B IBLE MAP S

A H I S T O R I C A L A N D DE S C R I P T I VE A T L A S

S CR I PT URE G E O GR A P H Y

W H E R E IN

T H E A NC I E N T A U T H O R I T IE S A RE VE R I F IE D A N D C O RRE C T E D FRO M TH E

I N FORM A T I O N O F T RA VE L L E R S AN D W R I T E R S

UP TO TH E PRE S E N T T IME .

W I L L IA M H U GH E S ,

F0 UR TH E DI TI ON .

L O ND O N
J OH N W . P A R KE R AND S O N, W E ST ST RA ND .

M D C C C L IV .
 L O NDO N
S A VI LL A ND E DW A R DS R I NT E R S
, P ,
C H A N DO S ST R EE T ,

C QVE NT G A R DE N .
 (J O N IWE N T S .

P A GR

P R E FA C E

A RM EN IA , M E SOPO TAM IA S Y R IA
, ,
&C .
,
I N T H E T I M E OF T H E PAT R IA RC HS

C A N AA N DU R I N G T H E PA T R IA R C HA L AG E S

I II .

J O U RNEY S OF TH E IS R A E L I TES F R OM E G Y P T T O C A N AAN

C A N AA N AS DIVID ED A M O NG T H E T R I B E S
‘
-

S Y R IA SHO W I N G T H E D OM I N IO N S OF DAVID A N D SO L O M O N
,

T HE KI NGDO M S OF J U DAH A N D IS R A E L

VI I .

ASS Y RIA C H AL D E A A N D
, ,
M E DIA ; I L L U ST R A T I N G T H E C AP T IVI T I E S OF T H E J EW S

VI I I .

PA L E S T I NE A N D PA RT OF PH (E N I CIA ; I L L U S T RA T I N G TH E N EW TE STAM ENT

P L A N OF AN C I ENT J E R U SA L EM

T H E T R AV EL S OF S T PA U L
.

XI .

P A LES TI NE A N D T H E AD J A C ENT PAR T OF S Y R IA AS DIVID E D UN D E R T H E T U R KISH GOVE R N

, .

M ENT

XI I .

E GY P T A N D PA RT OF A RAB IA I N C L U DI N G T H E P EN I N S U L A OF
, , MO UN T SI N AI

I N DE X TO TH E M AP S

I N D EX T O T H E EXP L A N AT O R Y M EM OI R S

20 0 81 5 4
 P R E FA C E .

IN an age which has b een so prolific as the present in wo rks treating upon every department o f
Scriptural learning the production o f a new set o f B I B L E M APS m a y at fir st sight appear to
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many persons to stand in need o f some apology A little consideration will however show thos e .
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whose first impressions may incline them to think thu s that the best j ustification o f such a wo rk is ,

to be found in the natur e of the subj ect to which it relates— viz Geography All science is ,
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eminently progressive in its nature ; every fresh insight into its domains only stimulates the behold e r
to endeavour to obtain other and more extensive views ; every new fact which is acqu ired is associated
wi th other facts and serves with them to form the groundwork for further investigations and
, , , ,

to open a path to yet wider acquisitions T he world of intelli ge nce is no t limi ted by any impassable
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ocean lik e th at on the shores o f which Alexander wept to think that there were no more worlds to
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conquer ; and if the adventurer in t he regi ons o f science is stayed from furth e r conquests it is the ,

oc ean o f ti me which constitutes his limits —if he sheds tears it is on account of the bounded nature
, ,

of his f aculties and powers and not for want of other and more extensive worlds Attended how
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ever from age t o age by fresh votaries each in succession profiting by the labors o f those who
, , , ,

have preceded them science is ever offe ring to her followers a more fertil e domain to labor in and
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a rich er temple in which they may pay their homage N o r among the ma ny division s o f thi s .
,

edifice are there any which are more indebted fo r their value to the continual accumulation of age s
,

than that devoted to Geography O ther branches of learning may have S prung into comparative
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greatness through the exertions o f indivi dual genius or the labors of the critic and historian may seem
,

to have exhausted t he resources o f centuries but the progress o f Geography mu st always dep e nd
,

upon the gradual acqui sition of facts and the increased appli ance of the powers o f observation As
,
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long as the spirit o f inquiry prompts man to seek for new truths in reference e ither to the organic
'

or inorganic parts o f creation and his intelligence leads him to classify and arrange them Geography
, ,

will be eve ry day in a more advanced condition than at a preceding period and will therefore , , ,

requir e to be constantly di splayed in its im proved state to thos e whose disposition incl ines them to
engage in its pursuit .

T his progressive increase in the amount of geo graphical information is no t more perceptible in
reference to countries which have become known or o f which the inhabitants have attain ed to ,

civilisation within a recent period than in regard to some o f those which have long occupied a
, ,

conspicuous place in the world s history and to none more than P AL E ST I NE and oth e r parts of Syria
’

and Western Asia Syria has since the earliest r ecords o f man b een the scene o f ev ents o f the
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deepest interest to humanity ; the banners of the nations o f the E ast and the West o f ancient and ,

modern times have floated over its pl a ins and the arms o f the countless thousands o f their warriors
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glittered upon its hi ll s ; it has been successively under the domi nion o f the Assyrian the Persian , ,

the Greek the Roman the T urk and the E gyptian it contains the Promised Land o f the Jews
, , , ,

and th e Holy Land of the Ch ri stian princes have bent the kn e e at its shrine s and pilgrims from ,

all parts of the earth hastened in spite o f danger and su ffering to kiss its consecrated ground the
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eyes o f the civilised world a re at present directed towards it ; and still every day makes us the
more sensible ho w little we really know not merely o f its natural productions and of it s inha
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bit a nt s but even o f the actual configuration o f its surface o f that which form s t he basi s o f its past
, ,

and present geography T he little knowledge which we d o possess of the Geogr aphy of Palestine
.

has been alm ost solely acquir ed durin g the present century and is now happily constantly incr e asing ,

in extent a nd value The greater facilitie s which recent tim e s have presented fo r the pas sage o f
.

E uropeans through the country hav e enabl e d travell ers of abil ity to apply their powers of re se ar ch
in p a rts o f it which had lain concealed and almost unknown for centuries and to disinter from ,

among the accumulated d ust and ruins o f ages the mouldering remains of former greatness and
prospe ri ty .
vi P R E FA C E .

T he b ea ring of these acquisitions o f rec ent and pre sent times upon Bibli cal Geography i s dir ect
and importa nt As a ll ancient geography whi ch is of any v a lue to students in modern times consists
.

in the application o f d escription s o f the p a st to the reali ties o f the present it is nec e ssary in order , ,

that it may po ssess it s full worth that it shoul d be based upon a knowl e dge of the actual condition ,

o f t he country to which it appli es I n the abs enc e o f this knowledge the num erous attempts .
,

su cc e ssively mad e t o ill ustrate the G e ography o f the Bible have been in t o o many instanc es based

up o n m ere co njectu res sometimes supported only by vague e tym ologi cal analogies drawn from the
,

writin gs of Gre ek and Rom a n antiquity a nd often showing how little the framers o f them really ,

knew of P al estine but whi ch have in almo st a ll cases been di sprov e d by the appliance o f modern
, , ,

ob servation T hi s woul d have b e en o f comparatively little importanc e if as new facts we re acquir ed

.
, ,

they had b een constantly made use o f and applie d as te sts of t he worth o f preconceived hypotheses ,
.

But it ha s unfortunately happened that eith e r from the ignorance o r careles sne ss of the greater ,

numb e r of the compil ers o f Scripture Atl as es a large amount of re al and available information ‘
,
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ha s e ith e r no t y et been appli e d to the ill u stration o f the geography of the sacred volume o r e ls e it ,

ha s b e e n mi x ed up with long re c e ived conj e ctures in such a mann er as to make the as certai ned tr uth -

sub servient to the hypothe sis instead o f confirming o r r ej e cting the latter according as it c orre ,

s o nd e d o r not with the former

p T he resul t has of course be e n t o conf use rather than elucidate .
, , , ,

t he subj ect ; and the great maj ority of the map s profe ssing to ill ustrate the Bible mostly copi e d ,

from others o f a simil ar de scription and inheri ting in succ e ssion the absurdities and pueril e conj ee , , ,

ture s of former tim e s pr esent accordingly a mass o f confu sion in whi ch it is impo ssible for the
,

in e x p e rienced student to s eparate the tr ue from t he fal se o r t he known from t he co nject ura U ‘ ,

E v e n if this were po ssible and if the most recent information had been made use o f in the il lustra
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tion of Biblical G e ogr aphy still as the mat e rial s fo r forming it into a correct system are always , ,

accumulating the task o f collecting and analysing them would constantly require to be undertaken
,

anew .

I t is for t he foregoing r easons then that we think a coll ated a nd improved series o f B I B L E , ,
’
M APS will constitute a u se ful addition to the library of t he Scri ptur al student and a valuable com ,

pani on and guide to every r e ad e r of the sacred volume We have not thought it necessary to dwell .

h ere upon the importance which is to be attached t o the Geography of the Scripture s or it woul d ,

not be difficult to poin t out how import ant an influ ence the physical features o f such a country as
Pal estine must neces sar ily have e x erci sed over the manners the feelings and all that constituted the , ,

n at io na l cha r a cter of its inhabitants ; how th ey mu st hav e formed the imag ery of its p rophets and

poets ; and as the scenes by which its wri ter s w e re su rrounded and amid st which it s p e ople d welt l
, , ,

ho w th e y ought to be pre sent to t he mind o f the reader o f the Bible to render hi m susceptible o f
e m otions corr e spondent to tho se e x pressed in it s pages and to enable him to understand the trans ,

action s which th ey record But the Bible is mani fe stl y and admitte dly a work which more perhaps
.
,

than any othe r r ende rs nec e ssary a knowl e dge of the natur e and situation o f the places mentioned
,

in it in o rder that it may be read with advantage I f any evid enc e besid e s the necessity o f such a
, .

kno wl e dge which must be fe lt by every r e ad er were required to show the importance o f Scriptur e
G e ography it would be fo und in looking ove r the list of the names o f the learned and able c ritics and
,

co m m e ntators including B o cha rt C a lm et L e cl e rc and Michaelis who have devoted thems elves to its
, , , , ,

illu stration I n thi s Atlas and t he M em oirs by which it is accompanied we have endeavoured to
.
, ,

e mbody t he mo st valuabl e of the result s o f th e ir labor s wi th such increased information as the

d i sc o v e ri e s and r ese arches of t he pr esent a ge hav e placed in our pos se ssion I t diffe rs from other .

works pro fe s sing to po sse s s a similar character in t he foll o wing important particulars .

A ny o n ma y be sa tisfi ed of the j ustice of th ese re

p e rs of t he J o ur ney s of t he I sra elites wh ich i Di o nly g iven
,
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,
’
s

ma rk s by m erely gl a nci ng a t a ny f t he S c ri pture Atla ses in i up o n t he a uth o rity of t he b

o
yg o ne co nj ecture ch efly b a sed s

co m mo n use “ m s in o ne o r t wo ev e n of tho se recently of C a lm et p resent s a c urio us exa mple of la bo rio us int ricacv
.
,
, ,

p ubli h ed w find ind ica te d uc h l oca lit ies a Debo ra h s and studi o us d iflicult ies to say no th ing of t he ph y sica l im
s , e s s
‘ '
,

Pa l m T ree Ab ra h a m T e nt T hc T h reshi ng fl oor of po ssib ilitie s wh ic h o ur p resent kno wl ed g e of t he co untry

,
’
‘ '
s ,
’ ‘
-

l he T e nt s of L o t a ft e r se p a ra t i n fro m Ab ra h a m
"
sh o ws it to i nv ol v e A sim ila r rem a rk a pplies t o t he pl an
‘ ’

g , . s

t he c i t ie s of S o d o m G o m o rra h & c nd num ero us a bsurd i w h ic h p ro f ss t o

gi v en of J e rusa l em nd it s E nv iro n
‘ ’
, , .
,
a a s, e

ties of a imila r d sc ri pt io n freq u ntly t o t he x lu io n of spe c ify e v ery th i ng W o n t he fo rm of t he stre ets a nd itua
s e , e e c s .

