3SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
1ST SEMESTER MODULE 3
POWERPOINT DISCUSSION
THE INFORMATION AGE (Digital Age)
 Also called the new media age
 A period starting in the last quarter of the 20 th
century when information became
effortlessly accessible through publications
and through the management of information by
computers and computer networks.
 The focus of S&T and Society became
“information” itself (handling and conveying
it).
 Progress in electronics and computers caused
information to be one of the most important
commodities.
Advances in Biology
 Genetics
- Revolution in information science (recombinant
DNA)
 The immune system
- Also an information processing system.
INFORMATION & SOCIETY
BEFORE
 During Galileo’s and Newton’s time, people
were viewed as complicated mechanical
machines.
 Thomas Alva Edison, Alexander Graham Bell,
and Henry Ford
 Screw and bolt in the Industrial era
 Majority of labor force was into
manufacturing of goods
NOW
 Today, the human mind is pictured as a
complicated computer.
 Steve Jobs and William Henry Gates III
 Microchip (Inventors were awarded a Nobel
Prize in Physics in 2000)
 Majority are engaged in supply of services
Microsoft software for the Apple
Macintosh computer
INFORMATION LITERACY
The ability to:
 Access needed information
 Evaluate information found
 Organize information
 Use information from variety of sources
COMPUTER LITERACY
 The ability to use the computer hardware and
software necessary to accomplish routine tasks.
INFORMATION LITERACY VS COMPUTER
LITERACY
INFORMATION LITERACY
A client who is information literate knows how to
find the information needed and can evaluate the
information founded for accuracy, currency and
bias.
COMPUTER LITERACY
A client who is computer literate has the technical
skills and knowledge of computers necessary to
use contemporary hardware and software and can
adapt to new technologies that emerge.
INFORMATION & GLOBALIZATION
 Communication worldwide became cheap (with
new phone systems and internet)
 Changed the way people work
 Information based
 Business trends
 Global banking
 Scientific enterprise/research
PROBLEMS WITH INFORMATION AGE
 Infringement of personal privacy
 Excessive use of computers in teaching young
children may impoverish the development of
intellectual capabilities
 “knowledge” is replaced by mere “data”
 Ideas contain data, but date contain no
ideas
FACTS ON INFORMATION AGE
 Information must compete.
 Newer is equated with truer.
 Selection is a viewpoint.
 The media sells what the culture buys.
 The early word gets the perm.
 You are what you eat and so is your brain.
 Anything in great demand will be counterfeited.
 Ideas are seen as controversial.
 Undead information walks ever on.
 Media presence creates the story The medium
selects the message.
 The whole truth is a pursuit.
WHAT BROUGHT US HERE?
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
 Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter
at unprecedentedly (never before known or
unexperienced) small scales to create new or
improved products that can be used in a wide
variety of ways.
Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New
Key Ideas:
1. The nanometer is extremely small
2. At the nanometer scale materials may
behave differently.
3. We cam harness this new behavior to make
new technologies.
Why Nano Education?
DRAWBACKS
(DISADVANTAGES)
 Not inherently interesting (compared to
dinosaurs!)
 Below visible threshold, younger kids have
problem visualizing
 Unexpected properties
ADVANTAGES
 FUN!
 Breaks down disciplinary boundaries –
sense of accomplishments and enjoyment in
the results
 Cutting-edge – the latest or most advanced
stage of development; innovative or
pioneering.
 Relevant to future jobs and careers
NANO NOT WIDELY UNDERSTOOD
 National Science Board’s Science and
Engineering Indicators 2012
 “24% of Americans report having heard ‘a lot’ or
‘some’ about nanotechnology, up to four
percentage points from 2008 and 2006.”
 “44% of Americans report having heard ‘nothing
at all’ about nanotechnology.
Americans remain largely unfamiliar with
nanotechnology, despite increased funding
and a growing number of products on the
market that used nanotechnology.
HOW BIG IS A NANOMETER?
 In the time it takes to read this sentence, your
fingernails will have grown approximately one
nanometer (1nm).
 Cupressus sempervirens
Cypress
3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
1. Genetic Biodiversity
 Variations of genes within the species that
gives distinction of one population from Commiphora species
another even of the same species. (Myrrh)
2. Species Diversity
 Variety of species within a particular region
 Similar species are grouped together in
