SQL SUB-LANGUAGES/STATEMENTS/COMMANDS

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DDL(DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE):

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1)CREATE: create statement is used to create a table in the database.

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SYNTAX: create table tablename
(colname1 datatype(size) constraint(s),
colname2 datatype(size) constraint(s),
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colnameN datatype(size) constraint(s));

syntax for adding foreign key column:

columnname datatype(size),
foreign key(fkcolname) references parentable(pkcolname);

To copy the data from one table to another:

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SYNTAX: create table newtablename
as
select * from tablename;

2)ALTER: Alter statement is used to modify the table w.r.t columns.

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ADDING A COLUMN:

alter table tablename

add colname datatype constraint(s);

RENAME A COLUMN:

alter table tablename

rename column old colname to new colname;

DELETE A COLUMN:

alter table tablename

drop column colname;

3)RENAME: Rename statement is used to rename a table.

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SYNTAX: rename oldtablename to newtablename;

4.TRUNCATE: Truncate is used to remove all records of a table at one shot. Truncate makes a table emp
ty. Truncate will not remove
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the table from database instead it removes records from table.

syntax: truncate table tablename;

5)DROP: Drop statement is used to remove a table from database.

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SYNTAX: drop table tablename;

-->IF DROP is applied on table, the table will be removed from database and gets stored in recyclebin.
To restore the table from recyclebin to database,we use flashback.

flashback table tablename to before drop;

-->To delete the table from the recyclebin ,

purge table tablename;

-->To remove the table permanently from the database without storing in BIN ,

drop table tablename purge;

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DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

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1)INSERT: INSERT statement is used to add records into the table.

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SYNTAX: insert into tableName values(v1,v2,v3…);
or
insert into tableName (colname1,colname2,…...) values(v1,v2,….);

2.UPDATE: UPDATE is used to update existing data in a table.

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SYNTAX: update tablename
set colname=value
where condition(s);
or
update tablename
set colname=VALUE,colname=value..
where condition(s);

3)DELETE: DELETE is used to remove particular records from a table.

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SYNTAX:delete from tablename
where condition(s);

NOTE:ALL the operations performed using DDL commands are permanent.

-----ALL the operations performed using DML commands are not permanent.
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TCL(TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGAUGE): Since all the DML operations are not permanent, it can b
e saved permanently using TCL
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1)ROLLBACK: Rollback statement is used to undo/delete all the DML operations.
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SYNTAX: rollback;

2)COMMIT:Commit statement is used to save all the DML operations permanently.

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SYNTAX: commit;

3)SAVEPOINT: Savepoint is a name given for a dml operation. it is used to fetch a particular dml operatio
n.
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SYNTAX: savepoint savepointname;
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DCL (DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE):

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DCL is mainly used to provide a permission or to take back a permission for accessing data from one dat
abase to another.

1)GRANT: Grant is mainly used to provide permission for accessing the data from one database to anoth
er.
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SYNTAX: grant permissiontype on tablename to username;

2)REVOKE: Revoke is mainly used to take back the permission for accessing the data from one database
to another.
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SYNTAX: revoke permissiontype on tablename from username;