DATE: 20230819

COMPANY: MAJESTIC ENGINEERING CO LTD

ADDRESS: 17/F, CHEVALIER COMMERCIAL CENTRE, 8 WANG HOI ROAD, KOWLOON BAY,
KOWLOON, HONG KONG

EE3010A Summer practical training placement report

LEUNG Yau Tat 22026206D

Content
Introduction..............................................................................................................................2

Training Activities.....................................................................................................................3

Books related to Electrical....................................................................................................3

The rundown of a project.....................................................................................................4

Electrical installation types...................................................................................................4

Low Voltage Switchboard (LVSB)..........................................................................................6

Main equipment and their expression..................................................................................7

Three protection devices in LVSB..........................................................................................8

Checked if LVSB has Castell Switch.......................................................................................9

Understanding how UVR works..........................................................................................10

Types of electrical load.......................................................................................................10

Capacitor Bank & Active Harmonic Filter in LVSB...............................................................10

LVSB Modification...............................................................................................................13

Voltage Drop Calculation........................................................................................................14

Estimate the cable length...............................................................................................14

Understand the IP Rating....................................................................................................18

Types of lighting..................................................................................................................18

Socket Design......................................................................................................................21

Conclusion..............................................................................................................................23

Reference...............................................................................................................................24
Training Activities

Books related to Electrical

Full Name Mian Content

COP Code of Practice for the Guidelines and
Electricity (Wiring) requirements for electrical
Regulations wiring installations in Hong
Kong
BEC (Building Energy Code of Practice for Energy Guidelines and
Code) Efficiency of Electrical requirements for designing
Installations and implementing energy-
efficient electrical
installations.
TG-BEC Technical Guidelines on Comprehensive framework
Code of Practice for Energy for designing and operating
Efficiency of Building energy-efficient building
Services Installation services installations. The
guidelines cover a wide
range of topics, including
heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, lighting, and
electrical power systems.
IEC International Electrical installations such
Electrotechnical Commission as IEC 60364 for low-voltage
Standards electrical installations and
IEC 60076 for power
transformers.
BS British Standards BS 7671 for electrical
 installations and BS 88 for
low-voltage fuses.
N/A Local regulations and Electricity Ordinance (Cap.
ordinances 406) and the Electricity
(Registration) Regulations
(Cap. 406A).

The rundown of a project

“An internal meeting led by my supervisor was held to share technical skills with the
interns. During the meeting, I learned that engineering projects involve various roles
across different phases. I then researched the responsibilities required in each
phase.”

1. Tendering - Review tender or employer specifications and requirements. Provide

cost estimates and technical inputs for bidding. (Note: Employer Specification –
ES, Employer Requirements—ER)
2. Commencement of Work - Plan project schedule, manpower, equipment needs.
Requisition materials.
3. Design Stage - Prepare electrical system designs, drawings, equipment sizing
calculations, technical specifications as per standards and client needs.
4. Site Installation - Supervise electrical installation work, cabling, wiring, earthing
etc. as per design. Review work quality and compliance.
5. Power Energization - Inspect and verify installation before energization.
Supervise powering up as per safety procedures.
6. Fire Service Inspection - Facilitate and coordinate fire system inspections. Rectify
non-compliances observed.
7. Testing & Commissioning - Develop testing procedures. Conduct tests and pre-
commissioning of electrical equipment. Rectify faults.
8. Practical Completion - Carry out functional performance testing to verify
specs/standards compliance for final acceptance.
9. Maintenance in Defect Liability Period (DLP) - Troubleshoot and rectify electrical
defects and breakdowns reported during defect liability period.
10. Insurance of DLP Certificate - Provide as-built drawings, equipment manuals,
warranties, and documentation required for project completion.

Electrical installation types

Power Flow in a building

Power sources > Distribution devices > Distribution method > Load

Power Sources
1. Power company: CLP or HKE power company (Power in Kowloon and Hong Kong
Island is supplied by CLP and HKE power company, respectively)
2. Generators: Fire Service Installation (FSI) Genset for firefighting devices, non-FSI
Gensets for important load
3. Renewable Energy: Photovoltaic (PV) System and Air Improvement Photovoltaic
(AIPV) System are required to install at roof and 2F, respectively.
4. Uninterruptible Power System (UPS): Usually serve for computer system.
5. Central Battery System (CBS): Usually serve for FSI lighting.
Note: The CBS should not serve for computer system, because when the power
source transfer, it disturbs the computer operation.

