
also known as the Data Privacy Act Of 2012, was signed and
approved by then President Benigno Aquino III On August 15, 2012.
The law defines sensitive personal information as being:
• about an individual's race, ethnic origin, marital Status, age,
color, and religious, philosophical, Or political affiliations;
• about an individual's health, education, genetic or sexual life
of a person, or to any proceeding or any offense committed or alleged
to have committed;
• issued by government agencies "peculiar" (unique) to an
individual, such as social security number; and
• marked as classified by an Executive Order or an act of
Congress.
All processing of sensitive and personal information is prohibited
except in certain circumstances. The exceptions are:
• consent of the data subject;
• pursuant to law that does not require consent;
• necessity to protect the life and health of a person;
• necessity for medical treatment; and
• necessity to protect the lawful rights of data subjects in court
proceedings, legal proceedings, or regulation.
A "security incident" is an event or occurrence that affects or tends
to affect data protection, or may compromise availability, integrity or
confidentiality. This definition includes incidents that would result in
a personal breach, if not for safeguards that have been put in place.
A "personal data breach," on the other hand is a subset of a security
breach that actually leads to "accidental or unlawful destruction, loss,
alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, data transmitted,
stored, or otherwise processed.
IT, Culture, and the Society
The Impact of IT on the Society
• IOT and Smart Home Technology
• Augmented Reality and virtual Reality
• Machine Learning
• Automation
• Big Data
• Physical-Digital Interactions
• Everything on Demand
Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IOT) is a set-up of devices and objects which are
connected together in a given network. Their connection, often
wirelessly, is possible using both hardware and software.
The hardware part is often made up of sensors that collect data, which
are then sent to other devices for analysis and possible interpretation.
Popular examples are health wearable devices such as step counters
that are connected to a mobile phone via bluetooth. An app installed
in the phone records the results in a daily, weekly, or monthly basis
for the mobile phone user to keep track of his or her progress.
Capabilities of IoT
A major requirement for IoT is a strong internet connection, as all
devices must be able to communicate with one another for the upload
and download of needed data. But aside from connectivity, IoT
should also be capable of the following (Mattern & Floerkemeier):
• Integration across Technology and business
• Data analysis synchronization
• Security and Service
Applications of IoT
With improved business processes and employee productivity, it is
only natural for organizations to adopt IoT. In a study conducted by
IOT Analytics, it was found that most of the 1 ,600 IoT projects are
applied in cities (Scully, 2018).
• Smart Cities
• Connected Industries
• Connected Buildings
• Connected Cars
• Smart Energy
Challenges of IoT
But while things may look good using IoT, there are issues raised in
adopting it fully. Texas Instruments, Inc. (2016) identified six
challenges in its implementation:
• System Requirement
• Connectivity
• Power Requirements
• Security
• Development
• Services
Automation
With the available technology and standards for computer system
interconnection, the demand for system automation is on the rise.
Colloquially called "computerization," having an automated system
means automated business processes, operations, service provider,
monitoring, and even tools.
With the use of computer systems—hardware, software, both—the
typical cumbersome and error-prone procedures have become
automated.
Methods in Implementing IT Automation
Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
The Institute for Robotic Process Automation and Artificial
Intelligence (IRPAAI) defined robotic process automation (RPA) as
"the application of technology that allows employees in a company
to configure computer software or a "robot" to capture and interpret
existing applications for processing a transaction, manipulating data,
triggering responses and communicating with other digital systems"
(Institute for Robotic Process Automation & Artificial Intelligence,
2018, para. 3). While some may think of "robots" similar to those
seen in movies, RPA actually focuses on computers being able to
make logical decisions on the business process so that their human
counterparts can focus on other tasks, thus increasing work
productivity.
• Process Automation
o The use not only of industrial robots but also "presentation-
layer automation software" is capable carrying out the daily
operations of an organization.
o Process automation may include finance systems such as
payroll, customer management systems such as online system
registration, and academic institutions offering online enrollment
systems, among others.
• IT Support Management
o Management of IT infrastructure and complex systems
becomes easier using RPA If part of the system fails, an automated
system can immediately send notifications to the IT manager and
technical support staff, informing them of the problem.
