Related

literature
and studies
Practical Research 1 | Week 4
 Related
Literature
and Studies
● is a type of academic writing that
provides an overview of a specific
topic.

● A literature review critically

analyzes the relationship among
different scholarly work and the
current work.
 Functions of literature & studies
• Justifies a research question, method, or theoretical and
conceptual framework
• Establishes the relevance of the topic
• Provides necessary information to better understand a specific
topic or study
• Resolves conflict among contradictory studies
• Determines what has already been done that related to the
research problem
• Helps find research strategies and procedures, as well as
instrument that have been found to productive or unproductive
in gathering data or investigating the problem
• Helps facilitate interpretation of the results of the study
Literature vs studies

LITERATURE STUDIES
a collection of all the are STUDIES or
references you can find RESEARCHES which
which includes articles, are SIMILAR to your
books, magazines, including theses and
newspaper and other dissertations.
forms of publication
Guidelines in writing
literature review

LITERATURE EVALUATION WRITING THE

SEARCH AND ANALYSIS LITERATURE
OF ARTICLES REVIEW
 LITERATURE SEARCH
● Choose and focus on a topic that you will explain.
● Survey the available online database relevant to your topic.
● Use relevant keywords when searching for scholarly
documents or articles.

EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF ARTICLES

● Skim the articles and read their abstract.
● Group the articles and other documents according to their
categories.
● Focus on the research questions, methodology used, major
findings and their explanations, and conclusion.

WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW

Criteria IN
EVALUATING
SOURCES
APA 7th Edition
Criteria in evaluating sources

Relevance of the Source to the Research

01 Topic
This includes checking the title, table of contents,
summary/abstract, introduction, or headings of the text to
have a sense of its content.

Authority/Author’s Qualifications
02 Remember, if the source does not have an author, think twice
before using it. Also, Publications from professors are usually
peer- reviewed and have undergone a strenuous publication
process and are therefore reliable.
Criteria in evaluating sources
Currency/Date Publication
03 In most papers, references published 5 years earlier at more
are accepted.

Accuracy of Information
04 Avoid references which make use of colloquial words,
remember that this is formal writing, unless of course the
study is about colloquial words.

Location of the Sources

05 Blogs, and wiki sites are not accepted. Websites like these can
be edited easily, thus are not reliable.
Some example of reputable sites you can refer to are sites with .edu
(published by an academic institution such as university), .gov
(government websites), and .net (network infrastructures).
Citing your
sources
The purpose of citing our sources is to avoid
PLAGIARISM. We cite our sources to credit the original
author of the work, help your audience identify the
original source and promote scholarly writing.
Remember:
Citations are dependent on each
other. Once a source is cited in-text,
it should also appear on the
reference list or else it may be
considered as a form of plagiarism.
Forms of citations

IN-TEXT REFERENCE
Requires the writer to Refers to the complete
cite the details of the bibliographic entries of
reference used in a all references used by
certain part of the text. the writer.
 FORMS OF CITATIONS
IN-TEXT REFERENCE
Requires the writer Refers to the complete
to cite the details of bibliographic entries of
the reference used all references used by
in a certain part of the writer.
the text.
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., 7 Kraut, R.
communication in non-internet and internet (2002). The quality of online social
relationships mediated by FtF, phone or email
relationships. Communication of the
modalities found that the frequency of each
modality’s use was significantly linked to the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
strength of the particular relationship
(Cummings et al., 2002).
GUIDELINES
IN IN-TEXT
CITATIONS
APA 7th Edition
APA 7th Edition is an 'author/date' system, so your in-
text references for all formats (book, journal article,
web document) consists of the author(s) surname and
year of publication.

The basics of an in-text reference in APA:

• Include author or authors and year of publication.
• Use round brackets.
 in-text citations
FOR A WORK WITH ONLY ONE AUTHOR

Narrative: According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student
majors.

Parenthetical: APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2014).

FOR A WORK WITH TWO AUTHORS

Narrative: According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is required for
business student majors.

Parenthetical: APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot,
2014).

*Observe the use of “&” and “and” when the citations are inside or outside the parenthesis
 in-text citations

FOR THREE OR MORE AUTHORS INCLUDE ONLY THE FIRST AUTHOR’S NAME
FOLLOWED BY “ET AL.”

Narrative: Sipacio et al. (2014) states that in general, the social science employ this
citation style.

Parenthetical: In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et
al., 2014).

*This is one of the major changes in the 7th Edition of APA. In the 6th edition, all the authors are
mentioned during the first citation and et.al was used for succeeding or subsequent ones.
 Direct
quotations
1. When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are
required to include the page number(s) enclosed in parenthesis.
The page number must be preceded by “p.” or “pp.” for multiple
pages.

• Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style

guide too complex” (p.56).
• According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the APA style
guide too complex” (p. 56).
• He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too
complex” (Sipacio, 2014, p.56) because of several factors.
2. When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still
required to include the page number(s). Start your quotation in a new
line with a ½ indentation on the left margin, with a smaller font and
italicized format. Remember to keep it single-spaced too. There is no
need to enclose long quotations in quotation marks, but the
parenthetical citation should be placed after the period.

In this article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access”, Scheliz
(2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity
of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated;
(4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high
levels of population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets),
which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and, (8) recurrent shocks and
exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental
poverty. (p.2)
 Reference citation
• Place the reference list on a new page separate
from the text of your writing.
• Apply hanging indention.
• All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of
the paper.
• Follow this sequence in writing the names of the
author: Last name, First name Initial, Middle Initial.
• Arrange the references in alphabetical order based
on the last names of the authors.
 THANKS
Do you have any questions?

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including

icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution