3.

2 underground cables
• An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors
covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover.
• The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening,
ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service.
• The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed
in ducts buried in the ground
• Advantages over OHL
• less liable to damage through storms or lightning,
• low maintenance cost,
• fewer chances of faults,
• smaller voltage drop and
• Better general appearance.
• Drawback
• Greater installation cost
• Insulation problems for High voltage
• Applications
• Places which are impractical for OHL
• Densely populated areas
• plants/factories
• Substations
• Congested urban areas at low or moderate voltages
Requirements
• The conductor should be stranded copper or aluminum- of
higher conductivity

• Conductor should have sufficient size to carry the desired

current

• The conductor should have proper thickness of insulation to

withstand the voltage

• The cable must be provided with proper mechanical

protection

• The material should be chemically and physically stable.

Construction of cables
Construction of cables
• An UC consists of
• Conductors/core-3-conductor cable for 3-ϕ and 1-conductor for 1-ϕ
• Insulation-each conductor is provided with proper thickness of insulation
depending upon voltage
• Metallic /lead sheath -protect the cable from moisture, gases or other
damaging liquids (acids or alkalies) in the soil and atmosphere.
• Bedding-fibrous material like jute or hessian tape.
• to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion
• and from mechanical injury due to armouring.
• Armouring-consists of one or two layers of galvanised steel wire or steel tape.
• protect the cable from mechanical injury while laying it and during the
course of handling. Armouring may not be done in the case of some
cables.
• Serving-to protect armouring from atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous
material (polypropylene tape) similar to bedding is provided over the
armouring.
• Bedding, armouring and serving
• for the protection of conductor insulation
• to protect the metallic sheath from mechanical injury.
Insulating Materials for Cables
• The satisfactory operation of a cable depends to a great
extent upon the characteristics of insulation used.
• the proper choice of insulating material for cables
• The insulating materials used in cables should have the
following properties:
• High insulation resistance to avoid leakage current.
• High dielectric strength to avoid electrical breakdown of the cable.
• High mechanical strength to withstand the mechanical handling of
cables.
• Non-hygroscopic i.e., it should not absorb moisture from air or soil.
• Non-inflammable.
• Low cost so as to make the underground system a viable
proposition.
• Unaffected by acids and alkalies to avoid any chemical action.
Insulating materials
• The principal insulating materials are
• Rubber-obtained from milky sap of tropical trees
It has the dielectric strength of 30 KV/mm.
Insulation resistivity of 10 exp 17 ohm.cm
Relative permittivity varying between 2 and 3.
it readily absorbs moisture, soft and liable to damage due to rough handling
and ages when exposed to light.
Maximum safe temperature is very low about 38 C
Insulating materials
• The principal insulating materials are
• Impregnated paper-
 This material has superseded the rubber, consists of chemically
pulped paper impregnated with napthenic and paraffinic
materials.
It has low cost, low capacitance, high dielectric strength and high
insulation resistance.
The only disadvantage is the paper is hygroscopic, for this reason
paper insulation is always provided with protective covering.
Insulating materials
• The principal insulating materials are
• Varnished cambric-
 This is simply the cotton cloth impregnated and coated with
varnish.
As the varnish cambric is also hygroscopic so need some
protection.
Its dielectric strength is about 4KV / mm and permittivity is 2.5 to
3.8.
Insulating materials
• The principal insulating materials are
• Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)-obtained from the polymerization of
acetylene and is in the form of white powder
This material has
 good dielectric strength,
 high insulation resistance and
 high melting temperatures.
These have not so good mechanical properties as those of rubber.
It is inert to oxygen and almost inert to many alkalis and acids.
Insulating materials
• The principal insulating materials are
• XLPE-a form of polyethylene with cross-links
This material gives good insulating properties
It is light in weight, small overall dimensions, low dielectric
constant and high mechanical strength, low water absorption.
These cables permit conductor temperature of 90 oC and 250 oC
under normal and short circuit conditions.
These cables are suitable up to voltages of 33 KV.
Classification of cables
• Two ways of classifying cables
• The type of insulator material used
• The voltage it is manufactured for
• Based on the voltage level
• Low-tension (L.T.) cables — upto 1kV
• High-tension (H.T.) cables — upto 11kV
• Super-tension (S.T.) cables — from 22 kV to 33 kV
• Extra high-tension (E.H.T.) cables — from 33 kV to 66 kV
• Extra super voltage cables — beyond 132 kV
Cable cores
• A cable may have
• one or more than one core depending upon the type of service for
which it is intended.
• It may be
(i) single-core
(ii) two-core
(iii) three-core
(iv) four-core
• For a 3-phase service, either 3-single-core cables or three-core
cable can be used depending upon the operating voltage and load
demand.
1-core 2-core