, , s

r a l i nfo rma t i o n a nd in a ll a
e with o ut a ny d isti ng uish i ng
, tio n of p a rti c ul a r d well ings o n a subj ect up o n wh ic h we ma y
c ses
,

nigh b
y t h a id of wh ich t he st ud nt ma y d i sc ri mi na te b
e be sa id to kno w co mp a ra ti v ely no t/t ing
e e .

t w e n t h e m nd t h a t wh ic h is r a lly kno wn T he m a p o m
e a e . c
 P R E FA C E .
vii

Firstly : I t is the chief characteristic of the present Atlas to di stin g uish throughout b e tween
that which is known and that which is merely conjectu ra l N othing is h e r e set down as belon ging .

to the former class which really falls und e r the denomination of the latter I t is not we b e lie ve .
, ,

generally known that the greater number o f the places mentioned in the Bible which appear in
Scri pture maps are inserted according to the positions assigned to them by Josephu s E us ebius o r , ,

Jerom e during whose life time many pl aces in Palestine which have since p e ri sh e d were still in
,

existence and who have pre se rved in the ir writings the distances between them and well known
,
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places But the positions thus deduced can only be regarded as a pp roxi ma ti ng toward s accuracy
. ,

and as indicating the neighbourhood rather than the actual situation o f such places O n the other .

hand t he discovery in numerous instances o f ruins whi ch bear to the pres ent day the names of
, , ,

Scriptur a l localitie s in conj unction with oth e r circumstances which l e ave no doubt with regard to
,

the places of which they are the r epre se ntatives enables the ge ographer to indicate with precision ,

the situation of many places o f frequent m ention in the Bible T he number of place s o f thi s .

de s cription has b een v ery con sidera bly incr e ased du ring the last few years in the course o f which ,

t he scen e s o f some of the most interesting transactions o f the patriarchal and lat e r Scriptural ages

i E
have been for the first time v sited by uropean s
,
*
Places of the latter class together wi th such
, .
,

as have preserved ev en in mod e rn tim es some sh ar e o f importance compri se all t he kn o wn localities

, , ,

o f Bibli cal geography and are as such enti t l e d to a distinction from the rest
, , We hav e indicat e d
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such throughout this seri es of maps by the use o f a cir cul ar sign, thus 0 the names new borne , ,

by places thus marked may in most inst a nces be found in the modern map s app end e d to t he work
,
,
»

o r where this was found impracticable they have been in se rt e d after the anci e nt in wr i ting o f a ,

d ifierent character T he doubtful nature o f the situations assigned to a ll places not comprised in
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the last mentioned class is point e d out in the case o f towns by the use o f a square sign thus
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and in regard to distri cts rivers & c by the insertion of a note o f int errogation after th e ir names
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By thus placing b efore the ey e o f the student an indication o f the amount o f authenticity t o be
attached to the contents of each map and presenting him as it were with an analysis o f its , , ,

con struction we believ e that cl earer ideas wi ll be conveyed of the difficulties in which som e po rtions
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o f Biblical geography are involved an d o f t he means employed for their elucidation and many of
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the evils u sually attendant on the use of ancient maps will be th e reby obviated I t is scarcely .

n e cessary to state that the foundation upon which all t he maps are constructed embodie s t he latest
and most authentic geographical and topographical information whi ch can be collected from the
various authorities in reference to Palestine .

Secondly : A strictly chronologi cal arrangement is observed throughout in the delineation o f

boundaries and the inse rtion o f names o f places so that Scriptural classical and modern app ellations , , ,

are not here as in most works prepared fo r the ill ustration of anci ent ge ography confu se dl y mixed
, , ,

together without regard to the p e riod of history to which th ey relate but by paying d u e r egard to , ,

the order of time are so arranged as to pr esent the student with delin e ations o f t he actual condition
,

of the countries represented at su ccessiv e per i o d s T he present is therefore entitled to be regarded .

, ,

as an hi stori cal as well a s ge ographical seri es o f maps e xhibiting the Holy Land and the surrounding , ,

regions during its successive peri ods o f independence and its subj ection to other pow ers and
, , ,

concluding with a map of its condition under the T urkish sway and another of E gypt —the country , ,

most intimat ely allied with it in institutions and manners and which ha s in all ages ex ercised so , , ,

importa nt an influence over its destini e s .

T hirdly : S ince there are many circumstances relating to the physical configu ration a nd other
geo graphi cal fe atur e s o f a country which cannot well be expressed upon maps on so small a scale a s
that to whi ch we are restricted such as the elevation or depression o f particul ar districts t he height
, ,

o f mountains and similar matters , it has been thought desirable to append to each map a short
,

Memoir embodying such particul ars We are thereby enabl e d to point o ut the pri ncipal features in
whic h the map differs from those o f a simil ar descri ption hitherto publish e d and to notice briefly ,

A m o ng th ese
m ay be mentio ned t he disco v ery by Dr , . d t k en exp ressly fo r the illustra tion of B iblical G eo
un er a

R ob inso n a nd t he R ev E S mith , of t he ruins of t he a nc ient

. .
gra ph y J o ur na l o
.
f R oy a l G eog rap lzica l S o ciety v ol ix , .

B eer sh eb a , (still b ea ring the na me of B ir es seb a , ) a nd ma ny

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p 29 7 a nd A merica n B iblica l R ep ository 183 9 v ol i
.
, , . .

oth er pla c es of similar interest in the y ear 183 8, in a j o urney

, p a rt ii.
v iii P R E FA C E .

the reasons for which on some hypothetical que stions o f Scriptural geography conclusions have been
, ,

adopted which differ from those generally receive d T o preclude mi sun de rstand ing as t o their .

’
purport we wish her e to state distinctly that it is by no mea ns the obj ect o f these Memoirs to
,
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supply such information in r efe rence to the condi tion o f countri es or town s as it woul d be n e cessary
, ,

to in sert in a Dictionary or Cyclopaedia of the Bibl e D etails o f thi s kind must be sought by the .

stud e nt in som e of t he many works e x pressly h ea ring thi s character and we may refer to the ,

Bible C y clo peedia as one to which the present Atlas will be found peculi arly adapted T he papers
’
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accompan ying thi s se ri es of maps are merely to be considered as constituting an Appendix to them
of the nature and pur pose already d e scribed .

La stly : An I ndex compiled with e x treme ca re embodyi ng the na m es of all the place s inserted
, ,

in the maps together with their modern appell ations in those inst ances in which they are known
, ,

a nd showing the latitud e and lon gitude of each plac e with a referenc e to the map in which it may ,

b e foun d is app e nd e d to thi s Atlas

,
T his I nd e x comprehend s t he names o f all tho se places men
.

t io ne d in t he Bibl e to which positions can be assigned with accur acy sufficient to warrant their

ins e rtion upon a map ; those therefore whi ch are not found in it must be regarded as i ntenti ona lly
, ,

omitt ed as it appears to us desir able in the pre se nt imperfect sta te o f o ur knowledge of Palestine
, ,

rathe r to conf ess our ignorance than to mislead the student by a n appearance of accuracy
unwarranted by fact T he modern name s are in I talic characters as N a blil s and it will be seen
.
, ,

that they a re ins erted both after t he ancient names and al so in their proper al phabe tical order in
t he first colum n of t he I ndex so that a referenc e either to the Scriptural or modern name o f a plac e
,

will enable any o ne t o find it immedi ately upon the map I n some cases the classical are al so added .

to the Scri ptural n am e s o f places from whi ch they are distinguished by being enclosed within a
,

par enthe sis thus (N eapolis) I n insta nc e s o f the name s o f districts or extensive tracts of country
,
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the latitude and longit ude gi ven are tho se of the principal town which they contained and in ranges ,

of mountain s that of their hi ghest summi t I n such names as do no t pos se ss a distinguishing feature
,
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of this kind the centre o f t he space to whi ch th ey apply has been taken as a ffor ding the most
, ,

convenient point for refer e nc e e xcept in regard to rivers o f whi ch the latitude and longitude o f the
, ,

sour ces
(if contained within the map) are given Wh ere we hav e sho wn the di ffer ent positions which
.

have b een assigned to a place by various Biblical critics the situation o f each of them is in most ,

cases pointed out by t he I ndex .

'
W e tr ust that these distingu ishing featur e s o f this Atlas will be fo und to gi ve t o t he work a
v alue which will render it better qualified than any Scriptural Atlas hi therto publi shed to become a

r eally u seful Geog ra phica l gu id e to all classes o f readers o f the Bible .

 ARM E N I A M E S O P OT AM I A S Y R I A & c
, , ,
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IN T H E T IME OF T H E
PA T R I ARCHS .

commencing o ur seri e s with the present Map we have deviated from the usual practice
IN ,

by the omi ssion of a Map of part o f the O ld World professing to show T he primitive settlements ,

’
o f the Descendants o f N oah that is to assign a locality to e a ch o f the tribes o r nations supposed
, ,

to have been originated by the pri meval fathers who are mention e d in the tenth chapter o f Gen esis .

I n so doing we are far from wishing to undervalu e the learned researches w

,

hich have been

entered upon in reference to this subj ect or to que stion the probabili ties which attach t o many ,
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of their conclusions : but the results wh e ther correct o r no t a re not of a nature t o be usefully , ,

exhibited in a map which in this case involves the error of exhibiting as sim ultaneous events
, ,

which could only have been gradual in their progress and some o f which must have taken place ,

at very distant intervals o f time T he most probable o f the conclusions arriv e d at appear t o .

b e — that the descendants o f J a phet h w e re the original coloniser s o f the whole o f E urope and
, ,

the northern and central regions o f Asia ; the names o f Gomer Magog Madai Javan and T iras , , , , ,

being supposed to b e traced in the C immerians the Mongol s the Med e s ( or according to some , , , , ,

the Macedonians ) the I onians and the T hracians ; and T ubal and Meshech being foun d in vari ous
, ,
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Scythian and T ar tar t ri bes —that the descendants o f Shem became the pos sessors o f the southern
and eastern parts o f Asia where the names o f E lam A sshur Arphaxad Lud an d Ar am are , , , , , ,

re spectively appropriated t o E lyma is (p ar t of ancient Persia) Assyri a Chald ee (the o ri ginal , ,

country o f the Hebrews) Lydia and S yria z— and that Ham and his descendants colonised
, ,

Africa an d Arabia the name o f Cush bein g appropriated at different tim es to various parts o f
,

the country lying between Khu zista n o n the Persian Gul f and the Afr ican E thiopia to the south , ,

o f E gypt ; Mi zraim bein g appli e d to E gypt Phut to N orthern L yb ia and Canaan to the ori ginal , ,

possessors o f the countries o f Palestine and Ph oenicia * Without dwelling further o n topics so .

obscur e we proceed t o notice o ne o r two points in refe rence to the geography of the countri es
,

exhibit e d in the Map which forms the commencement o f o ur series .

T he country of Arm e nia con stitutes an e xtensive tabl e land which supports the numerous —
,

lofty chain s o f m ountain s by which it is crossed and which is its elf from 6 000 to 7 000 feet ,

above t he sea ; it contain s in the el evat e d vall eys bet ween its mountains t he sources o f the largest
rivers o f W e st ern Asia which flow from it o n all sid e s in diffe re nt dire ctions The modern
, .

