Question 1a

Soluble salts can be made by the neutralisation of an acid by a base. Insoluble salts can be made by
precipitation.

The following is a brief description of the preparation of the soluble salt, nickel(II) chloride-6−water, from
the insoluble base nickel(II) carbonate. Nickel(II) carbonate is added in small amounts to hot dilute
hydrochloric acid until it is in excess. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate is partially evaporated and then
allowed to cool until crystals of nickel(II) chloride-6−water form.

i) Why is it necessary to use excess carbonate?

[1]

ii) Explain why it is necessary to filter.

[1]

iii) Why partially evaporate rather than evaporate to dryness?

[1]

iv) What additional steps are needed to obtain dry crystals?

[2]

[5 marks]
Question 1b

Potassium chloride can be made from hydrochloric acid and potassium carbonate.

Why must a different experimental method be used for this preparation?

[1]

Give a description of the different method used for this salt preparation.

[4]

[5 marks]
Question 1c

Insoluble salts are made by precipitation. An equation for the preparation of barium sulfate is given below.

BaCl2 (aq) + MgSO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + MgCl2 (aq)

This reaction can be used to find x in the formula for hydrated magnesium sulfate MgSO4.xH2O.

A known mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.xH2O, was dissolved in water. Excess aqueous
barium chloride was added. The precipitate of barium sulfate was filtered, washed and dried.
Finally it was weighed.

[5 marks]
 Question 2a

Question 2b

[3 marks]

Question 2c
Question 3a
Three ways of making salts are titration using a soluble base or carbonate neutralization using an
insoluble base or carbonate precipitation.

Complete the following table of salt preparations.

Method Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Salt

............................. .............................
Titration Sodium nitrate
............................. .............................

.............................
Copper(II) nitrate
Neutralisation Nitric acid
.............................

............................. .............................
Precipitation Silver(I) chloride
............................. .............................

.............................
Zinc(II) carbonate
Neutralisation Sulfuric acid
.............................

[6 marks]
Question 3b

i) Write an ionic equation with state symbols for the preparation of silver(I) chloride.
[2]

ii) Complete the following equation.

ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ............... + ............... + ...............

[2]

[4 marks]

Question 4a
Chlorine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus trichloride.

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer electrons in one molecule of the covalent
compound, phosphorus trichloride.

Use x to represent an electron from a phosphorus atom. Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine
atom.

[2 marks]
Question 4b
Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids.

(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.

PCl3 + .......H2O → HCl + H3PO3

[1]

(ii) Describe how you could show that phosphorus acid, H3PO3, is a weaker acid than hydrochloric
acid.

[3]

(iii) Two salts of phosphorus acid are its sodium salt, which is soluble in water, and its calcium salt which
is insoluble in water. Suggest a method of preparation for each of these salts from aqueous phosphorus
acid. Specify any other reagent needed and briefly outline the method.

Sodium salt

[2]

Calcium salt

[2]

[8 marks]
Question 5a
Oxides are classified as acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric. Complete the table.

Type of oxide pH of solution of oxide Example

Acidic
Basic
Neutral

[6 marks]

Question 5b
Explain the term amphoteric.

Name two reagents that are needed to show that an oxide is amphoteric.

[3 marks]
Question 6
There are three methods of preparing salts.

Method A – use a burette and an indicator.

Method B – mix two solutions and obtain the salt by precipitation.
Method C – add an excess of base or a metal to a dilute acid and remove the excess by filtration.

For each of the following salt preparations, choose one of the methods A, B or C, name any additional
reagent needed and then write or complete the equation.

i) The soluble salt, zinc sulfate, from the insoluble base, zinc oxide

method ..................................................

reagent ..................................................

word equation .................................................. [3]

ii) The soluble salt, potassium chloride, from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide

method ..................................................

reagent ..................................................

equation ..................... + → KCl + H2O

[3]

iii) The insoluble salt, lead(II) iodide, from the soluble salt, lead(II) nitrate

method ..................................................

reagent ..................................................

equation Pb2+ + ..................... → .....................

[4]

[10 marks]
Question 7a
Which one of these salts is soluble in water? Tick one box.

barium sulfate
calcium carbonate
ammonium sulfate
iron(II) hydroxide

Question 7b
Carbon dioxide is a gas.
Which one of these processes does not produce carbon dioxide? Tick one box.

[1 mark]

Question 7c
Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating agent which can chemically remove water from substances.
Both hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals and sucrose (a sugar), C12H22O11, can be completely dehydrated
by concentrated sulfuric acid.
Name the solid product formed in each case.

hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals ________________

sucrose ________________

[2 marks]
Question 7d
This question is about copper and copper compounds.
Describe how you could prepare a pure sample of crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate using dilute
sulfuric acid and an excess of copper(II) oxide.

[3 marks]
Question 8a
Silver chloride, AgCl, is insoluble. It can be made by a precipitation reaction between aqueous barium
chloride and a suitable aqueous silver salt.

What is meant by the term precipitate?

[2 marks]

Question 8b

Name a suitable silver salt to use to prepare silver chloride.

Complete the chemical equation to show the formation of insoluble silver chloride from aqueous barium
chloride and the silver salt you have named.

name of a suitable silver salt ...........................................

BaCl2 + ..................... → ..................... + .....................

[3 marks]