families, families in orders up to kingdoms. - For coughs, colds and inflammation.
3. Ecological Diversity - Healing rituals and treatments of injuries from
 The number of species in a community of wars or accidents.
organisms. Salvia
 Variations of climatic and altitudinal Plant genus salvia used by
conditions and ecological habitats. Indian tribes of southern
California as an aid in
BIODIVERSITY AND THE SOCIETY childbirth and it gives
 Society benefits a lot from the richness of high immune from all
biodiversity respiratory ailments.
 Goods and services from the natural systems
o Foods, energy, timber, and pharmaceutical
Alhagi maurorum Medik
products
(Camels thorm)
o Regulations of climate, water storage, flood
control, buffering against extreme weather
events, treatment of water and air,
 Secretes “manna” during hot days
regeneration of soil fertility, decomposition
of wastes  Contains melezitose, sucrose and invert sugar
 Treat anorexia, constipation, dermatosis,
epistaxis, fever, leprosy, and obesity.
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
 Over 700 plant-based drugs ranging from
Protect a person from infection, the root was a
gargles, pills, infusions, to ointments were used cure for flatulence, aphrodisiac and was used as a
by Egyptians sedative in the Faeroe Islands
 Chinese in 1100 B. C. up to 659 A. D. utilized Anti-inflammatory agent, acetylsalicylic acid
from 365 up to as high as drugs 850 drugs from known as aspirin.
natural products 1870s:
 In 100 A. D., Greeks recorded the collection, crude morphine from the plant P,
storage and the uses of medicinal herbs up to somniferum, used as painkillers
 300 B.C
 During the Dark and Middle Ages the
monasteries in England, Ireland, France and 10th century to 1700s:
Germany preserved this Wester knowledge on active constituent digitoxin derived
treating illnesses. from Digitalis purpurea L.
(foxglove) in Europe and used in
 Arabs preserved the Greco-Roman practice and
congestive heart failure
expanded the uses of their own resources, and
mixed with Chinese and Indian herbs 1942 to 1944:
penicillin G/ Penicillium
 25, 000 species of basidiomycetes
and Ascomycota: antiviral,
cytotoxic, antineoplastic,
cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory,
immune-stimulating and
anticancer activities
1994: oral formulation of pilocrapine for dry
mouth (xerostomia)
2004: drug quinine was isolated from the bark of
cinchona succirubra Pav.
ex Klotsch to treat malaria
FOOD
 hunting and foraging what's available in their
habitat, fishing
 cultivation started 12,000 years ago
 domestication of animals a thousand years after
 agriculture and cultivation of animal food
 cultivate desired species of crops and animals
suitable for consumption
 prevention of diseases that could affect food
supply
 invention of different ways to cook and prepare
meals
 more hunting. fishing and even more lands to be
used in agriculture.
 healthy ecosystems to provide foods daily for
our consumption
 Biodiversity is necessary for most of our
important crops, though most of them are wind-
pollinated, about 39 of the leading 57 global
crops need birds and insects as pollinators.
 Agrobiodiversity is the biodiversity resulted
from planned agricultural crops or livestock
o i.e., genetic biodiversity of varieties of
organisms
o farmers planning result to resistance to
disease, tolerance to extreme climate
conditions
o important for food security in the event of
flood, drought or infestation of pests
ENERGY
 Heat energy from fire for survival against cold
harsh environment and for cooking and for
communication in the form of smoke in 770000
BC.
 In 1000 BC, coal: northeastern China for heating
and cooking purposes
o Romans and Northern Native Americans
In 347 AD, China: oil wells using extensive
bamboo pipelines with depths
800 feet for lighting and heating
In 1000: Persian: first windmills to pump
water and grind grain, By 1300, windmills
began to form the modem pinwheel shape in
Western Europe
1590s, the Dutch: most efficient version of the
windmill for navigation through bodles of water
Ancient Chinese for water pumps Middie Eastern
civilizations for grinding crops
 In 1600s, coal and the British discovered that
cooking coal transforms it into hot-burning coke
• In 1700s, coal began to replace other energy
sources became the primary source of energy
around the world
• In 1820s, natural gas was used as a source of
light
• In 1830s, the electric generator, motor and relay
were developed based off of Michael Faraday's
discovery of electromagnetism
• In 1850s, commercial oil was drilled and led to
distillation of kerosene from petroleum
• In 1860s, Augustine Mouchot developed the