°
town of E rz ru m (lat 3 9 long 41
— ha s b e e n recently d e te rmined t o have an e levation
.
°
.

o f 6 ] 00 and the lake of V an of 547 0 fe et

,
abov e t he level o f the Black S ea f T he loftiest ,

summit in Ar menia is that o f Ararat con sisting o f two p eaks both o f which rise into the , ,

regions o f perpetual sno w and are separat e d by a wide chasm : the highest of the m is ,

fe e t above the sea Armenia is conn e cted o n the south by mountainous districts of con siderabl e
.

e levation wi th t he gr e at plain o f M esopotamia the descent to which from the mountain r egion ,

is in som e place s rapid and abrupt Recent investigations hav e sho wn that consid erabl e change s .
,

owing to t he op eration o f natural causes are constantly taking place in t he districts at t he head ,

of t he Persian Gulf ; t he E uph rate s T igri s and other rivers flowing into it carrying down , , ,

from the high e r regions and depositing at th e ir mouths vast quantiti es o f sedim ent and thus
, , ,

continually enl arging the e x tent o f the low e r par t o f the region through which they fio wqt

H a l e sN ew A na lg/sisof C Lro no logy H eming s I nqu iry ''

td doing ma p hith ert o publi sh ed
’
in
’
sen e as a ny
-
.

int o t ire P r og ressiv e C o lo m sa t io n of t /zc E a r t /t a nd the wo rk s B a by lo ni an a nd

'

I R esea rc /ees i n A ssy r ia , , C /za lclaea ,

of B o cha rt , C alm et M ed e S ir W J ones a nd oth ers f o r ming p a r t of m/ w l

'

, , .
, . t /( e L a ba w
E rp ed zt io n, '
s o f t /re E l a es

I N o tes o n a T o a r throng /r p a r t of Kzl mlist cin by J a mes by W Ai nsw o rth E sq , pp 108— 147 M r A insw o rth in
“ "
, .
, . . .

B ra nt, E sq , H er M aj esty s V ic e Co nsul a t E rz ri un, in fo rms u s t h a t in t he m onth s of Decemb er a nd J anuary , in t he

’ '
- -

183 8; A t /ecn( e u m, N o 6 3 4
—
I n t he co u rse of t h i s jo rn ney ,
-
. .
'
l a tter of w h ic h t he wa ters of t he E uph ra tes are m o st l o ad ed
in w h ic h M r B ra nt wa s cco m p a nied by M r A G Gla scott
. a . . .
, wit h m u d he fo und t he qu a ntity of sedi ment m ec h a nic a lly
,

R N it was a scerta ined th a t t he L a k e Va n exte nd s nea rly

, su sp end ed in t h em t o be eq ual t o o ne ei h t ieth p art of t he
g
-

thirty miles furt h er to t he north ea st th a n it ha d b een repre -

b ulk of t he fluid .

B 2
12 AR M E N IA , &c .
,
IN T H E T I M E o r T H E P AT R I AR C H S .

As thes e causes must have be e n in operation in all a ges it appears probable that at the time to ,

which the Map refers the gulf exte nded beyond its prasent li mit s as far northward as the ,

dotted lin e marke d o n t he Map We have necessarily delineated the lowe r course s of these
.

rivers as they are at the present day al though it appears unque stionable that many alterations
,

have been e ff e ct ed in the direction of their channels T he T igri s and E uphrate s formerly k e pt
“

distinct courses to the gulf and did no t become uni ted in a single strea m until aft e r the time of
,

Al e xand er the Great .

T he positions a ssigne d in this Map to the cities founded by N imrod and Asshur in the ,

land o f Shinar and in Assyria are those which have been r egard e d by most Biblical critics as
,

po ssessing the greate st share o f probability with the exception of E rech for the ascertained
, ,

site o f whi ch we are indebted to very recent inquir ers T he late E uphrates E xpedition p as sed ‘ ’
.

by o n the w est a gigantic mound cal led by the Arabs I rak I rk a or S enk era h which is
, , , , , ,

de scrib e d as towering in sup eri or magnitude above those whi ch surround it T h i s mound a lmost .

unqu e stionably m a rk s the site o f the E r e ch of the early Scriptur e s and o n account o f the interest ,

thus attaching to it as well a s for the sake o f the striking picture which it presents o f the pre sent
,

asp e ct o f the country in w hi ch it is situated we may b e excused for quoting a remark of

,

’
M r A inswo rth s upon it and similar remains in the same regi on
.
'
He ob serves that no .
‘

monument s in Babylonia and Chald aea appear to be more vali d regard ing the antiquity and
Assyrian origin o f sites than the lofty artifici al mounds of whi ch the present degenerate hordes
,

o f the tent and the sp e ar relate so many fab ul ous tales but which almost everywhere present ,

themselve s when there a re also other strong grounds o f presum ption of an Assyri an o r C hal d aeo
,

Babylonian origin T h e s e colossal pil e s a re found domine ering over the dr eary waste t o the
.
,

uniformity o f which they offer a striking contrast ; b e ing visible at great distances and although ,

thrown by the slwcib o r m irage into strange and contort e d shapes yet they always appear when , ,

seen upon t he v e rge o f th e hori zon as if po ss e ssing colo ssal dimensions and produce an effect
, , ,

in point of gr an d eur and magn ificence which cannot be imagi n e d in any other
,

3“
R esea r c/ees in A ssy r ia ,
pp . 125, 126 .
THE PAT RIARC HA L AC ES

'

M ile !
'

S ca le o f i l w ll d l

17 mm o r
‘

wi d
n ? (I n ril m' a n "net / ra in

No t C .

I?
) ”at n l l l f n nw i /11 mm h u
ve u /J u 'fl v [u n n n mr d
'
to A hn '
' '

m fl u n t
'
J fi l e l /u fim u u l ia '
‘
va r
.
{ o n u f ll r
v

u n kn o w n "( Il l‘ ( rm : Il'iu h nn n l t nr {J
'

‘
” I n fi l l /I f” ” J ” ! ” a u

rn fl u l ” r un e h rr a l l
‘
” If l l 'l b M r r 1
u. !i f ( hp J o rd a n
J/
'
Th e l a lr ” W IN , u 'r v
r wi l u n h 'd ri n
' '
nf wu i n n /o m U q / nu h l l 'o i 'nh p n rh ol b fl
‘
ru u nr J o rb ( J : f
/
'
m vn u n v h
' '
p i mt b rd UM
'
n ld fd ” fl / v ( Df ( h r ru l nl J d a l

“ W id -
e r no u nO F
J a
a r- Ih u d J
‘
ru w h it Mr pl a in ( m wo n t/ ur n :

m
'

r. r1 m ru i ( 0 . [I n v r nn / n : ( i r nJ M
(l u mi v r n l o f ( IN J la k c n u l/
t p u hfl p
'
u
'
I n n 'c
(l a w [a n Il la / 1 n ! p ra w n! a l l/ m ( Vil n cl u io l ur
m lu n ' [Ar ni m
’

P
‘

l. r n
- o f J o nd f u' r ( "ren d r
e na ru ul a

Lo n q zl l u lf [f u r l f l wm ri m / n u ml :
14 C AN AAN , DU R I N G T H E P AT R IAR C H A L AG E S .

actual bank s o f t he riv er in that part of the vall ey distingui sh e d a s t he val e of Jericho is mad e by
, ,

thre e succ essiv e ledge s o r t errac es e ach from eight to t en fe et in d e pth whi ch s e em to mark the
, ,

lim its to which its wat er s hav e at different tim es reach e d in it s annual inundation s : t he first of these
bank s is ther e about a mil e and a half from t he river ; the se cond at about h al f that di stance T he .

width o f t he str e am varie s at di ff e r ent s e asons o f the y e ar from thi rty to o ne hun dred yard s and ,

wh en swoll en by t he winter rain s it is de ep and rapid ; it s water al though muddy and discoloured ,

by the soil th rough which it passes is v e ry n e arly fresh and p e rfectly whol esome
, , .

T he mo st remarkabl e characteri stic o f t h e val ley of the Jordan is its great depre ssion not ,

m erely in referenc e to t he country to the e ast and w est o f it but even in reference to the M e dit er ,

ra ne a n S e a A cco rding to t he obs ervation of Mr R ussegger t he vill age o f Rieha h in the vall ey o f
.
.
, ,

Je richo is 7 7 4 fe e t and t he bathing plac e o f t he pil grims in the Jordan a few mil e s to the so uth
, ,
-

e a st o f t he sam e point (se e 1269 fe et,belo w the l e ve l of the M e dit e rranean T he d e sc e nt .

towa rd s the v al ley of t he country o n each sid e of it which as alr eady observed is con siderably , , ,

a bo v e t he same level is th e refore exc ee d ingly rapid

,
T he vall e y is continued ro rm d each side of the
.

D e ad S e a and wi d en s into an e x t ensiv e plain at it s southern e x t re m ity

,
.

W e shall tak e a sub sequent opportuni ty of noticing the pr esent condition o f the Dead S ea and
t he oth e r lakes conn e ct e d wi th the Jordan ; but during a portion o f t he period to which thi s Map
relate s the chi e f o f them must have presented an appearance con sid e rably di fferent from that whi ch
,

it now e x hi bits W e have in a note in se rt e d o n the Map expressed it as o ur opinion that pre v ious
.
, , ,

to t he d estruction of Sodom and Go m orrah the D e ad Sea was of less ext en t than at pr e s ent and ,

that t he vall ey around its sid e s and at its southern end constituted the val e of Siddim and the
, , ,
’
distri ct in which the citi es o f t he plain were situat e d
‘
I t may p e rhap s be obj ected to this .

e x planation that as t he wat e r s pour ed by the Jordan into the D e ad S e a are carri e d o ff by evaporation
,

from its sur fac e if thi s wer e e v e r o f small e r e x t e nt it would no t have b een sufficient to cause the
, ,

re m oval of the sam e a m o rmt of water B ut it is probabl e that the catastroph e all uded to was
.

att end e d by a conside rabl e d epre ssion o f the di strict belo w i ts f o rmer level which woul d gi ve an ,

increase d slope to the vall ey of the Jordan and a greater fall o r declivity to t he b e d o f the ri ver and
, ,
'

thus cau se it to discharge a gr eate r quantity o f wat e r in any g iv en perio d than it di d in the same
amount of tim e previou sly to the ev e nt alluded to ; so that t he sm all er ancient bed o f the Dead S ea
mi ght have s erv e d t he sam e purpo se a s t he larg e r o ne at a subsequ e nt pe ri od T his suppo sition of .

t he d estruction o f t he Plain o f t he Jordan b e ing atte nded wi th a lo weri ng o f the r e gion corresponds ,

with t he mo st probabl e of t he e xplanations gi v en of the ag enci e s employed in effe cting t he catastrophe .

T he num e rou s small er stream s of whi ch the cour se s are in di cat e d upon the map at once give to
Pal estin e t he app e arance o f bein g a w ell watered co untry a charact e r which it r e ally possess e s in a
-

gre ater d egr ee than m o st parts o f sVest ern Asia But it mu st not be suppo sed that al l o f th e se are
‘
.

riv e r s o r ev e n stream s in t he proper sen se of t he t e rm sinc e very few of them continue to flow
, , ,

during the whole of t he year By far the gre at er numb e r are mere wint e r torrents whose bed s are
.
,

ge ne rally d ry d uring the sum m e r and even those which preserve at that season a narro w st re am o f
,

wat er pre sent an app e arance which strikingly contrasts with that which they b ear when swoll e n by
,

long rains o r by t he m e lting o f the winter snow s A similar remark appli es to mo st of t he small e r
, .

stre am s mark e d in the map s of tho se countri es a dj acent to Palestine and inde e d in all hilly countries ,

which are much influ ence d in regard to h e at and mo isture by the di fferent seasons of the y e ar .
 J O U R NE Y S O F TH E I SRA E L I T E S FR O M E G YP T T O CA N AA N .

TH E various questions involved in the subj ect which this M a p is intend ed to illu strate have
been so often and at such length discussed by Biblical comm entators as to leave little room fo r ,

anything new to be said upon them except in so far as the rece nt information supplied by trave ll ers
,

in the countries to which it r elates serve s in some cases to sub stitute fact for that which had hith e rto
been conj ecture T o enter into these discussions here would occupy far mo re space than can be
.

al lotted t o such a purpose even were it not foreign t o the obj ect of thes e pape rs T he Map itself
, .

embodies the conclusions which after a careful consideration o f the argument s and opinion s o f the
,

various wri ters on the subj ect we have adopted as at once the most simple and t he mo st probable
, .