• Automated Assistants
o Apple's Siri is an example of a voice recognition software
used in RPAs. Instead of machine language (binary), computers will
be able to understand human language and interact with the same.
Another example for automated assistants will be banks having an
automated Customer service hotline Customers call the bank, and
instead of a human operator, an automated assistant will respond
asking for details such as service choices, account numbers, etc.
Customers will use their phone's touch keys to enter choices and
numbers while the computer interprets them as input data. After
processing, a computer- generated report, such as account balances
and other information will be provided.
Sensors
Sensors are hardware devices that have the capability to measure an
event, object, or any physical quality that is happening. Examples
include the heart rate of a person while jogging, the temperature of a
room, brightness of a light source, and the like. Sensors have the
capacity to connect to other devices that can keep track of the data
they are measuring, A mobile phone can be connected to a heart rate
sensor to record and monitor a person's health on a weekly or
monthly basis. A web application can be accessed to monitor and
control the CCTV operation of a house or building. These sensors
can be connected to a network, in various ways as explained earlier.
However, there are several types of sensors, and with technology
made available today, almost all of these hardware can now be
automated.
• Temperature Sensor
• Infrared (IR) Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Touch Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Pressure Sensor
• Level Sensor
• Smoke/Gas Sensor
The Influence of IT on Culture And Social Behavior
Formerly called the "texting-capital of the world" due to the high
number of SMS being sent and received on a daily basis, the
Philippines is now dubbed as the "most social nation" in a 2015 study
conducted by Opera Mini. The study identified that mobile phone
users in the Philippines access social media more than any other sites.
In Opera Mini's top 50-user countries worldwide, the Philippines
ranked first with an 86% page-view. With smartphones becoming
cheaper and more accessible, people get to spend more time online,
wherever and whenever they want to due to its mobility. The
smartphone adoption rate has grown from 41% to 55% in a span of
one year with Android as the most popular OS. The study also found
that Filipinos view on average, 699 web pages per month. That is
close to 23 pages viewed per day.
Gilkey (2015) identified in his article the many hundreds of small
ways that technology alters individual and collective behavior on a
daily basis. It may not be noticed, but these "small ways" are slowly
becoming prominent which is probably why the so-called
'"generation wars" are now becoming popular (i.e., Baby Boomers
vs. Gen X vs. Millennials) with the obvious disparity between these
generations publicized in media.
Influence on Culture
Online Reviews
With the proliferation of online information, it is easy to find details
on a certain movie or a book. However, with sites such as Rotten
Tomatoes, one can actually make a decision on what movie to watch
simply by reading the "reviews" of other people. If the review is
"good," then the person might watch the movie. But if the review is
"bad," then he or she might consider other movies. This trend of
having other people do the task first for others— watching the full
movie and informing people online if the film is worth watching or
not—is an example of how technology affects the basic human
behavior of decision-making.
Weblogging/Social Media
Nowadays, food bloggers post pictures of their meals in restaurants
along with a food review This trend created a culture of people dining
with friends or family without actually interacting with them. People
would first take pictures of their meal and post it online. Others,
during the course of the meal, would even use their phones to update
their online status instead of talking to the other people in their group.
This is one typical example of technology, in the form of weblogging
and social media, affecting social interaction.
YouTube Learners
YouTube is one of the most popular social media sites. People can
watch videos, comment on them, and upload their own videos,
among others. Thus, YouTube serves as a source of videos with
people searching for almost about anything online— from trivial
topics to more serious subject matter. This fact influences the
acquisition of knowledge and learning of certain skill sets. Instead of
reading books or listening to their teacher's class lecture, students
would rather watch YouTube to learn the lesson. Again, this is
another situation in which technology affects the culture, this time,
of learning.
Influence on Social Behavior
Cyberbullying is an unwanted, hostile behavior done by individuals
to other people in the hope of gaining control over them. Cyberbullies
can be classmates, neighbors, or officemates. Victims of bullying
often end up with personal traumas. And since the act of bullying is
done online, the attackers may also be individuals you do not know
as they hide behind their internet profiles.