first solar powered system for industrial
machinery
• In 1892, the first utilization of geothermal heat
to power was done.
• In 1942, the first nuclear fission reactor was
designed and built.
• In the 19th century and 20th century, the
utilization of coal energy led to shaping up the
industrial era of developing countries
• No direct effect on biodiversity yet
• As early as 1973, the effects on the environment
and the risk of potential accidents alarmed
many environmental organizations
• In 1979, a nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile
Island near Middletown, Pennsylvania.
• At the end of 1980, the Exxon Valdez disaster in
Alaska became the biggest oil spill in U.S. waters
• A study conducted by Nathan Jones (2012)
shows that biodiversity has been affected by the
usage of different forms of energy, primarily the
fossil fuels.
• The effects include:
1. Wildlife Mortality
2. Habitat Loss
3. Fragmentation/Edge Effect Noise and Light
Pollution
4. Invasive Species Carbon Storage and
Sequestration,
5. Water Resources
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS
PHILIPPINES: high species diversity and high
endemicity
ENDANGERED
 - A species present in such small numbers
that it is at risk of extinction.
ENDEMIC
- An organism exclusively native to a place or
biota
WHY IS THIS SO:
- the patchwork of isolated islands, the
tropical location of the country, and the once
extensive areas of rainforest
The Philippines is home to some of the world's
most exotic birds
• Scientists have documented 577 bird species
around the Philippine archipelago.
• Of this number, 185 species are endemic to the
country.
• The Bird Life International listed 116 of them as
"threatened" or "near-threatened"
Causes of Endangerment of Birds
• They are large, easily seen birds and thus
vulnerable to being shot;
• They are trapped for pets or food;
• Their habitat has been destroyed, especially
lowland virgin forest; and
• They are restricted to one or two islands.
The Philippine Eagle: Pithecophaga jefferyi
 Lives in the rainforests of Isabela, Samar, Leyte
and Mindanao.
 It has similarities with Papua
 New Gainea's Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis
novaeguinea).
 It lives on large snakes, hornbills, civet cats,
flying lemurs and monkeys- the reason why it is
also called monkey-eating eagle.
 with an estimated population of 100 to 300
today, the Philippine eagle is in danger of
extinction.
 It is one of the 400 exotic bird species in the
Philippines, which, if not protected, would
disappear from the face of the Farth.
ENDANGERED
 The Philippine or Red-vented Cockatoo (Cacatua
haematuropygia)
 The Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron
emphanum)
 The Sulu Hornbill (Anthracoceros montani)
- Sulu hornbill and Cebu black shama, the
Philippine Eagle might follow the Cebu
flowerpecker which is now presumed
extinct.
 Cebu Black Shama
 Cebu Flowerpecker (now presumed extinct)
ENDEMICS… and ENDANGERED
 The Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon
(Galiicolumba platenae)
 Visayan Wrinkler Hornbill (Aceros Waldeni)
 Red belled pitta (Pitta erythrogaster)
 The Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox smallest flying fox
in the Philippines
 The Philippine tube-nosed bat, Nyctimene
rabori of Negros is considered highly
endangered
 Visayan warty pigs (Sus cebifrons negrinus)
o 1994: endangered
o 1996-2004: Critically endangered
 Northern Luzon giant cloud rat (Phloeomys
pallidus)
- Widespread in northern and central Luzon
- From sea level to high mountains (at least
2000 m), in primary and secondary forest
and heavily disturb scrub
ENDEMICS… and still WIDESPREAD
 Grand Rhabdornis
The Philippine spotted Deer
 One of the world's rarest mammals lives in the
dwindling forest of Panay Island: Philippine
spotted deer (Cervus alfredi), considered by
many as the most endangered deer in the planet
 Deer cannot be found elsewhere, the Calamian
hog deer or Calamian deer have longer and
darker legs, compared with other hog deer.
 By 1996, its population further declined to only
about 900, prompting conservationists to
declare it as an endangered species.
The Largest Endangered Animal
 Unique pygmy water buffalos (Bubalus
mindorensis) endemic to Mindoro listed as one
of the ten most endangered species in the world.
 From 10,000 heads in the 1900's, population  Locally known as Pilandok (Tragalus nigricans),
went down to 369 heads in the late 1980's to as this ruminant stands only about 40 centimeters
few as 20 heads roaming in the wild today at the shoulder level.
 While the mouse deer are widely distributed
across Asia, their dwindling population has
alarmed the World Conservation Union, which
declared them as endangered in 1996.