T o prevent the many di ffe rences which it pre sents from oth e rs bearing a similar titl e from e mbar
rassing the stud ent we shall here trace briefly those parts of the route of the I sraelite s which it
,

indicates .

Land o f Go shen alike t he scene o f the prosperity and su fferings of the

’
Al though the ‘
,

Hebrews is universally admitted to have been the district borde ri ng on the e aste rn arm o f the
,

Ri ver N il e yet as there are no existing indications as to t he portion o f this land in which the
, ,

city o f Rameses was situated the point from which the j ourney comm enced has been vari ou sly
,

placed T he position which we have assigned to it in the neighbou rhood o f the B irket cl H a clj
.
,
- -

(o r Pil grim s Pool ) agrees with that at which in mod ern tim e s the gre at caravan of pilgrims to
’

, , ,

Mecca annu all y a ssembles and makes its final arrangement for its departur e T he route thence to .

E th am is suppos e d to have co rresponded with that taken by the sam e caravan : the interm e diate
station Succoth of which the po sition is entirely unknown b e ing probably about a day s j ourney
, , ,
’

from the commencing point towards the head o f the Red Sea T here is little doubt o f E tham being .

represented by the modern castle o f A jeril ol which is one of the stations or halting plac e s of the ,
-

ca ravan s We regard the name Pi ha hir ot h (which signifi e s the mouth o f the vall e y o r pass ) as
.
—
’ ‘ ’

applying to the narrow strip of land contained between the upp er extremity of the Gulf of Sue z o n
the east and the m est northern o f the group o f hill s which approach it on the
,
As no indi ca
tion exists of the position whi ch Migdol and Baal zephon may have occupied their name s are of no -

service in enabling us to form any opinion a s to the spot at which the passage o f the Red Sea took
place ; we believe it to have b e en near the modern town of Su ez .

From the opposite shore o f the Gulf the route indicated is that usually taken by travell e rs ,

from Suez to the Sinai Mountains and concerni ng which but littl e doubt could be ente rtained , ,

even without t he evi dence as to the s e parate stations which e x isting indications pr esent as in the ,

well of bitter water at H a roma and in the sprin gs and palm trees of W a d i Gha rend el N othing
,
-
.

is known concern ing either o f the four foll o wing stations —viz that by t he R ed Sea the fi rst ,
.
, ,

encampment in t he wilderness o f Sin and those o f Dophkah and Al u sh which are merely placed
.
, ,

at equal distances betw e en E lim and Rephidim I t was at the latter place that the I sraelite s .

encountered an opposition to th e ir furt her progress in the people called Amal e kites and it s ,

situation is therefore o f some importance as w ell for it s o wn sake as from its connexion with ,

the situation o f Mount Sinai to which it was the precedin g station Fo r the views whi ch have
,
.

led us to identify t he mountain from which the law was d eli vered with that now call ed Jeb el
(Moun t) Se rbal instead o f that which bears the two summits re spectively called Mount St
,
.

Cathe ri ne and Mount Moses which have long be e n regarded a s the Horeb a nd S ina i o f t he
,
'

sacred narrative and as a consequence o f thi s determination to place Rephidim on the north
, , ,

side o f t he vall ey of Feira n we are ind e bted to the N otes to the P i cto ri a l B ible t I n mentioning
,

the l e adin g arguments which may be urged in favor o f these localities it will be convenient to ,

do so fir st in reference to Mount Sinai T hey are as foll ow : T hat it is o n a ll hands admitt e d .

it Chart of the R ed
S ee t he S ea , fio m t he S urv ey ma de by t he O ffic ers
~
of t he I ndia n N a v y . L o ndon, 183 6 .

“
r N otes on E xod us x v ii 1 .
, a nd xix 2 . .
16 J O U R NE Y S OF T H E I S R A E L I T E S

that the various vall eys and rav ine s b etween and around the mountains o f St Cath e rine and Mo ses .

do no t corre spond with the Scriptur al intimation s as to Moun t S inai in a smuch a s they present no ,

places o n which t he trib e s o f the I sra eli tes could po ssibly have been encamped before the mount ’

during the delivery o f the la wfi — whil e the broad op e n vall eys at the bas e of Mo unt S e rbal are fully
'
f

calculat e d to an swer such a purpose T ha t Mount Serbal was nece ssarily the first g reat mountain to .

whi ch t he I sraelit e s cam e after passing along the shor es of the peninsula and on that ground alone ,

might r e asonably be taken for Sin ai provided it accord e d (a s it does) wi th the Scriptur al accounts ,

o f that moun tain T ha t it appears from several pas sages in t he R ible t that the names of Mount
.

Sinai and Mount Paran a re applie d to the same sum mi t and as the v a ll ey at the base o f Mount , ,

S e rb al bears the name o f Feira n o r Fa ra n t he analogy o f name is in favor o f that mountai n being ,

regarded as Mount Paran and the refor e of its being al so Mount Sinai T ha t previ ously to the six th
,
.

century Mount S e rbal appears to hav e been regard e d both by pil grims and by the inhabitants o f
the p eninsul a as the true Mount Sin ai a s is ev inc e d by t he caverns form e d in it and by the , ,
.

inscriptions whi ch cover them and the sides o f the vall e ys l e ading to and near it s summit and ,

therefor e the mor e ancient t radi tion is d e s erving of regard rath e r than the later one which relat es to
J ebel M u sa i I f the abov e argum e nts be d ese rv ing of attention it will follow that R e phi dim cannot ,

be repr e se nted by the place in whi ch the inhabitants o f t he convent of Mount Sinai and the ,

neighbouring Arab s poin t o ut a rock as that from whi ch the water flowed miracul ously when
,

struck by Moses Th at the appearance o f this rock — a n in sul at e d block o f gr ani te about twelve
.
,

feet high o f an ir regular shap e approaching to a cube and containing about twenty apertur es
, , ,

or fissures upon it s surfac e — a t once renders it evi dent that the tale respecting it is a n imposition
, ,

is admi tted by the most int e lligent travell e r s § I ts situation in the narrow vall ey o f E l L edja , ,

betw e en the peak s of St Cath eri ne and M u sa among t he highest summi ts in the penin sul a
.
, ,

is the most unlikely whi ch could have been chosen to represent the site of Rephi dim since ,

wat er is naturall y found there in abundance in ev ery dire ction ; whereas at the positio n assigned
to Rephidim in o ur M a p and for some di stance befor e arriving at the vall ey o f Feira n it is
, ,

exceedingly scarce The chi e f argum e nt in favor o f the position whi ch we have adopted is
.
,

howev er d erived from a passage quoted by B urckhardt from the E gyptian hi storian M a krizi ”
, ,

from whi ch it app e ars that t he V all ey o f Feira n and a town o f the sam e nam e o f which the ,

ruins are still vi sible were anciently po sse sse d by t he Am alekites T heir occupation o f this
,
.

valley whi ch is one of the fin e st and best wat ered districts in the whole penin sul a of co ur se
,
-

rendered necessary the extraordi nary supply o f water t o the I sraelite s and in terce pted the fint her ,

progres s of the latter people towards t he Sinai Mountains until after the v ictory which they
gain ed over the ir e n e mi es (E xod xvii 8 “ Te beli eve th e se po sitions will be foun d in strict
. . .
,

accordance wi th circum stances narrat e d by the sacred historian W e regard the name o f Hor eb .

as applying to the whole mountain regi on in which Mount Sin ai is situated and not to any summit ,

in particul ar .

T he direction in whi ch we hav e indi cated the cou rse o f the I sra e lite s a fter leaving Sinai is
thr ough W a d i S a fira nfil the onl y op e ning in t he Mountains of E l T yh which bound t he p eninsul a ,

on the north and th ence to Kadesh barn e a (N umb xiii 26 ; Deut i 2

,
from which place -

. . . .
,

they dispatch e d the spi e s to examin e t he land As a ny po sition which may be as signed to .

Kadesh barnea is p e rfectly conj ectura l it s e em s unn e c e ssary to sp e cify he re o ur reasons for
-

placing it consid e rably to the south o f the site u sually assigned to it and for identifying it with ,

t he Kadesh of N umb e rs xx 1 oth e rwi se than the close accordance with the Scriptural narrative.
,

which t he position cho se n in the Map e xhibits B e in g on t he frontier b etween t he De se rts o i .

Paran and Zin Kad esh barn e a or Kadesh might b e said t o be equally in e ith e r of those regions
,
-

and that it must hav e occupi e d a position near that which we hav e as sign e d to it is e vinced by ,

the r e c e nt discovery a fe w m il e s to the north of a ste e p pas s called S fof ah ov e r a broad su rface
, ,
’

B urckhzmlt
'
T ra v el s in S y ria ,
s 57 3 , & c ; C a rne s .
’
J e b el M ii sa a re a lso cl ea rly sta ted by t he
’

au th o r of Th
a st , p 19 4 ; L i nd sa M o d e m T r a v e ller — A ra M a p 17 8, ct seq
'
L e tt e rs/ M m t t y s L c l l crsfi o m E gyp t ,
' '
.
, , . .

E d a m a nd t he H o ly L e wd v o l i p 53 4, c t seq
, , . . . . T r a ve ls i n S y ria , 57 8 , .

f D e nt xxx iii . l l a ba k iii 3

. . . .
H I bid p .
, . ( 3 17 .

I T ra ve ls T he ar
g t u me n s a g a inst M o unt fif S e e M a p, P l XI I . .

i i being
S na re p rese nte d by e ith er M o unt S t . C a th erine or
 F R O M E G Y PT T O C AN A AN . 17

of shelving rock which has an elevation o f 1000 or 2000 feet and undoubtedly represents the
, ,

Z ephath o r Hormah where the I sraelites were d ri ven back on attempting to enter the Promised
Land (N umb xiv 45 ; Judges i . and were afterwards attacked by the king o f Ar ad (N umb xxi
. . . .

as well as that of a conical hill some miles to the N N W o f this pass which still bears the name o f . . .

T el Arad and probably marks the site o f the ancient town *

,
.

’
From Kadesh barnea the thirty eight years wandering o f the I sraelites commenced nor is it
- -

until long after their leaving it that any traces can be found o f the direction which they pursued .

T he circum stances in which they were placed accord with the modern name of E l T yh ( signifying ,

‘
o f the given t o all the region extending from the Peninsula o f Sinai northward to
the Mediterranean and eastward t o the Mountains of Seir rendering it probable that du ri ng this
, ,

period they wandered t o and fro through all that di strict frequently perhap s in the course o f t he ,

thirty eight years returning to those places at which experience had taught them that pasture might
—

be found for their numerous flocks We have therefore no t attempted t o indicate any o f the stations .

specified (N um b xxxiii 19 3 5) between Rithmah and E zio n geber Rithmah app e ar s from a careful
. .
- -
.
,

comparis on o f N umbers xii 16 xiii 3 26 and xxxiii 18 to apply t o the same station a s Kadesh
. .
,
.
,

barnea being perhaps the nam e o f the district in which the latter was situated and E zion geber is
, ,
-

well known to have been situated at the head o f the eastern arm o f the Red Sea .

’
From E zio n geber their route was northward up the V alley of E 1 Arabah which correspond s
—
,

to the Wildern e ss of Z in o f the Bible until they again reached Kadesh (N um b xx Whi le ,
. . .

here meeting with opposition from the Canaanites to their further progress northward they
, ,

requested the k ing o f E dom t o all ow o f their passing through his dominions ( xx and Colonel .

Leake co nj ectures wi th much probab ility t hat the V all ey o f Ghuwei r which crosses the Mountains
'

o f Seir a little to the south o f the position we have ch osen for Kadesh and is the only opening in ,

them which could be easily traver se d by so numerous a force was the road through which they ,

desired to pass t O n the refusal o f this request they were under the necessity o f turning southward
-

’
down t he Wilderne ss o f Z in passing Moun t H or by the way o f the Red Sea and rounding the
, , ,

southern extremity o f the Mountains o f Seir before they could turn t o t he no rth in order to compass
’

, ,

and thereby avoid the Land of E dom (N umb xxi 4 ; D ent ii

, T he Map itself renders , . . . .

this part o f the j ou rney as well as the remaining portion across the Brook Z ered and the Ri ver
,

Arnon t o the Plains of Moab by the Jordan sufficiently evident to render any explanation of it , ,

unnecessary .