Source Uninterruptible Central Battery Generator

Comparison Power System System
Pics

Energy Source Batteries Batteries Diesel or Gas

Respond Time Instantaneous Short Long
Duration 5mins – 1hr 1-8 hrs Depends on source

Supply Computer System FSI Lighting Firefighting devices and

other important loads

Distribution Device
• Low voltage switch boards (LVSB)
• UPS cabinet/ ASTS
• CBS cabinet/ substation
• Power panels (MCCB/MCB board)

Typical Voltage Level:

Switchgear: >= 35kV
Switchboard:<600V

Distribution method
Bus duct
(Rating up to 6000A, allows tap-off
connections)

Power Track
(Rating up to 100A, flexible but has the
risk of contact because of the exposed
live busbar)

Armored Cable on Cable Tray/ Cable

Ladder
(Armored cable provides protection for
the inner wires. It is generally installed
in location which exposed to
mechanical damage. e.g., Animal Chew)
Non-Armored Cable in cable
containment
(Non-Armored Cable is cheaper and
easier to install than armored cable. It
usually be routed in false ceilings as
protection from damage)
 Low Voltage Switchboard (LVSB)

Low voltage switchboard/switchgear is the core of building, it includes the main

flowing function.
1. Power Distribution
2. Circuit Protection
3. Switching and Control
4. Metering and Monitoring
5. Safety and Protection
6. Accessibility and Maintenance
 Main equipment and their expression

MCT------------ Metering Current Transformers

PCT--------------Protection Current Transformers
DPR-------------Digital Protection Relay
D.O.T. ----------Draw Out Type
ACB-------------Air Circuit Breaker
MCCB----------Molded Case Circuit Breaker
UVR------------Under Voltage Relay
AHF-------------Active Hamonic Filter

Name & Function Picture

Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
Automatically switch its power supply
between utility grid and generator.

Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

Protecting circuits from damage caused
by overcurrent and short circuits.
3 Phase Surge Protective Device (SPD)
protecting sensitive equipment from
transient overvoltage.

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)

Inverse time-current characteristic. The
higher the overload, the less time it
takes for the breaker to trip.

Three protection devices in LVSB

 Overcurrent Overload Earth Fault
Protection Protection Protection

Aim Short Circuit Overheating Earth Leakage

Overload Current Current
Device ACBs, MCCBs, MCBs, Thermal Overload RCDs
Fuses Relays
Respond Tim Fast Slow Very Fast

ACB & MCCB difference

1. Rating: MCCB rating is up to 800A, while ACB is 6300A
2. Size: MCCB are generally 3 to 4 times smaller than ACB
3. Cost: Generally, MCCB is cheaper than ACB, however, when the current is greater
than 700A, ACB may be cheaper than MCCB.

Checked if LVSB has Castell Switch

Interlock:
One N.C. ACB and one N.O. ACB are connected, enforce proper ON/OFF sequences to
prevent both supply of transformer and generator.

Typical interlock of LVSB:

“Three ACB with two-key operation” and “Five ACB with three-key operation” are the
typical type of LVSB, they are used to prevent two power sources supply one line, I
need to check if LVSB as the right castell switch, and if the ACBs has the right rating”

1. Three ACB with two-key operation

2. Five ACB with three-key operation

Main Breaker Interlock Bus Tie Breaker Interlock

Nos. of 1, 4, 5 2,4

Understanding how UVR works

Under Voltage Relay (UVR):

Working Principle: It will have trip signal when the voltage is lower to around 75%,
which can switch Interlock ACB connection and trigger the backup generator to start
and take over the load.
Advantage: Because low voltage might lead motors to stall, transformers to overheat,
and generators to underperform. Therefore, UVR could prevent damage for electrical
equipment from low voltage condition.
 Types of electrical load

1. Resistive (Incandescent light, heater)

2. Inductive (Motor, A/C Refrigerator)
3. Capacitive (Capacitor)

Capacitor Bank & Active Harmonic Filter

in LVSB

Power Quality

Power Factor Correction

Volatge and current are in phase, therefore, the instantanous power is always
positive.
Capacitor Installation

The voltage rises, electric field changers, instantanous power is positive

The voltage falls, energy return to source.

Power
The electric company provides apparent power but devices themselves only need the
actual active power component to operate.
Therfore, power companies in Hong Kong like CLP and HKE both require that the
total power factor for any circuit should not be less than 0.85.

