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Module 2 - Reproductive System
Module 2 - Reproductive System
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2
Chapter 19
Reproductive System
Lecture Outline
Figure 19.1
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Formation of Gametes
Gametes:
• sex cells
• sperm in males
• oocytes (eggs) in females
Meiosis:
• a special type of cell division that leads to formation
of sex cells
Each sperm cell and each oocyte contains 23
chromosomes
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Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2
Meiosis 3
Meiosis 4
Figure 19.2
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Figure 19.3
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Scrotum:
• contains testes
• contains dartos muscle that moves scrotum and
testes close to and away from body depending on
temp.
• sperm must develop at temp. less than body temp.
Testes:
• primary male reproductive organ
• produces sperm
• in scrotum
• contain seminiferous tubules: where sperm is
produced
Testes continued:
• contain interstitial cells: secrete testosterone
• contain germ cells: cells that sperm cells arise from
• contain sustentacular cells: nourish germ cells and
produce hormones
Epididymis:
• thread-like tubules on side of each testis
• where seminiferous tubules empty new sperm
• where sperm continue to mature develop ability to
swim and bind to oocytes
Ductus deferens:
• “vas deferens”
• extends from epididymis and joins seminal vesicle
• cut during a vasectomy
Urethra:
• extends from urinary bladder to end of penis
• passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
Penis:
• corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, spongy
urethra:
• 3 columns of erectile tissue which fill with blood for
erection
• transfer sperm from male to female
• excrete urine
Figure 19.3
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Figure 19.6a
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Figure 19.6b
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Secretions 1
Semen:
• mixture of sperm and secretions from glands
• provides a transport medium and nutrients that
• protect and activate sperm
• 60% of fluid is from seminal vesicles
• 30% of fluid is from prostate gland
• 5% of fluid is from bulbourethral gland
• 5% of fluid is from testes
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Secretions 2
Seminal vesicles:
• provide fructose
• contain prostaglandins which decrease mucus
thickness around cervix and uterine tubes and help
sperm move through female repro. tract
• contains coagulants that help deliver semen into
female
Secretions 3
Prostate gland:
• contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is inside
female
• neutralizes acidity of vagina
Bulbourethral gland:
• neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina
Secretions 4
Testicular secretions:
• include sperm and small amount of fluid
2 to 5 milliliters of semen is ejaculated each time
1 milliliter of semen contains 100 million sperm
Sperm can live for 72 hours once inside female
Path of Sperm
1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules
(testes)
2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exit body
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis:
• formation of sperm cells
• begins at puberty
• interstitial cells increase in number and size
• seminiferous tubules enlarge
• seminiferous tubules produce germ cells and
sustentacular cells
Spermatogenesis
Figure 19.5
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Figure 19.4
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Regulation
Figure 19.7
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Male Puberty
Male puberty:
• sequence of events in which a boy begins to produce
male hormones and sperm cells
• begins at 12 to 14 and ends around 18
• testosterone is major male hormone
• secondary sexual characteristics develop:
Example - skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth,
skeletal muscle growth, and larynx changes
Penile Erection
Erection is the first major component of the male sex
act.
Neural stimuli cause the penis to enlarge and
become firm.
Specifically, parasympathetic action potentials from
the sacral region of the spinal cord cause the arteries
that supply blood to the erectile tissues to dilate.
Blood then fills small venous sinuses called sinusoids
in the erectile tissue and compresses the veins,
which reduces blood flow from the penis.
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Penile Ejaculation
Ejaculation results from the contraction of smooth
muscle in the wall of the urethra and skeletal
muscles surrounding the base of the penis.
Just before ejaculation, action potentials are sent to
the skeletal muscles that surround the base of the
penis.
Rhythmic contractions are produced that force the
semen out of the urethra, resulting in ejaculation.
In addition, muscle tension increases throughout
the body.
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Female Pelvis
Figure 19.18
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Figure 19.9
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Ovaries:
• primary female reproductive organ
• produces oocytes and sex hormones
• one on either side of uterus
• ovarian ligaments: anchor ovaries to uterus
• suspensory ligaments: anchor ovaries to pelvic cavity
• ovarian follicle: cells in ovaries that contain oocytes
Follicles
Figure 19.10
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Uterus:
• pear sized structure located in pelvic cavity
• functions: receive, retain, and provide nourishment
for fertilized oocyte, where embryo resides and
develops
• body: main part
• cervix: narrow region that leads to vagina
Vagina:
• extends from uterus to outside of body
• female copulation organ that receives penis during
intercourse
• allows menstrual flow
• involved in childbirth
• contains very muscular walls and a mucous membrane
• very acidic to keep bacteria out
Vulva:
• external female sex organs
• mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and
vestibule
Mons pubis:
• fatty layer of skin covering pubic symphysis
Labia majora:
• larger, outer folds of skin
• equivalent to male scrotum
Labia minora:
• thin, inner folds of skin
Clitoris:
• small erectile structure located in vestibule
• equivalent to male penis
Prepuce:
• where 2 labia minora unite over clitoris
Vestibule:
• space in which vagina and urethra are located
Figure 19.12
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Figure 19.11
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Ovulation
Ovulation:
• release of an oocyte from the ovary
• due to LH secreted from the anterior pituitary
Corpus luteum:
• mature follicle after ovulation
• degenerates if egg is not fertilized
Female Puberty
Begins between 11 to 13 and is usually
completed by 16
Menarche first episode of menstrual bleeding
Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external
genitalia to enlarge and fat is deposited in
breast and hips
Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone
are secreted by ovaries
Mammary Glands
Organs of milk production in breasts
Modified sweat glands
Female breasts begin to enlarge during puberty
Consists of lobes covered by adipose
Lobes, ducts, lobules are altered during lactation
to expel milk
Figure 19.13
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Estrogen:
• proliferation of endometrial cells
• development of mammary glands (especially duct
system)
• control of LH and FSH secretion
• development and maintenance of secondary sex
characteristics
Progesterone:
• enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion of
fluid from uterine glands
• maintenance of pregnancy state
• development of mammary glands (especially alveoli)
• control of estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion
• development of secondary sex characteristics
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual cycle:
• series of changes that occur in sexually mature,
nonpregnant females
Menses:
• time when endometrium is shed from uterus
Average is 28 days and results from cyclical
changes that occur in endometrium
Day 14 Ovulation
• oocyte is released due to LH
• estrogen levels high
• progesterone levels are increasing
• cervical mucus thins
Menstrual Cycle
Figure 19.14
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Menopause
Menopause
• time when ovaries secrete less hormones and number
of follicles in ovaries is low
• menstrual cycle and ovulation are less regular
• hot flashes, fatigue, irritability may occur
• estrogen replacement therapy may be used to
decreases side effects