The Philippine Tarsier

Herbivorus Marine Mammal

 Philippine tarsier (Tarsius ayrichta) measures

only about twelve centimeters in length. • Dugongs or sea cows, the only herbivorous
 Its two big eyes cannot move and do not have a marine mammals, are often sighted in Philippine
tapetum - the upper protective tissue; can turn waters, particularly near Palawan province and
its head 180 degrees. southern Mindanao.
 Found in the islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and • A dugong can live more than 70 years.
Mindanao, the Philippine tarsier got its name • The Philippine government has banner the
from its elongated tarsus bone. commercial exploitation of dugong since 1991.
 Today there are only about 1000 tarsiers
inhabiting the wilds of Corella town in Bohol
province where the biggest concentration of
Largest Bat…
these rare animals was once reported
 Ensuring the continued existence of the
Philippine tarsiers is the Philippine Tarsier
Foundation Inc.

Neither a Bear nor a cat

Golden-capped fruit bat (Acerodon jubatus)
 Over the years, these two species of giant fruit
bats have roamed around the 10,000-hectare
Subic Forest National Protected Area, which is
considered the biggest roosting site of bats in
the world.

 The palawan bearcat population is threatened

Smallest Bats
by human activities

World's Smallest Hoofed Mammal

 The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine

bamboo bat (vespertilionid), which belongs to
the vespertilionid family. This bat measures
about four centimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length
 South of Palawan, lies the Balabac Island, home
and has a wingspan of 15 cm. Approximately, it
of the world's smallest hoofed mammal - the
weighs 1.5 grams (1/20 ounce)
Philippine mouse deer.

Philippine bare backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani)
 Believed to have become extinct in 1970s as a
result of the combination of forest destruction,
disturbance by guano miners, and hunting.
Flying Lemur: Kagwang
 The continuous denudation of tropical forests in
the country threatens the remaining population
of kagwang, which used to abound in the
wilderness of Basilan, Leyte, Samar, Bohol and
Mindanao.
 Philippine government declares kagwang as an
endangered species and banned its commercial
exploitation
World’s Largest Reptile: Salt Water
Crocodile
Crocodylus porosas, it is different from Mindoro’s
fresh water crocodile (Crocodylas mindorensis).
 There were tales that a 27-foot saltwater
crocodile was killed near Lake Taal in Batangas
in 1823.
 It reportedly took 40 men to bring the body
ashore.
ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine flat- headed frog
Barbourula busuangensis
 Busuanga, Culion, and Palawan
 inhabits clear, unpolluted swift-flowing
mountain streams and rivers in lowland
rainforests where it usually floats near the
surface of the water unless disturbed, when it
will hide under submerged rocks
Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus)
OUR TURTLES
 loggerhead (caretta caretta)
 leatherback sea turtle
 Philippine green turtle
 olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea)
 hawksbill sea turtle
World’s Largest Fish
 Donsol, a fishing town in Sorsogon province,
serves as a sanctuary to a group of 40 whale
sharks (Rhincodon typus), which are considered
as the largest fish in the world.
 Locally known as "butanding", whale sharks
visit the waters of Donsol from November to
May. They travel across the oceans but nowhere
else have they been sighted in a larger group
than in the waters of Sorsogon.
 In 1996, a marine biologist discovered that
whale shark that the females produce live
offspring from eggs hatched in the uterus.
 The Philippine government declared whale
sharks as endangered species in 1998, thereby
banning its plunder and exploitation.
 Right now, the Department of Tourism is
promoting eco-tourism to protect the whale
sharks in Donsol.
World’s Smallest Fish
 The world's smallest freshwater fish is found in
the Philippines. The dwarf goby (Pandaka
pygmaca) measures 1.2 centimeters or less than
half of an inch, the tiniest known vertebrate.
 American Ichthyologist Albert Herre first
discovered it in Malabon River in 1925.
World’s Smallest Commercial Fish
 World's smallest commercial fish Sinarapan
(Mistichthys luzonensis) found only in Lakes
Bato and Bahi in Camarines Sur province.
 Sinarapan grows to an average length of 1.25
centimeters, only slightly longer than the dwari
goby.
 Today unabated fishing in the two lakes
threatens the population of sinarapan.
ENDEMICS… and ENDANGERED UNDER
THE SEA
 Chaetodontoplos cacrulcopunctatas Blue-spotted
angelfish
 Philippine Anchovy: Dilis or Bolinao
 Exyrias: goby or biya

EXOTIC SEAHORSES
 More than 500 of the world's 700 coral species
are found under the waters of the Philippines,
which is a part of the Coral Triangle - a region in
the Pacific Ocean.
 There are at least 50 known seahorse species in
the world. They inhabit temperate and tropical
waters but most of them are concentrated in the
warm coastal waters of the Philippines.
 The seahorse's scientific genus name,
 Hippocampus is a Greek word, which means,
"bent horse.
 At least 47 nations and territories around the
world are involved in buying and selling
seahorses. The largest known importers are
China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
 Among the largest exporters is the Philippines.

ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 About 70 percent of the Philippines' nearly
21,000 recorded insect species are found only in
this hotspot.
 About one-third of the 915 butterflies found
here are endemic to the Philippines, and over
110 of the more than 130 species of tiger beetle
are found nowhere else.

Smallest Shells

 Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell, can be found

under Philippine waters.
 Pisidum is less than 1 millimeter long