Summer Monsoon Season Retreating Monsoon Season

i) Wind is on-shore from S.W i) Wind is off-shore from N.E

direction. direction.
ii) Heavy rain, high humidity ii) Clear sky, high
temperature. temperature, high humidity,
oppressive salty weather, low
rainfall from Oto to Dec,
withdrawal of S.W Monsoon.
iii) Heavy rain almost whole iii) There is no rain in most of
country/ Cloudy sky/ rainfall the part of India but which
is from June to sept/ on-set wind pick up moisture from
Monsoon/ Strong pressure Bay of Bengal it brings rain to
gradient/ Orographic rainfall. coromandel coast/ Cyclonic
rainfall.

2.
Retreating Monsoon
i) They originate from south-
west monsoon which begin
to retreat in Oct- Nov.
ii) They are the retreat of
south-west monsoon caused
due to change in pressure
condition followed by
southern Oscillation and
apparent migration of the
sun.
iii) Creates cyclonic rainfall in
Tamil Nadu coast.
North-East Monsoon
i) The Trade winds blow in
north-east direction in
winter.
ii) It is mostly off-shore winds
(N.E trade winds),but while
blowing over Bay of Bengal it
picks moisture and shed it on
coromandel coast.
iii) Creates orographic rainfall
in Tamil Nadu coast.
3. Distinguish between S.W Monsoon and
Retreating Monsoon.
4. Distinguish between S.W Monsoon and
North-East Monsoon.
4. Tropical cyclone and Temperate cyclone
should be learnt from TEXT BOOK.

SOILS OF INDIA----
1. Distinguish between Bhangar and Khadar
From text book

2.
Alluvial soils in lower course
i) Soils are fine in texture.
ii) Soils consist fine clay and
silt, dark in color.
iii) Very fertile mostly
replenished by annual flood.
Alluvial soils in upper course
i) Soils are coarse in texture.
ii) Soils consist sand and
pebbles, light in color.
iii) Responds well with
fertilizers for cultivation.

3.
Alluvial soil in North. Alluvial soil in south
i) North alluvial soil known as
Inland alluvium/ Riverine
alluvium.
ii) Here alluvial soil differs in
texture from coarse grain to
fine grain along the upper
coarse to lower coarse.
iii) Color changes from light
to dark.
4.
Transported Soil/Ex-situ Soil
i) These soils originate from
the transported alluvium
brought down by the rivers.
ii) These types of soil varied
in texture from coarse grain
to fine grain.
iii) Color varies from light to
dark depending on new or
old alluvium.
i) Alluvial soil in south known
as Peninsula alluvium/
Coastal alluvium.
ii) Here alluvial soil is fine
grain in nature, clayey in
composition.
iii) Color is dark as here
alluvial soil mixes with black
soil.
Residual Soil/ In-Situ Soil
i) These soils are formed by
weathering of basaltic lava(
Black Soil) or old crystalline
and metamorphic rock( Red
soil).
ii) These types of soils are
mostly fine grained/
moisture retentive (Black
soil). But Red soil and laterite
soil are coarse grain.
iii) Soils are mostly dark in
color.
5.
Alluvial Soil
i) These soils formed due to
transportation and
deposition of sand, silt, clay
from upper coarse to lower
coarse.
ii) Texture varies from coarse
grain to fine grain.
iii) Color varies from light to
dark yellow.
6.
Alluvial Soil
i) These soils are formed by
transportation and
deposition of sand, silt and
clay from upper coarse to
lower coarse.
ii) Texture varies from coarse
grain to fine grain.
iii) Color varies from light
yellow to dark yellow.
Red Soil
i) These soils formed due to
weathering of old crystalline
and metamorphic rock
ii) Texture is coarse grain or
porous in nature and friable.
iii) Color is red.
Black Soil
i) These soils are formed due
to weathering/
disintegration of basaltic or
lava rock.
ii) Texture is fine grain/
clayey in nature and
moisture retentive.
iii) Color is black due to
presence of iron.
7.
Black Soil Red Soil
i) Black soil is formed due to i) Red soil is formed due to
weathering of basaltic rock weathering/ disintegration
of old crystalline and
metamorphic rock.
ii) This soil is fine grain/ non- ii) This soil is coarse grain/
porous/moisture retentive in porous/ friable in nature.
nature.
iii) This soil is black in color iii) This soil is red in color
due to presence of iron. due to presence of iron-
oxide.

8.
Sheet erosion
i) It occurs in gentle slopes
and is the slow removal of a
thin top layer of soil when
vegetation is destroyed.
ii) It creates rugged
topography along river
valleys and east- west
coastal plain.
Gully erosion
i)It is process by which rain
water, flowing in definite
path removes the top soil
due to scooping out, causing
deep cut or gullies to surface
of the land.
ii) It creates broken ground/
bad land topography near
Chambal river valley.

9.
Regur Soil/ Black soil Laterite soil
i) Formed due to i) Formed due to
weathering/ denudation of disintegration of old
basic igneous rock crystalline and metamorphic
rock.
ii)It is fine grained ii) It is coarse grained
iii) It is black in color due to iii) It is red in color due to
presence of iron. presence of iron oxide.