ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVIEWER  High molecular weight alkanes (those

containing 18 or more carbons) are white

waxy solids.
 4 Halogens
 F- Fluoro
 B- Bromo - Boiling Points
 Cl- Chloro  Increase with increasing # of carbons
 I- Iodo  More atoms, more electrons, more opportunities for
induced dipole included dipole forces.
 Decrease with chain branching
 Cycloalkanes  Branched molecules are more compact with smaller
 CnH2n surface area-fewer points of contact with other
 Cyclopropane- shortest/smallest cycloalkanes molecules.
 A class of hydrocarbon that have a ring like structure

- Solubility: A case of Like Dissolve Like

 Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Melting and Boiling Points
 The boiling points of alkanes are lower than those of
almost any type of compound of the same molecular
weight.
 Both boiling and melting points of alkanes increase
with increasing molecular weight. – Directly
proportional.
 Alkanes containing 1 to 4 carbons are gases at
room temperature.
 Alkanes containing 5 to 17 carbons are
colorless liquids.
 Because alkanes are non-polar, they are not soluble in
water, which dissolves only ionic and polar
compounds.
 Alkanes do not dissolve in water because they cannot
form hydrogen bonds with water.
 Alkanes are soluble in each other, is an example of
like dissolve like.
- Density
 All liquid and solid alkanes are less dense than water
and because they are insoluble in water, they float in
water.
 Alkenes
 Contain at least one C=C double bond
- Dienes
 Gen. formula: CnH2n
o Have two or more carbon=carbon double bonds which
 Each member contains one double covalent bond
may be either isolated, cumulated or conjugated.
between two C atoms.
 Unsaturated  Isolated or Non-Conjugated
 Only 3 atoms joined to each C, not 4  Double bonds are separated by more than one
single bond.
 Cumulated
-Saturation vs. Unsaturation  Double bonds are adjacent to each other.
 Simply put, a saturated hydrocarbon has no double  Conjugated
bonds between Carbon atoms (ex. Alkanes)  double bonds are separated by one single
 Unsaturated has one or more double or triple bonds bond.
between carbons (alkenes, alkynes)
 Alkene Nomenclature (Naming)  Naming Dienes
1. The first C atom in the C=C bond indicates the double o Name the longest chain that contains both double bonds.
bond’s location (or number in naming) End it with diene.
2. The double bonds have priority and must have the lowest o When necessary, use the lowest numbers to give the
number(s) possible. locations of both double bonds.
3. Name, number, & alphabetize substituents as usual.
4. Parent chain- longest chain that includes the double  Naming Trienes
bond(s) o Name the longest chain that contains both double bonds.
5. Replace -ane ending with -ene ending. End it with triene.
o Two double bonds: - diene o When necessary, use the lowest numbers to give the
Three double bonds: -triene locations of both double bonds.
6. Put double bond number in front of entire root name (i.e.
2-pentene indicates the double bond starts on carbon 2)
 Naming Cycloalkenes
o Cycloalkenes are named in a similar way. Number the
 Cyclic alkenes: number the atoms in the ring starting with double cycloalkene so the double bond carbons get number 1 and
bond. 2, and the first substituent is the lowest possible number.
o If there is a substituent on one of the double bond carbons,
it gets number 1.