Capacitor Bank: A group of capacitors connected in series or parallel to store

electrical energy.
• Improve Power Factor (Corrects lagging power factor caused by inductive loads
like transformer and motor)

Income Tx Power :2000KVA

Normal Usage for Tx: 80% 1600KVA
Assume system power factor:0.85
Power Factor need to improve:0.9
Cap bank kVAR: 166.6kVAR
Active Harmonic Filter: Using power electronics components like IGBTs, controllers to
actively inject currents for countering harmonic frequencies. It is usually installed in
switch room (Other floor without enough space).
• Monitors the electrical waveform and injects cancelling harmonics to filter
distortion.
THDI stands for Total Harmonic Distortion of Current. As the value of THDI increases,
the level of distortion also increases.

The ordinance requires THD control with different current range.

LVSB Modification

According to Code of practice, there are three main rules for LVSB.
1. For 400A or above circuit, 1x100A spare switch for CAP and AHF.
2. For IT, office, AC Circuit, AHF and its Switch are required.
3. DPA meter should be provided for the 400A or above circuit.

1. For 400A or above circuit, 1x100A spare switch for CAP and AHF.
CAP - Capacitor banks may be needed for power factor correction. The spare
switch allows installing capacitor banks.
AHF - Active Harmonic Filters minimize harmonic distortion on large power
 circuits. The spare switch allows installing an AHF if required.
Spare switch allows easy installation later without shutdowns.

2. For IT, office, AC Circuit, AHF and its Switch are required.
IT and AC loads can generate harmonics. AHF helps filter harmonics to improve
power quality.
Dedicated AHF switch allows isolating filter for maintenance.

3. DPA meter should be provided for the 400A or above circuit.

DPA meters allow monitoring parameters like harmonics, power quality.

Essential for large 400A+ circuits to analyze issues, optimize energy use.

“I use different color and shape to mark down the three mistakes in following LVSB
Schematic, it make sure the security the LVSB operation.”
Voltage Drop Calculation

Estimate the cable length

Benefit
Providing detailed cable lengths could assist companies in reducing costs when
cables are involved in cable installation activities.

Calculation Formula
Cable Length =Horizontal Length+ 2* Vertical Length
Vertical Length is 2 times of the floor height.

Horizontal Length Measurement

To measure the cable length, Polyline in AutoCAD is used to draw between the start
point and the endpoint. Then, click the property to get the length parameter, and
record it to excel.

Vertical Length
Find the floor level between 2 floors and get the vertical length by subtracting the
lower floor level from higher floor level.

Record the data in excel file, and plus all to get the round off total length.

Cable Size & Voltage Drop Calculation Check

To calculate the cable size for this project, we need:

Determine the design diversified current (Ib) based on the diversified load kVA. In
this case, Ib is given as 869.42 A.
Determine the correction factors (Ca, Cg, and Ci) based on ambient temperature,
grouping, and thermal insulation.
In this case, all values are 1(Maximum value), so the total correction factor (CT) is
also 1 (Ca* Cg *Ci*Cp).
Understand the Cable Factor
Ca: Rating factors for Ambient Temperature---------------------Table A5(1)
Cg: Rating factors for Groups of Cables--------------------------- Table A5(3)
Ci: Cable surrounded by thermal insulation----------------------Table A5(4)
Cp: Correction Factors for Tye of Protective Devices
（Different Protective devices ability to protect the cable，e.g. MCB factor = 1, semi
fuse factor= 0.725）
Calculate the minimum current carrying capacity (Iz) using the formula: Iz = In / CT,
where In is the protective device rating (1000 A). In this case, Iz = 1000 A / 1 = 1000
A.
Select a cable size (in mm²) based on the minimum current carrying capacity (Iz) and
the conductor capacity (It). In this case, the final cable size is 4000 mm² with a
conductor capacity of 4000 A.
Perform a design check to ensure that the selected cable size can safely carry the
required current (It ≥ Iz).
Perform a voltage drop check to ensure that the voltage drop across the cable is
within the permissible limits.
In this case, calculate the Cable impedance in mV/A/m according to Code of practice
('LS' Copper Bus Bar Table 31-2).
the total voltage drop is calculated as 1.32% and is within the acceptable range.
Perform a copper loss check to ensure that the power loss in the cable is within the
permissible limits. In this case, permissible copper loss is 2.5%, but usually, we adopt
90% of employer requirement (2.5%*0.9=22.5%). The total copper loss is calculated
as 0.005%, which is acceptable.
Based on the provided information, the calculated cable size for this project is 4000
mm².
Trunking Schematic Drawing Legends & Abbreviations

Note: Usually abbreviation is used to present different types of cables. sometimes

code will use abbreviation to present the trunking. This helps prevent criminals from
damaging the trunking and causing severe loss.