We may observe in conclusion that all those portions o f the route of the I sraelites which we ,

have attempted t o d elin e ate in the ma p are such as a people circumstanced as they were would have
been most likely to pursue T he country through which they had t o pass does not ind e ed o ffer much
.
, ,

choice in this resp e ct T hus it is observed by Dr Robinson . that the I sraelites must have .
,

approached Palest ine through the Wadi el— Ar abah is a ne cessa ry conclusion from the mountainous -
’

character of the district on the west of that v al ley through which no road has ever pa ssed f j T he ,
r
.

roads across the desert being in fact necessa rily marked out by the locali ties where it is possible t o
, , ,

obtain a supply o f wat e r are in al mo st all cases the same in mod e rn that they were in ancient times
, ,

and in all O riental countri es the spri ngs and wells offer stronger evidence of such co rrespondence
than a casual inqu irer might at fir st imagi ne T he diffe re nc es b e tween the hypotheses framed o n .

the subj e ct on the pres ent Map have chiefly arisen from the almo st entire want until very recently , ,

o f co rrect information in r egard to the nature and physical features o f the countries which it

d elin e at e s N o w that this want is supplied much o f the previous doubt at least in refe rence to
.
, ,

those parts o f the j ourney which had a strictly d efinite obj ect is cleared up ; and it is only those ,

parts that we have at t empted t o indicate .

r
a<
ourna l of T r a v els in P a lestine & c by t he R ev E
J , .
, . .
f B urckhardt s T r a v els in Sy r ia p 15 P refac e
’

, .
, .

R ob inso n a nd t he R ev E S mith in J ou rna l of R o a l

, .

y
.
, I J our na l of R oy a l Geogr a p hica l S oc iety v ol , . ix .
,

G eogr ap hic a l S ociety v o l ix p 299 , . .

, . . p . 306 .
 T H E T R I B E S

' '
u 'cd u n
N0 1" 171; m u n /11
1; in n/ru l e d
d a r u
1d bo u n d a ryf a r/ ma l l
a

il " (0 h a ve b e e n na c / I in co n!
/J a
p
( Il l

”u
‘

mv a w/1 4,1 1141 la ce -M

m a n n p .

b u r- 1 1

'
J l
mn rr a / u
7o /m, li P
’
a r ka
"

[o r .
 CA N AA N AS D IVI D E D AM O N G
,
TH E T RI BE S .

T H IS
Map do e s not require any further explanation than is afforded by the di ff erent signs
e mployed to d enot e the variou s places which it contains From them it will be seen that t he .

positions assigned to comparatively few of these places can be regarded as certain and that no trace s ,

have yet been found to mark the spots which were occupied by Kedesh N aphtali Golan Be zer -

, , ,

J ezreel Megiddo T irzah Shunem and many other places o f importance in the Jewi sh history o r
, , , , ,

the scenes o f transactions intere sting to the reader o f the Bible When however the change s both .
, , ,

physical and political to which Palestine has fo r so many ages be en s ubj ect are duly consid e re d
, , ,

s urprise wil l rather be felt that so many o f the remains and appellations of antiquity should have
su rvived the wreck o f ages and been preserved to the present day than that so great a number ,

should have perished and more especially when we t ake into a ccount the probabil ity that a further
acquaintance with the topography of the country would b ri ng to o ur knowledge the existence of many
remains which have hitherto been un discovered T his probability is strengthened by the fact that .

many most valuable contributions to Scriptural Geography have been made by some of the most
recent travellers in the Holy Land and we have been thus enabled to embody in this and the other ,

maps of Palestine contained in this Atl as a great amount o f information which has not appeared in
an
y simil ar work Fo r most of this we are indebted to Dr Robinson and the Rev E Smith whom
. . . .
,

we have already mentioned as having discovered in the year 183 8 the remains of the patriarchal , ,

Beer S heba in a valley still bearing the same name N ear the watercourse they found t wo circular
-

wells o f fine water more than forty feet in depth surroun ded with drinking troughs of stone for the
, ,
—

use o f camels and flocks such as were doubtless used fo r the flocks and herds which in old times fed
,

o n the adj acent hill s O n the higher ground t o the north of the walls are lo w h ill s strewed with the
.

ruins o f former habitations o f which the foundations may be distinctly traced T hese ruins extend
, .

over a space half a m ile long by a quarter o f a mil e

T hese travellers also visited the sites o f E glon (still called A jlan) Beth—tappuah (no w T a fiah)
’

, ,

E kron (no w a large vil lage call ed Vi kir wh ere nothing o f antiquity Anathoth (A vi ata h) /
, ,

Gibeah (J Michmash (M a lchmas) Gibeo n (J i b) B eth b oron (B el t av) Bethel (B ai t ia ) and

’

- - -

, , , ,

Shiloh scarcely any of whi ch were hitherto known to E uropeans From a vill age where .

they lodged the sheikh also pointed out to them places which bear in Ar abic names corresponding t o
,

Z orah T imnath Beth shemesh Sochoh and others ! Another interesting discovery by the same
, ,
-

, ,
.

gentleman was that o f the ancient E u gedi so conspicuous in the history of Davi d in a place yet -

, ,

’
called A 1n Jiddi near the southern extremity of the Dead Sea which is overhung by the summit o f
’ ‘

, ,

a precipitous cliff reaching at least 1500 feet in height i T he remains of Z iph Carmel and Maon , , ,

places no t less interesting than that last mentioned are also still in existence the two former of them -

, ,

bearing the names o f Dha hra t cl Zif and Ka rmel ; these were passed by Messrs Robinson and .

Smith and had also been seen a few weeks previously by the Count d e B ert o u § to whom we are
,
.

i ndebted for some valuable observations upon the physical geography of the countries round the
southern end of the Dead S ea

When the d iscoveries and observations o f the above named travellers shall have been laid before -

the public as we have reason t o expect th ey soon wil l be in a mor e detail e d form than that in which
, ,

they hav e hitherto appeared we shall be in posse ssion of materials for the still furth e r improvement
,

of Biblical Geography We bel ieve howev e r that the use which even at present we have been
.
, ,

e nabled t o make o f th e m wil l be found t o impart considerable value to the pres e nt series of Maps .

ou rna l of R oy a l Geograp hic a l S o ciety p 29 7

J , . . J erusa lem A ka ba h and to ’

1 I bid 3 02 3 08 J o u rna l o
f R oy a l G eog r a
’
.
, , .

1 A mer ic a n B iblic a l R ep osito ry v ol i pa rt 11 p

.

, . .
, . .
 n d i n e u s t w to E u ph r a t e s
j a zzf e g

THE D O M I N I ON S O F
'

DA V l D A ND S O LO M O N
BY W H U GHE S
lz f fi ng /[1 h M il“
‘

J ru o .

id w
f Da la
L
'
[l a w n/m y uI I/u D u m fn fo m o v l
n oo n

[f l u/ll J XuI m/t

J /fl l ’fl Tt Na m“ a w u'
r iurn I /I U J i M
d ff
-

[ w e/ m ale
 SY R I A S H O W I N G
,
TH E D O M I NI O N S O F DA VI D A ND S O L OM ON .

the wide extent of the Hebre w territories during the period to which this Map refers we
IN ,

behold the fulfilment o f the promise original ly made to Abraham that his posterity should possess ,
’
the land from the River Of E gypt unto the great river the Riv e r E uphrates ( Gen x v T hi s , . . .

portion o f tim e constituted as well geographically a s politically a distinct period in the history of the
, ,

Hebre w people Hitherto we have chie fly read o f them in conne xion either with those o f the
.

original inhabitants Of Canaan who retained their possess ions in the land o r with the na t ie ns imme ,

d ia t e ly bordering on their territo ries ; but henceforth we fin d them engaged in various relations ,

mil itary or commercial with the people o f m ore distant countries a n

,
d the obj ect o f t hecu riosity and ,

attention o f the princes Of remoter regi ons Many names are thus brought for the first time under .

the notice o f the reader o f the Bible .

I t is difficult to form any decisive Opinion upon the relative situation and extent Of t he various
small states into which Syria seems at thi s time t o have been divided T he most powerful of the .

Syri an kingdoms in the time o f Davi d appears to have been that Of Zobah to which those Of Syria ,

d amascus Beth rehob Maachah and I sh tob were probably tributary

,
-

,
We have adopted a co njec
,
—
, .

ture of the E ditor of the P i cto r ia l B ible * th at the capital o f this state may have been the same city
,

as the Hobah Of Abraham s history mentioned as b eing on the left hand o r north of Dam ascus
’
,
-

, ,
.

T he kingdom o f H a math which adj oined it on the north west appears also to have at some period
,
-

,
’
extended to the frontiers of Canaan since the expression the entrance o f Hamat h is evi dently ,
‘

use d to denote the extreme northern extent o f the Hebrew territory (N umb xxxiv From the . .
a

subsequent combination of the names o f these states into Hamath zobah ( 2 Chron viii it may -

,
. .

be conj ecture d that they afterwards became united I t is on the authority O f the Arabic version o f .

t he Bible that Betah and Berothai ( called in 1 Chronicles xviii 8 T ibhath and Chun ) cities b e longing
, .
, ,
’

t o the king o f Z obah are identified with E mesa and B a lbek — the former of these is the modern
,

town of Ho rns and the latter long celebrated for its beautiful remains o f a T emple o f the Sun and
, ,

other buildings is conj ectured to be the same city as the Baalath which was built by Solomon
,
.

(1 Kings ix .

A nother city foun ded by the same monarch to which we may appropriately direct attention
, ,

here is the celebrated Palmyra which is universally admitted to be the S criptural T admor in the
, ,
’
Wilderness the nam e by which it is alone known to the Arabs o f the pre sent day I ts situation in
,
.

a small oasis of the desert abundantly supplied with springs of wholesome water and lying on the
, ,

great line o f route from Babylon westward to Dam as cus T yre and Sidon p robably rend e red it from , , ,

very early times a place o f r e sort to the caravan s which conveyed the produce o f t he E ast to
Phoeni cia and Asia Minor and t o the se advantages it owed the commercial greatness to which it
,

afterwards attained and which made it continue for ages the central emporium o f the land trad e
,

betwe en E astern and Western Asia T he usual approach to its modern remains is from the west .
,

through a valley about two miles long containing the sepulchres Of the ancient inhabitants and at , ,

the termination o f which thousands Of Corinthi an pillars of white marble burst upon the sight ,

standing isolated in t he vast and l evel desert which extends thenc e t o the E uphra t es t
But the most important addition to the H ebrew domini ons during this period con sisted O f t he
t erritory o f the E domites formed by the rocky chain Of the Mountains o f Seir
,
T he city o f Petra .
,

the metropolis o f the E domite s and afterwards o f the N a b a t hma n A rabs which is embo somed in a
, ,

valley in these mountains surrounded by lofty cliffs and the remains o f which fi rst visited in modern
, , ,

times by Burckhardt present so many interesting specimens o f ancient a rchit ect uregt is supposed to
,

be the Selah or J okt heel mentioned in Jewish history ( 2 Ki ngs xiv T h e chief value o f this . .

N ote on 1 C hr o nicles x v iii 3 . .