An internet profile, also called an internet identity, online identity, or
internet persona, is a profile created by internet users to establish their
social identity in online communities, social media sites, and other
websites. Because some consider an online identity to be a possible
breach in privacy, this has led to the creation of an online "mask," an
online profile created through a series of questions (username,
gender, age, etc.). However, this "mask" may lead to a misdirection,
or in a worse case, to misinformation. For example, while a handle
or username "'student2006" may mean that the user is a student,
"2006" may mean either the user's year of birth or year of entering
school.
Cyber-bullying comes in the form of messages or images, such as
memes. Since messages or images can be posted anonymously, it is
hard and oftentimes, difficult to trace the source. It becomes more
problematic if the message or image gets re-posted and distributed
quickly online or goes "viral." Finding the original post might prove
to be even harder.
Victims of cyberbullying may experience the same trauma as a real-
life bullying victim. The difference, however, is that cyberbullying is
on a much larger scale. Defending oneself from this kind of attack is
difficult as most of the cyberbullies use internet personas which, as
previously discussed, may be real or not. Even their actual may be
difficult to trace.
The good news is that the society—communities and the
government—are devising ways to stop bullying — be it digital or
otherwise. As discussed in the previous chapter, the Philippines has
identified several laws, including the Cyber Crime Prevention Act,
also known as R.A. 10175, to help catch cyberbullies.
Netiquette
Netiquette is a combination of the words internet and etiquette. It
describes how one should act online. Netiquette brings in policies for
all the features and qualities of the internet, including the use of the
World Wide Web (WWW), email services, File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), chat rooms, and instant messaging. There are different types
of netiquette implemented all over the world.
Netiquette for Social Media
The use of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Linkedln, and others is neither a bad habit nor a good habit in one's
personal life. Using social media is good for easy communication
with friends and even long-lost friends and relatives. But there are
some netizens who use their social media accounts to discredit other
people by posting or shouting ruthless words about a particular
person or sharing a status that maligns one's character or reputation.
Some of the rules of netiquette for social media are as follows (Spira,
2010):
a. The Personalize IT Rule. Make sure to put restrictions in
accepting friends or followers on your social media (e.g., Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, Linkedln). It is not about having the most number
of followers or friends. What matters is who you interact with and
how you interact with them.
b. The Off-limits Rule. Know your limitations when voicing
out your opinions on different subjects or topics concerning your
school, religion, personal information, workplace, and even some
controversial subjects such as politics. Knowing your limitations can
save you from dire consequences later on.
c. The Tag — You're It Rule. Be careful in tagging someone
either in your status post or photos. You may also restrict someone
from tagging you in their posts and photos. Always think of your
safety, as well as others' personal boundaries.
Netiquette for Chat Rooms and Instant Messaging
Joining chat rooms and sending instant messages, although
mandatory in social media, have become a trend for users. This is
especially beneficial for people working in different places such as a
person working overseas while his or her friend or relative is in the
Philippines. Instead of spending for telcom services, the person just
needs internet connection.
Still, there are guidelines for using instant messaging applications.
For instance, someone might interrupt and request you to accept him
or her or to be connected to your account without your knowing who
that person really is.
a. Think long and hard before accepting a private
conversation, especially with someone not on your friends list. Not
everyone online may be as they seem to be.
b. In a group chat, include only those that are in your friends
list.
c. If possible, do not give your personal information while
chatting, including your photos or "selfies. "
d. When in doubt, save a copy or make a back-up of your
conversation (chat).
e. You must log out from your account at all times, especially
if you are in a public place, such as a computer shop.
f. You may opt to customize your account settings from
public to private account.
Professional Ethics
While netiquette applies to all netizens, IT professionals specifically
follow an ethical practice as they are the front liners, support, and
backend of ICT. The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM)
has identified 24 imperatives of professional conduct for IT
professionals. It contains many, but not all, issues IT professionals
are likely to face while using, creating, and implementing ICT.
Section 1 outlines the fundamental ethical considerations while
Section 2 provides additional, more specific considerations of
professional conduct. Section 3 is intended specifically for
individuals who have a leadership role, whether in the workplace or
in a volunteer capacity such as in organizations like ACM. Principles
involving compliance with this Code are laid out in Section 4.
IT Trends, Issues, and Challenges
Trends
Industry
The industry sector in the Philippines is made up of local and foreign
companies that provide different products and services to Filipinos.