3-core 4-core
Current-Carrying Capacity of Cables
• The safe current-carrying capacity of an underground cable
is determined by the maximum permissible temperature
rise.
• The cause of temperature rise is the losses that occur in a
cable which appear as heat.
• These losses are :
• Copper losses in the conductors
• Hysteresis losses in the dielectric
• Eddy current losses in the sheath
• The maximum steady temperature conditions exists when
the heat generated in the cable is equal to the heat
dissipated.
• The heat dissipation of the conductor losses is by
conduction through the insulation to the sheath
Thermal Resistance
• The thermal resistance between two points in a medium
(e.g. insulation) is

• Therefore, in order to find permissible current loading, the

thermal resistivity of the insulation, the protective covering
and the soil must be known.
Permissible Current Loading

• Power dissipated for n cored cable is = n I2 R

• Therefore, n I2 R =t/s
• Permissible current per conductor is given by

I=
Voltage rating of cables
• Voltage class of a cable is based on the phase-to-phase
voltage of the system even though the cable is single, two,
or three phase.
Grading of Cables
• stresses is maximum at surface of the conductor or inner
most part of the dielectric.
• The stress goes on decreasing as outer most layer is
reached.
• Non-uniformity is undesirable
• the process of achieving the uniform electrostatic stresses
on the dielectric of cables is known as Grading of cables

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Grading of Cables
• If a dielectric of high strength is used for a cable, it is useful only near
the conductor where stress is maximum.
• But as we move away from the conductor, the electrostatic stress
decreases, so the dielectric will be unnecessarily over strong.

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Grading of Cables

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Grading of Cables
• The unequal stress distribution in a cable is undesirable for two
reasons.
• firstly, insulation of greater thickness is required which increases the cable
size.
• Secondly, it may lead to the breakdown of insulation.
• In order to overcome above disadvantages, it is necessary to have a
uniform stress distribution in cables.
• This can be achieved by distributing the stress in such a way that its
value is increased in the outer layers of dielectric.

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Methods of grading of Cables

• The following are the two main methods of grading of

cables :
(i) Capacitance grading
(ii) Inter-sheath grading

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Capacitance Grading
• The process of achieving uniformity in the dielectric stress by
using layers of different dielectrics is known as capacitance
grading.
• In capacitance grading, the homogeneous dielectric is
replaced by a composite dielectric
• Move outwards  becomes smaller
r

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Grading of Cables
Inter-sheath Grading
• a homogeneous dielectric is used, but it is divided into
various layers by placing metallic inter-sheaths between
the core and lead sheath.
• The inter-sheaths are held at suitable potentials which are
in between the core potential and earth potential.

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• Cables are generally laid in the ground or in ducts in
the underground distribution system.
• For this reason, there are little chances of faults in
underground cables.
• However, if a fault does occur it is difficult to locate
and repair the fault because conductors are not
visible.
• Nevertheless, the following are the faults most likely
to occur in underground cables
1) open circuit fault
2) short circuit fault
3)earth fault
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• When there is a break in the conductor of a cable, it is called open
circuit fault.
• The open circuit fault can be checked by megger. For this purpose, the
three conductors of the 3-core cable at the far end are shorted and
earthed.
• The resistance between each conductor and earth is measured by a
megger and it will indicate zero resistance in the circuit of the
conductor that is not broken.
• However, if the conductor is broken, the megger will indicate infinite
resistance in its circuit
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• When two conductors of a multi-core cable come in electrical contact
with each other due to insulation failure, it is called a short circuit
fault.
• Again, we can seek the help of a megger to check this fault.
• For this purpose the two terminals of the megger are connected to
any two conductors.
• If the megger gives zero reading, it indicates short circuit fault
between these conductors.
• The same steps is repeated for other conductors taking two a time.

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EARTH FAULTS
• When the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth, it is
called earth fault or ground fault.
• To identify this fault, one terminal of the megger is connected to the
conductor and the other terminal connected to earth.
• If the megger indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is
earthed. The same procedure is repeated for other conductors of the
cable.

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Thank you!