1 T ra v els in E gyp t & c by t he H on C J
,
.
, . I rby a nd J M angles
. . .
,

1 B ck h ar dt s T ra v els in S y ria , p P et rea p 152 et seq

'
421 L a bo rd e s J o ur ney t hr o ug h A ra bia
’
’
u r . .
, .
,
22
‘
S Y R I A, S H OW IN G THE D O M I N I O N S OF DAVI D A N D S OL O M O N .

acqui sition to the Hebrew nation and through which it must hav e ex erci se d con sid erable influence
,

over their social condition consisted in its giving th em the command of one of the arms of the Red
,

Sea and o f the port o f E zio n geber at its extremity From this port they made in conj unction with
,
-
.
,

the Ph oeni cians those expeditions to O phir and T arshish by which they i mported into J ud aea t he
,

productions Of distant climat e s gold and silv e r ivory apes and peacocks algum (pin e) tree s
, , , , , ,

and precious sto n e s and by means o f whi ch Solomon made silver t o be in Jerusalem as stones and
,
’

cedars as the sycamore trees in the vale for abundance ,

.

T he mention o f the names Of O phir and T ar shish lead s us to make a brief remark upon the ir
signification O f t he many conj ectures which hav e be en made in reference t o this long di sputed
.
-

qu estion t he fo llowing appear to us to embody the most probable explanations I t seems likely that
,
.

the word O phir like T hul e and other geographical t erms of the ancients does no t designate any
, ,

fixed place but simply a c e rtain regi on of the world like the name s E ast and We st I ndies in modern
, ,

ge ography I t may thus be Understood as a general name for the rich south country including t he
.
,

shores of Arabia Africa and I ndia

, T his is t he view adopted by Professor Heeren
,
. I n referenc e to .

T arshish we acquie sce in the Op ini on O f G eseni us and other writers that the expression ship s o f
m
,
’
T arshi sh w a s u sed to d e note vessel s origi nally so called fro their being like tho se in which t he
Phoenicians traded to T a rt essus on the shores o f the Atlantic especially adapted to distant voyage s
, ,

and th at this name became in course of time so transferred as to denote any distant cou ntry to
, ,

which such ships went We believe that these explanations will su fficiently satisfy the conditi on s
.

required by all the t e xts in which the names occur .

 E m lzlrh Al i /e s
‘ ’

J ca l d or r .

J 10 20

{7 11 1q ( lu u o . i lf o d fl n "Ja n u s
r
.

u
B o so r u r B o zr a h
E da m
‘

y- r

Z r,»1: n M

N o u /l u r ing,
n me M i n/wil
y o f
'
the J IM N W 0 1216 0
'

mtu u h v l he
‘

fl u : J t h e / [m i n n u rl cm u m
y / 0 nd a n /f u r ] .

a pp ea r Io h a ve
'
m n u n q d lb f o m up m u
'
”w in I o n n rl r'fn y
‘ ’
o r '
In n lv na u v r (l u f -l r c r,
w hi rl: ha d lu v- n
p o mr n m w l by; Ilm 01
'

c o r
'
flad
l uul ra d i a t e /u ] E rl o l n if n r wa rn ( hi m to u r t
th e h
ll l ll n l l N
’
/I l /ar r ri o fi l m m r d fn l u I l l ! la m /J M u s
t h e J u l m o n fh m' u n n J I / n d nfl n r
’
{ h lv a kc u by; ,

J o l rl h c ul ‘
f )

L i ’fl l /l " 1 J o hn W f u r /c a r Wa r t S un / v i .
 K I N GD O MS O F J U D AH A ND I SRA E L .

BY the alienation of the ten tribes from the house o f Dav i d after the death of Solomon ( A D , ,
.

Canaan became divided into the two independent kingdom s of Judah and I srael T hi s change .

in its political geography would perhaps scarcely require a map for its illustration were it not that
, , ,

as the history o f a p eople advances the civil and political changes in their condition necessarily
,

involve considerable alterations in the features which d iversify the face Of the country which they
inhabit new towns successively spring up in all directions the harbours o n its coasts b e com e ,

gradual ly the seat O f commercial enterp ri se lines Of communication are established between distant
,

places and the whole o f that land which was once uncultivated and desert becomes covered in t he
,

progress of time with the works of social and civilized beings I t is the exhibition of the altered .

app ea rance and division Of a country which are thus produce d at successive periods that constitute s
the chief value o f historical geography T he differences in these respects between t he pres e nt map
.

and others in the series will be apparent to every one who attentively examines it ; the only One of
them which we need notice here is that among the consequences resulting from the establishment O f
,

a new kingdom was the selection o f another ca pital T he city o f T irzah o f which the site is no w .
,

unknown seem s to have served as the metropo li s o f th e kings o f I srael until the reign o f O m ri by
, ,

whom the foundations of Samaria were laid ( 1 Kings xvi Samaria is brought con spicuously
.

under notice in the further history of the Jews ; although destroyed by Shalmaneser the k ing ,

of Assyria (B C ,
and afterwards by John H yrca nus (B C
. it was rebu ilt o n each occasion ,
.
,

and under t he Romans became a magnificent and populous city having been adorned with many ,

splendid erections by Herod the Great ( B C who had gi ven it the name o f Sebaste After
,
. .

passing in succession into the hands o f the various possessors o f the country it is now a poor village , ,

which contain s about thirt y dwellings many o f them bu ilt of the fragm ents o f ancient edifices
, ,

which are plentifully scattered about .

A s there i s nothing in this M a pwhich call s for further explanation we may usefully em ploy th e ,

present occasion by adding to the general survey o f the mountains O f Pale stine which has already
J

b e en given some notice o f such of its smaller summits as have o r are supposed to have any Scrip
, , ,
-

tural interest attached t o them .

O ne o f the most interesting o f these is Mount Carmel which forms the seaward termination ,

o f a rang e of bills connected with the central mountains o f the country I ts el e vation which .
,

is greate st where it approaches the sea does not appear to exceed 1500 feet * but it command s
, ,

an extensive and vari e d pro spect over the adj acent country and sea coast ; and the b e autif ul -

appearance o f its verdant sides covered near the foot with wil d vines a nd olives and higher
, ,

up wi th oaks pines and many other trees has b e en m e ntioned with admiration by succeeding
, , ,

travellers O n its sides a re numerous caves and grottoes which were once the abode of Christian
.
,

anchori tes .

Mount T abor which an o ld tradition points o ut as the scene Of the T ransfiguration ( Matt
, ,
.

xv n. is nearly o f a circul ar form standing apart from any other eminence and pr e senting t he
, ,

appe aranc e Of a cone with the upper part out O ff j I ts height is estimat e d by Buckingham at 1000 '

fe e t above the plain o n whi ch it rises o n its summit is a plain o f an oval form about a quart er o f a ,

mile in lengt h and half as much in breadth T he sides of Mount T abor are covered with gr oves and
, .

clumps o f tree s which rise above the grass and wil d flowers produced by its fertil e soil T he vi ew
, .

from its summit is very extensive embracing Lebanon and the snow cover e d Herm on on the north
, ,
-

t he mountains o f I srael o n the south and comprehending the S ea Of Galilee and the shores of t he
,

M e diterranean on the east and west and is described with enthu siastic admiration by all who hav e
,

witnessed it .

B ucking h a m 1 J ollifle s L ettersf ro m P a lest ine v ol i p 41

’
”
.
, . .
, . .
24 KI N G D O M S OF J U DAH AN D I S RAE L .

small range of hill s in dicated a few miles to the south o f Mount T abor and forming the
T he ,

eastern boundary O f t he plain of E sdr aelon is ge n e rall y regard e d as the Mount Hermon which is ,

celeb rated by t he Psal m ist for it s pastur e s and abundant d ews ; le it is Of very moderate el e vation and a
,

is som e tim es called t he Little Hermon to distinguish it from t he moun tain o f t he sam e name in the ,

north of Pale stine .

T he range o f Mount Gilboa which bound s o n the west a p a rt of the V alley o f the Jo rdan , ,

is estim ated to r e ach about 1000 fe et above the level O f that river ri its lengt h en e d ridge whi ch ’

rises up in p eaks b ears only a little withered grass and a few sca nty shrubs scattered about in
,

different plac es .

T he mountains o f E bal and Gerizim do not seem to reach more than seven o r eight hundred fe et
above the level o f t he valley which li es betwe en them and in which the town o f Shechem is situated ; ,

th ey must however be consid e rably more than this above the level Of the sea as t he ground on
, , ,

which they rise is itse lf much el e vated O f the sides which front the valley that o f G e rizim is much .
,

more fertil e and v e rdant than that of E bal i The valley between them is exceedingly beautiful :
’
‘
Fe w places sa y s J olliffe e xceed Shechem in the romantic beauty o f its position
, , the buildi ngs ,

appea ring to rise amidst bowers blooming with a ll the varie ties Of vegetation encircl e d by venerable ,

g rov e s a nd refreshed by rills O f the purest

,

T he high est mountai ns in the southern part o f Palestine are those known by the name o f
Q ua ra nt a nia from a tradition that they constitute d the wil derness in whi ch Christ faste d for forty
,

days thi s mountainous tract which bound s the valley Of Jericho o n the west is more stern and wild
, ,

in its appearance than any other part O f the country and is described as rugged d esolate and , , ,

fri ghtful in the extreme T he highest summit the as cent of which is exceedingly steep and
.
,

difficult b ears t he name o f the Mount of T emptation and is pointed out as that exceeding high
, ,

’
mountain from which the tempter showed Christ all the kingdoms of the world and the glory ‘
.

’
o f th e m .

T he onl y mountai n in the country east o f the Jordan which we need notice particularly is that
to which the name of N ebo isattached I ts modern name is Jebel A tt a rii s and a ll we know .
’

concerning it is that it is a dark barren mounta in with a hea p o f stones overshadowed by a wil d , _

pistachio tree o n the summit whi ch is noticed by p a ssing trav ell e rs as rising higher than any other
-

mountain in the neighbourhood I ts corre spondence with the N ebo o f Scripture is very doubtful for
.
,
’
it is c ertai nly no t over again st Jericho which that mountain is described as in the absence ,

o f more complete acquaintance with the topography o f that part o f the country however no better , ,

hypothesis can be proposed in its stead .

P sa lm xlii 6 ; l xxxix 12 ; cxxxiii 3

. . . .

I
,
M a undr ell, B uck ing h a m, & c .

1 Dr R ich a rd so n s T ra v els a lo ng t he J if ed iterra nca n L etters f r om P a lest ine, i , 45

’
‘
.
,
l . .

v ol. ii .
, p . 424 .
H Deut xxx iv
. . 1 .
 ASS Y R I A , C H A L DJE A ,
A ND ME DIA .

T H ES E countries po sse ss an int e rest for the Scri ptural read e r which is little inferior t o that of
t he Holy Land it se lf ; from them the forefather o f t he J ewish p e ople drew his origin and by t he ,

rul e rs ov e r them wa s t he natio nal e x istenc e Of that peopl e destroyed and th em selves carri ed thith e r ,

into a length e n e d captivi ty I t is there for e with m uch pl e asure that we have been enabl e d in the
.
, , ,

pre sent Map to avail ourselv es of a gre at amount o f inf ormation in reference to the physical and
,

political ge ography of th e se re gion s which ha s o nly very re c ently b e en plac e d before the pub lic and ,

w hich will we beli e ve he found t o impart con siderable value to it

, ,
For som e part of this we a re .

in d ebted to such accounts o f t he labor s of the late E uphrate s E xp e dition as have yet bee n ‘ ’

publi sh e d but for a much larger po rtion t o the relations gi ven by Maj or Rawlin son o f t he Bombay
, ,

Army of two j ourn e ys into the provinces of Khu zistan Luristan and Persian Kurd istan r and
, , , ,
ae

to the accounts of Maj or T odd ! Lie utenant Colonel S hielgt Mr Brant § Dr Ross “ and Mr ,
-

.
,
.
,
.

F o rb esfil o f differe nt part s o f Persia and t he T urkish provinc e s in Asia which th e y have vi site d
within the last three o r four y ear s A trigonometri cal survey by Lie utenant Lyn ch o f the I ndian .
,

N avy ,
of the Riv e r T igris from T auk i K esra h (the ancient Ct e siphon ) to M osul ”
a tract which - —
,

(to use that o fficer s word s) is conn e cte d with E uropean history in it s mo st attractive page s and
‘
,

with all that is elevat e d a nd refined in Asiatic literature ha s also been made use of in the co nstruc
’

tion Of o ur Map .