Understand the IP Rating

Ingress Protection (IP) rating is the protection level against solid objects and liquids;
the first numeral stands for solid foreign objects level, the second numeral stands for
the waterproof level.
"The higher the IP rating of a product, the more expensive it is. A single project may
utilize thousands of products; understanding the appropriate IP application for
different environments can reduce overall project costs."

Top 3 most common Ingress Protection (IP) ratings:

IP20 – The basic protection for electrical devices like indoor lighting, junction boxes,
and electric panels. It protects against solid objects greater than 12mm like fingers or
wires but has no protection against liquids.
IP44 - Protection against greater than 1mm solid objects and all directions splashing
water. IP44 is a typical rating for outdoor lighting fixtures and outlets that need
moderate water resistance.
IP65 - This provides complete dust protection and against low pressure water jets
from any direction. Examples include outdoor LED lights, switches, and receptacles.

Types of lighting

WEATHERPROOF LIGHT
(It provides reliable illumination in
outdoor and wet locations)

RECESSED LIGHT
(Aesthetics and Improved Visibility.
Usually installed at office area)

WALL MOUNTED UP AND

DOWNLIGHT
(Space Saving. Wall fixtures conserve
floor and ceiling space)

EXPLOSION PROOF LIGHT

(Prevent the risk of explosion or fire
due to the presence of flammable
gases, vapors, or dust particles)
 LED RED ENGAGE LIGHT
(LED red engage lights can be installed
to indicate whether the room is
available or occupied.)
;

EARTH SPIKE PLANTER LIGHT

(For landscape features. It is
weatherproof lamp; it needs low
voltage wiring for safety.)

WALL RECESSED STEPLIGHT

(For Illuminate stairways.
Weatherproof lamp with concealed
wiring)

WALL MOUNTED LUMINAIRE

(For accent architectural features.
Direct wiring to junction box)

CEILING RECESS MOUNTED LED

DOWN LIGHT
(Recessed type, usually installed in
false ceiling)

INGROUND RECESSED UPLIGHT

(Recessed type, usually installed in
ground)
 FLOOR MOUNTED LED BOLLARD
LIGHT
(For pathway illumination,
weatherproof lamp, required
underground wiring)

WALL MOUNTED CIRCULAR

LUMINAIRE
(Easy access to driver and
connections. Dimming compatible
driver and wiring if dimming needed.)

WALL WASHER LED FAÇADE

STRIPLIGHT
(Uniformly light vertical surfaces,
requires Proper gauge wires for
voltage drop over long runs.)

Check and search the lux requirement

Functional area Horizontal Lux
Illuminance
(Lux) ER/RDS CIBSE
Babycare Room / Breastfeeding
200 200
Room / Lactation Room
Canteen 300 200
Courtroom 500 lux on task
500 500
plane
SCommon room for 300 lux
Adjudicators / 500 500
Robing Room
 Changing Room/ Locker Room 500 500
Classroom / Training Room 500 300
Common Room/ Break Room 500 200
Conference / Seminar Room 500 500
Copy/ Printing Room,
300 300
Photocopy Machine Room
Witness Protection Room 300 lux on task
500 500
plane
Viewing Room /Archive Room 300 lux on task
300 300
plane

ER---------------Employer Requirements
RDS-------------Room Data Sheet (Provided by Employers)
CIBSE-----------Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

Socket Design

Waterproof Sockets are required for the parking areas.

Indoor: Water jets are often used to clean and wash parking floors which can
penetrate normal sockets.
Outdoor: Parking areas are exposed to rain, water puddles and other wet conditions.
Therefore, I use AutoCAD to help my supervisor to adjust the arrow line, mark new
location/points, try to make the layout plan as tidy as possible.

Also, supervisor ask me to add Emergency Socket and Private Automatic Branch
Exchange (PABX) for Plant Room. (For the wet plant room, the socket must be
waterproof.)
 Lighting

17F.001
AFFL: Above Finished Floor Level

Autocad:
箭頭 Method 1 -----short cut “le”

箭頭 Method 2 -----
先選 leader,然後改參數：

Lux Simulation

Reference

IP ratings | IEC. (2023). Www.iec.ch. https://www.iec.ch/ip-ratings

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE ELECTRICITY (WIRING) REGULATIONS. (n.d.).
https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_443/COP_E_2020.pdf

Technical Guidelines on Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Building Services

Installation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2023, from
https://www.emsd.gov.hk/beeo/en/pee/TG-BEC_2021.pdf

IEC Webstore. (n.d.). Webstore.iec.ch.

https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_iec60364-1%7Bed5.0%7Den_d.pdf