Some companies in the food industry include Universal Robina and
Monde Nissin while those in the beverage industry include San
Miguel Brewery and Pepsi Philippines. Two major trends are seen in
this sector—automation and the application of Internet of Things
(IoT), hence the introduction of smart industries.
• Internet of Things (IoT)
The IoT is becoming an increasingly growing topic of conversation
both in the workplace and in the society at large. It has the potential
to impact how we live and how we work. For instance, through the
use of sensors, electronics, and robotics, major companies have
reported increase in productivity as well as accuracy of results in their
production lines. The following articles present the positive effects
of IoT and the role of the internet and network connectivity in
business.
• IT Automation
Automating what used to be manual procedures is the trend in
organizations and industries. As with IOT, automation helps a many
companies achieve greater productivity among its employees by
using computers and software programs to do the tasks. Such
automation includes accounting systems, production systems, and
even security systems. The news articles below mention how a
simple attendance monitoring system has become much easier as
well as how companies and employees can benefit from using
technology in their daily work.
Banking
Online banking also known as "internet banking" or "'web banking"
allows a user to execute financial transactions via the internet. An
online bank offers customers just about every service traditionally
available through a local branch, including deposits, money transfers,
and bill payments. The news articles that follow explore the rise of
digital banking customers as more and more Filipinos rely on their
internet connection to avail of different bank services.
Education
Most colleges and universities in the Philippines use a learning
management system (LMS) to deliver, manage, and keep track of
students' progress. This LMS, which is delivered online, relates to the
e-learning system. E-learning is learning that utilizes electronic
technologies to access educational curriculum outside of a traditional
classroom. In most cases, it refers to a course, program, or degree
delivered completely online. Some call this as distance learning. The
news articles that follow discuss how telecom companies such as
Globe and PLDT are giving back to the society by introducing
technology to public schools and making sure students, as well as
teachers, become global learners.
Health
E-health (or eHealth) refers to the use of information and
communications technology in health care. It covers a lot of territory,
which is why digital health industry experts often contest exactly market [whereas] an active credit card sells for just $3. " This makes
what the term means—and to add to the confusion, it is also it more lucrative for cyber criminals as patient data becomes digital.
frequently used as a synonym for Health IT.
• In the Philippines, hospitals are required to comply with the
Data Privacy Act (DPA) of 2012 and implement data protection
measures in their data processing systems to protect the
Issues and Challenges confidentiality of their patients' personal information and medical
records.
Industry
• Violations of data privacy involve penalties. Under the
With the introduction of computer systems at work, one main issue DPA, the penalty for unauthorized disclosure of personal information
raised is maintaining the computer system's security and integrity. is P1 million. The penalty extends to P2 million if the act involves
Modes of communication within an office environment normally sensitive personal information.
entail exchanging of emails or discussions in local chat rooms. This
scenario opens the doors for malicious software that can be shared,
whether intentionally or not, to the entire organization. Malicious
software, or malware, is a general term used to describe any type of
software that can cause harm to a computer system. Examples of
malware include the following:
o Virus
o Worm
o Trojan
o Spyware
o Ransomware

Banking
While online banking may be convenient, there are still skeptics to
this given the sensitive data being transacted online: money.

Education
With online learning being accepted into schools as part of the
teaching and learning methodology, one of the things that schools
need to consider is monitoring and management. Having a learning
management system does not necessarily mean students are
constrained into using it to learn. There are more websites that offer
learning opportunities for students such as TIME for kids, National
Geographic, and NASA, among others. However, the use of LMS
still poses issues and challenges to both students and teachers.

Business
An adware is a program designed to display advertisements on your
computer, redirect your search requests to advertising websites, and
collect marketing-type data about yourself—for example, the types
of websites that you visit—so that customized advertisements can be
displayed.

Health
• Patient records are always kept confidential. However, with
the introduction of technology, and with hospitals and clinics leaning
towards automation, patient records have shifted from paper to
digital. With this, concerns regarding data security and data
confidentiality of patients have increased. But why is there such an
interest in patient records?
• According to the International Association of Privacy
Professionals, "a medical record is more valuable than a credit card
on the black market. According to the World Privacy Forum, a
medical record, including a name, address, Social Security number
and health ID number, typically goes for $50 on the online black