But Of t he numerous interesting topics whi ch are embraced in these materi als we need h ere ,

only notice tho se which r e late to som e disputed points Of Scriptural ge ography T he chi e f o f the se .

bea r r e fer enc e to the settlement of t he I sraelites who were carried into captivity by the kings of
’
A ssyria and placed in Halah and in Habor by the Riv e r o f Go zan and in t he citi e s o f t he Mede s
, , ,

(2 Ki ngs xvii in addition to th e se nam e s that of H ar a is m e ntion ed in a sub se quent te x t

.
,
.

( 1 Chron v Maj or R e nnell whose conclusions o n this subj e ct have be e n adopted by mo st

. .
,

subs e quent commenta tors wa s Of Opinion that th ese nam e s w e re to be traced in som e which exist in
,

modern tim es in t he P e rsian provinc e s o f Azerbijan an d I ra k A jemi near t he south w estern -

,
-

e xtr emity o f the Ca spian S e a H e th e r efore id e ntifie d the Riv e r of Go zan with the Ki zil Uzen o r
.

S ef i cl R i al t he city o f H abor with the modern town o r rath e r vil lag e o f Abhar and supposed Halah
’

, ,

'
and Harah to have been situat e d in t he districts o f C ha lca l and T a ro m d escri bed by D e lla V alle
’

and other Ol d travell ers as bordering on that ri v erf rt I n d e fe r ence to the Op inion o f an author so
generally esteemed and followe d we have ins e rt e d these co nclusions in the Map but a s they seem , ,

to be base d o n e rrors which later informatio n has di spell e d we have al so marked on it other and ,

more probable identifications O f the above named places T he identification of the Go zan with the -
.

Ki zil U zen from a slight similarity o f sound between the nam e s mu st at once he relinquish e d since
, , ,

we a re inf orm e d by Maj or Rawlinson that t he native or Persian name of that river S e fid R i i d has
’

, ,

been born e by it ev e r sinc e the fou rth century O f the Christian aera whil e the titl e o f Ki zil U ze n is ,

merely a T urki sh impo sition o f modern tim e s T he name of C ha lca l appears from the same author .
, ,

to apply to one o f the two divi sions into which the district o f T arom consistin g of the vale through ,

whi ch t he Sefid R u d flo ws is di stinguish e d and whi ch a re named T arOmi Khelkal and T arOmi P ayin
, ,
— —
.

With this mor e corr e ct orthography the very slight resemblance which the name s prev iously bore to ,

i“ N ote s M a rc h fro m Zo h ab t o Kh uzistan, & c , in

on a . &c .
,
in — I bid p 54 .
, . .

t he y ea r by M ajo r R a w linson —
J o ur na l o
'
f R oy a l G eo -

I b id .
,
v ol x. p 59
.
, . .

gr ap hica l S oc iety v ol ix , p 216 N o tes o n a J o urn ey fr o m

, . . . . N otes o n Tw o J o urn ey s fr o m B a g h d ad to t he R uins
[
I
T a b riz thro ugh P ersia n K ur dist an, by M ajo r R a wl inso n, of Al H a dln in 183 6 — I b id
, ix , 443
’
'
. . .
, ,

in 183 8 b i d v ol x p 1
.
—I
,
. .
, . .
fii V i sit t o t he S inj a r H ill s in — I b id , 409 . .

1 S k etch of a p art of M é za nd erz

i n in I b id v o l — 3 “ J o u r na l o
f R oy a l G eog rap hic a l S oc iety , v ol ix ,
'
. .
, .
, .

v iii, p 101
. . p . 47 1 .

I N ote s on a J ourn ey fr om T a b riz t hrou h K urdi stan g

, fi
'
Geog ra p hy of H ero d o t a s, v o l . i .
, p . 515 .

D
26 AS S Y R IA ,
C H AL DJE A , A N D M E D I A .

those of Halah and Harah almo st entirely disapp e ars and as t his was the o nl y reason for the received ,

identification o f thos e place s it may b e r elin qui she d with that o f t he river ; and in this vi ew the
, , ,

mere similarity between th e name s o f Habor and Abhar is not o f much value since it is probable ,

that a ll the plac e s named were in the same vi cinity and we have se e n that there a re no sufficient ,

ground s for conclud ing that to have been near the Ki zil U zen W e are in clined t o concur in t he
“

opinion o f Maj or Rawlinson who suppose s Halah and Hara to be r epresent e d by the mode rn sites
,

of H olwan and Z arnah at both o f which places are e x ten sive ruins o f the aera of the S as sanian
,

monar ch s o f Persia Many curiou s reasons for the assumed correspondence o f H olwan with the
.

Halah of the Captivity are a ssigned by thi s author who observes that some o f the Christian Ar abs ,

in th e ir histo ri es dire ctly translate Halah by H o lwan Je wi sh traditions abound in this part of ’
.

the country and Davi d is still regarded by the trib es as their great tutelar prophet T he question
, .

as to which o f the riv e rs of t he coun try t he name Go zan may have b een applied is so doubtful that , ,

we hav e not thought it worth wh ile even to hazard a conj ectur e on the subj ect .

Whatever opini on however may be formed a s to th e se cities it appears certain that the
, , ,

I sraelites wer e scatt ered either in the fir st instance or subsequently over diff erent parts of the
, ,

Greater a nd Le sser M e dia We learn from t he Apocryphal Book o f T obit * that some were settled
.

at Rage s an d O riental geographers inform us that a quarter of I sfah a n called Ja hudia was anciently
, , ,

inhabited by Jew s .

Among t he places mentioned as thos e from which the king o f Assyria removed the inh abitants
to the cities o f Samari a there occu rs the name of H a m a t hfir T hi s h as been suppose d by some
,

writ e r to apply to the Syri an kingdom of that name to the north of Palestin e ; but as it is stated ,

by J o sephusi that the foreigners re m oved were five tribes o f C ut hit es it seems mor e probable that it ,

d enot e s som e place in Assyria o r Khuzi sta n .

Another questio n o f not less importance t o the Biblical student relates to the names o f Shushan
and Ul ai the latter that o f the river by which the prophet Daniel stood when he saw the vision
,

whi ch he d e scribe s § Shushan the palace has been universall y regarded as corresponding with, ,
’

the city o f Susa c e lebrate d in ancient wri ters as one o f the most magni ficent capitals o f th e Persian
,

empire and the river o f U lai as uni versally identifi e d with the E ul aeus o f those authors whi ch
,
‘ ’

they describe as flowing by Susa But it has b e en a que stion much di sputed whether the site o f .

thi s city is to be foun d in the ruins no w call ed S irs on the bank of the river Kerkha h or in t he ’

, ,

mode rn town of Sh u ster in the same d istrict From a care ful consideration o f the writers on either
,
.

side we should have thought thi s question sufficiently decid e d against the latter alternative even
, ,

without the additional te stimony of Maj or Rawlinson to the same effect and we should accordingly ,

have i d entifi e d the Shushan o f Scri pture with S us and the river U lai with th e Kerkha h had it no t , ,

been for a thir d and original hypothe sis proposed by that o fficer in the valuable paper to which we
have been so much indebted I t will be better to state thi s opinion in the words of the writer and
. ,

before doing thi s we mu st quot e his d e scri ption of some ruins known by the name of S u san which
, ,

he ha s fo r the first tim e made known to E uropean s After describ ing some of the stupendou s works .

of fo rm e r ages which r e main in th es e region s Maj or Rawlinson observe s : But the most ,

intere sting spot in all thi s country perhap s even in all P e rsia is the to wn o f S u san upon the banks
, , ,

o f the Kuran ; here a re the ruin s o f a great city and from t he accounts which I hav e rec e ived of it , ,

it cannot b e other than a sister capital of E cbatana and Persepolis T his city was prin cipally built
-
.

upon the right bank o f the Kuran at a point where the course of the river is due we st Forming a ,
.

sem i ci rcle from t he river and thus enclosing the city is a range of st e ep and abr upt hill s through
-

, , ,

which the re is no pa ssag e e ither along t he banks of t he river o r at oth e r points ; a onc e noble bri d ge
, ,

no w al m ost d e stroy e d connects thi s i m pregnabl e p o sition with a large mass of ruins upon t he l e ft
,

bank o f t he ri v e r which a re again h o und e d to the south by anoth e r range o f hill s exte nding at both
, ,

p o ints t o t he pre cipitou s banks o f the Kuran and t ra v erscd by two soli tary passe s O n the right ,
.

bank of t he riv e r n e ar t he b ri d ge a re sa id to be the r e m ains o f a magnificent palace ; the ground all

, ,

around is now planted with orchard s but the g eneral d esign o f the buil ding is to be trac e d and , ,

many pilla rs still remain ent ire At a sho rt distance from h ence to the north east and at the foot
.
,
-

T ob i t i . 14 .
i 2
“
K ing s x vn 24 .
I A nt iq u it ies f
o t /16 J e ws, ix .
, 14 . Da niel vi ii . 2 .
 A S S Y R IA ,
C H A L D ZE A , A N D M E D I A .

those who feel in any way interest e d in the subj ect of ancie nt ge ogr aphy has convincingly prov e d , ,

from the testim ony o f numerous autho rs anci ent a nd modern that ther e w ere formerly two citie s
, ,

o f the name of E cbatana— t he one the capital o f Medi a Magn a no w represe nt e d by t he mod e rn
,

town o f Hamadan the oth er the chie f city o f Media M inor o r Atropate ne and corresponding t o
—
, _
,

t he remarkable ruin s foun d on t he hill called T akht i Sulei m an -

T he former o f the se has b e en

-

generally r e garded a s t he Achm e tha of t he Bible but Maj or Rawlinson thinks it ve ry doubtful
,

to which the passage in E zra is to be referred But however this may be th e re can be but littl e
.
,

doubt that the latter the T akht i Sul ei m an repres ents the E cbatana o f t he Book o f T obit f“ which
,
- —
,

is state d to hav e been on t he route betw e en N in e v e h and Rages T he same place appear s al so t o
.

he int ended by the city of E cbatana which is said to have been built by Arphaxad the monarch
, ,

whose d efeat and d e ath a re relat e d in the Book of J u dit h t .

it T ob it 1 1J dith i 1, 2
“

u
“
. .
 PAL E S T I N E A ND PAR T O F PH CE N I C I A ,
I LL U S T RAT I N G T H E NEW

T E S T AM E N T .

TH E most circum stantial account which we po ss e s s o f the manner in which Pal estin e was
divided at the c ommencem e nt of t he Christian aera is that found in the writing s of the Jewish ,

historian Jos e phu s who has d e sc rib e d at som e length the extent o f e ach of the p rovinc e s which it
, ,

th en I f we we re abl e to assign their correct position s to the place s which he mentio ns

as indication s of the extr eme length o r breadth o f the se divi sions there would be no di fficulty in ,

representing th em upon a map ; but as the sit es o f many o f these are unknown his descriptions do , ,

not in all case s s erve wi th the sam e fide lity t he purpose for which they w ere intend e d and which , ,

in da y they no doubt fully answ e re d

,
T he difficulty which rs thus occasioned i n d rawing the .

boundari es be tw e en e ach province is chiefly felt i h r eference to that by which Jud ac a wa s se parated
o n t he south from I dum ae a ; we have th e re for e thought it advi sabl e to leav e thi s unre pr e se nt e d in , ,

the Map supplyi ng in plac e of it the expl anation that d uring the captivity of t he Jew s and their
, , , , ,

weaken e d condition aft e r their return the E domit e s had ext ended th e ir dominion ov e r the whole ,

country betwe en t he mountains o f Seir (th e ir original possession ) and the M e diterranean Sea .
, ,
"

making Hebron the capital o f this ne wly acquired part of their territori e s which form e d the -

I d um ma o f the cla ssical author s T he knowledge o f this expl ain s the remark of Jo se phu s that
.
,

‘
J erusalem wa s situated int he v ery middl e o f Jud aea T he province o f Jud aea was like .
’

subdivided into small e r district s called T oparchi es the number o f which is stated by the sam e author ,

as elev e n but which according to Pliny were ten in num b erir Judging from t he proxi mity o f t he
, , ,

citi es mentioned a s pr e si ding ov e r the sev e ral toparchies most o f the se divisions s e em to have been ,

of very small exte nt .

T he only nam e s in this Map which seem to r e quir e any explanation are those o f Bethsaida and
B e th abara T he former o f the se plac es Bethsaida o f Galile e has been gen erally suppo sed to
-
.
~

, ,

co rrespond with t he city of that nam e on the north east shor e of t he S ea o f Gali l e e n e ar t he place -

where it r e ceives t he Jordan and to which Philip the T etrarch gave t he nam e of Juli u s But as
,
.

this city is no t prop e rly speaking situat e d in Galil e e but in G a ulo nit is o n t he oppo site side o f t he
, , , ,
'

Jo rdan th e re appears to be some reason fo r concluding the ruin s o f a la rge v illa ge called Be rt sida
'‘
-

, ,

s een by P o co cke o n t he west o f t he lak e to represent t he B e thsaida of t he Go spel Both sites are , .

indicated on the Map .

I t is probabl e that t he true sit e o f Beth abara the place wh e re Chr ist was baptize d by John -

t he Baptist is not known ; but th e re are two places which a re respectively beli e v e d to repr e se nt the
,

scen e o f thi s e vent by the Christians of the Cathol ic and O ri ental churches thou sands of whom in , ,

th is belie f have fo r ages past been in the habit o f making annual pilgr images thither in order to
, , , ,

pe rf orm th eir ablutions in t he sacre d stre am o f t he Jordan T he spot which is m ark e d in the Map .

is that to which the prefer e nce is given by the Gr e e k and O rie ntal pilgri m s whil e t he Catholics ,

place t he sit e o f B et lr abara about th re e mile s high e r up the river o r furth e r from the Dead
-

S ea. E ach o f t he place s to which the pilgrims of e ith e r denomination respectively repai r has an
additional int erest imparte d to it from th e ir b e li e f that it likewi se corr e spond s to the place wher e
the I sraelit e s c rosse d the Jordan at their entry into the promised land ,
.

l Vars
’ '
of t he J e ws, b iii c
. .
, . 3 .
f H ist I Va L 1 .
, . 15
.
 P L AN O F AN C I E N T J E RU S AL E M .

passage in the E pi stle to the H ebrews stat s that sce the d ath Christ w a s di stinctly e t he ne of e of
-

without t he wall s of t he city T his corre spond s t i the u sual custom of the Jews who are also well .
,

known no t to have a ll o wed burial s to tak e plac e wi thi n the city N o w the se call e d Church o f t he .
-

Holy Sepulchr e is a con sid erabl e distance withi n the wall s o f modern Jerusal em and no arrange
ment o f t he anci ent wall s which woul d posse ss the slightest share o f probabil ity o r which woul d at ,

all accord with t he d e scription s o f Jo se phus can be made in such a mann e r a s to exclu d e from t he ,

anci ent city t he gr ound now occupied by thi s buildi ng We ther efore th ink that the true sit e of .

Calvar y or Golgotha is unknown and rej ect irrg the traditionary identification o f thi s we attach no , ,

Scriptur al inte re st to the many other plac e s within the modern city which a re poin ted out to
vi sitors as the representative s o f spot s rendered sacr e d by their as sociation wi th t he li fe and
“

su ffe rings of Ch rist O f tho se without the city that call e d the Gard en of Geth seman e se ems to
.
,

indicate correctly t he plac e which wa s the accustom e d resort o f himself and his discipl e s and in ,

which he was betrayed I t is now an e ven plot o f ground enclosed by a stone fence and containing
.
, ,

a few o live trees * -

.

O f the bills by which J erusal em is on three sides surroun ded that to the west is but little ,

e levat e d above the city its e lf ; and that to the south which b e ars in t he pres e nt tim e the nam e of ,

T he Hill of E v il Council (from t he improbable suppo sition that the hou se o f Caiaphas wh ere
‘ ’

, ,

t h e c hi ef priests and scribes took coun c il against Ch ri st stood on the top of it ) is really a rocky , ,

fia t which form s the termination of the high gr ound to the south o f t he city and is lo wer than
, ,

Mount Z ion But t he Mount of O liv e s on the east rise s higher than any o f the groun d about
.
, ,
‘

Je rusal em and compl etely overlooks the city — the extensive view from its summit embracing also
, , , ,

the V al e o f Jericho the lower part o f the river Jordan and the Dead Sea with the mountains by
, , ,

which that lak e is enclo se d .

T he V all e y o f J eho sha pha t is described by travellers as b e ing rather a ravin e than a valley ,

of whi ch the width in few plac e s e x ceeds 200 yards the Brook Kedr on whi ch flows thr ough it in a ,

deep and narrow bed crosse d by a small bridge o f a single arch is only a winter—torrent littl e mor e
, , ,

than a yard in breadth and ( by during the great e r portion o f the year T he sid e s of thi s vall ey are
,
.

cove red with the sepulchral stones o f the Jews who have b e en accustom e d both in anci ent and , ,

mod ern tim e s t o use it as a place o f int e rment T he valley o f B en H innom (or in our translation
,
.
-

, , ,

‘
the V alley o f t he Son o f on t he south of the city is about fifty yar ds in br e adth ,

and twenty in d epth m easuring from t he bottom to the highest part of Mount Zio n t I ts sid e s a re
,

rocky and precipitou s and that t o the south contains nurrre ro u s se pulch ral e x cavations
,
O n the .

furth e r sid e of thi s vall ey towards the south east is the place suppose d with much probability to
,
-

, , ,

repr esent Ac e ldama t he field o f blood bought fo r a field to bury stranger s in with the money
,
‘
,
’ ‘ ’

’
whi ch wa s the price of Judas s trea son T he vall ey on t he w e st of the city call e d the Vall ey .
,

o f Gihon is shallow and in its southern part broad decreasing both in width and depth as it
, , ,

advanc e s northward ; it also contain s some sepulchral excavations on its weste rn side T he broad .

vall ey or rather depressed plain of which the commenc e m ent e xt ends in a south westerly di re ction
, ,
-

from J erusa l e m and th rough which t he road to Beth lehem lie s app e ars to corre spond to t he V alley
,
-

o f R e phaim of the O ld T e stament in which Davi d gained a vi ctory over the P hilist ine s fi it is ,

b o und e d on e ach side by hill s of little el e vation .

How gr eatly t he pr esent app earance o f Jerusalem mu st have changed from tha t w hich it
p re sent e d wh e n it s e nclosing hill s a nd vall eys w ere a s in t he tim e of it s ancient g reatn ess cov ered ,
-

wi th gr o v es and garden s wh e n its T ernple and oth e r buildings reared th e ir towers toward s t he
,
—

sk
y and wh e n it w a s t he se at of an active an d wealthy population e ngag e d in cel eb rating all t he
, ,
.

p o m p of thei r religi o u s c e r em oni es or in pursuing t he nu m e rou s and varied occupations o f socie ty ,

—
may be in so m e d e gre e appr e ciate d fro m t he ob se rvation of a modern wr it er that t he s tranger ,

n o w see s fro m t he n e ighbou ring e l e vations a wild and mountainou s d e se rt no h erds d e pastur ing o n ,

t he sunrm it no wate r flowi ng t hro ugh t he valleys but o ne ru d e sc ene o f sa v age m elancholy waste
, , ,

in t he mid st o f which t he ancient glory of J ud aea bow s her head in widowe d

R ic h
'
Dr. ar d so n s T ra v e ls a lo ng t he flf crlitcr ra ne a n,
1822, v p 3 00
. . .

T R obi n o n s T r a vels in P a la
s
'
'
s t lne a ml S y r ia , v o l . ip
. . 105 .
 THE T RA V E LS O F SA I N T PA U L .

T H E RE
is little in this Map upon which it falls within o ur plan to bestow any particular notice .

T he po sitions assi gned to the plac e s mentioned in the relation o f the Acts of the Apostle s have b ee n ,

wh e re any doubt attach e d to them weighed with e x trem e care and with a regard to the most ,

recently acquire d information Fo r the materi als which have enabled us to represent the countries
.

contained in an d adj acent to Asia Min or in a mor e correct manner than in other maps o f the sam e
, , ,

class we are indebted to Mr

, Mr W J H a m ilt onn Mr C Fello wesg and Mr Ainsworth §
. . . .
“
. .
L
. .
,

all of whom have in the ir re sp e ctive j ourn eys through various parts o f the country accumul ated
, ,

much geographical information o f a valuable nature and the last named of whom in conjunction ,
-

with the other gentlemen in comman d o f the e xp e dition no w in progr e ss to Kurdistan has ,

ascertaine d the sites of many ancient cities and d e te rmin e d astronomically the positions o f m any ,

important places .

T o return however to subj ects more imm e di ately connecte d with Scriptural Geography
, , I t is .

probably known to most o f o ur readers that diffe rent opini ons have been entertained with r egard to
the I sland of M clit a on whi ch the A po st le P a ul and his companions were shipwrecked ” By the
,
'
.

maj ority o f writers on the subj ect this i sland has been regarded as represented by the modern
Malta but many o thers some of them o f considerable ability have argued in favor o f a small
, , ,

island in the Adri atic Sea no w call e d M e leda — each of these islands having anci e ntly borne the
name o f Melita N ot deeming it necessary t o enter upon the arguments on either sid e o f a matter
.

which may be found d iscussed in every Biblical Cyclop aedia we shall be content with observ ing ,

that although much may be said (as in mo st sim il ar case s) in favor o f either po sition yet the
, ,

preponderating weight of evi dence appears rather t o incline in favor o f Malta — which we ,

therefore identify with the Melita o f the Apostolic narrative T he broad and shallow g ulf which .

’
the anci ents called the Syrtis Maj or is suppo se d to b e intended by the q uicksa nd s fl whi ch
‘
,
’ ‘

were an obj ect of s o much terror to the sailors ; thi s gu lf from the shif ting nature o f t he sands o n ,

its s hores and the gen eral unc e rtainty of its bottom was at all times a subj ect o f dread to ancient
, ,

navigators .

W e have adopted a conj ecture made by Mr Hamil ton in the paper already referred t o in .
, ,

regard t o the positions o f Derbe and Lystra “ I t seem s probable that the form e r of these place s .

is represent e d by a village bearing the modern name of Devli although it has be en generally ,

identifi e d with the ruins o f Bin bir kilisa o n t he mountain called Kara d agh T hese ruins are v e ry
- -

,
-

ext e nsive and int e resting consisting chiefly o f the remains o f churche s o f great antiquity and some
, ,

o f them o f considerable size and with t he exception of some larg e sarcophagi and tombs appear
, ,
i ng ,

to belong to the e arly ages o f Ch ri stianity Mr Hamilton is inclined to refer them to Lystra . .

rather than Derbe the latt e r place not b e ing mention e d in the ecclesiastical notices whil e the
, ,

former is known to have been an episcopal se e during the reigns o f the Byzantine E mperors and ,

therefore a place W here we migh t have exp e cted to find the remains o f num e rous chur ch e s .

‘
J ourn ey thr o ugh p art of Ar menia a nd Asia M inor , N otes o n a J o urney fio m Co nst a ntino pl e to
‘ '
Ang o a r ,

l 83 8 — J o u rna l of R oy a l G eog r a p / a ca l S oc ie ty , o l ix
'

J o wrna l of R oy a l G eog r ap hica l S oc iety v ol vi

’
— . v . .
, . .
,

p . 187 . p 216
. .

1 N otes on J ourney s in Asia M in or, in 183 6 7 — I b id Acts xx v iii 1

‘
-
.
, . ,

vn . 3 4, a nd v iii . 13 7 .

fl Act xx ii 17 s v . .

I E o
x cu rsi ns i n A sia M ia or . L o ndon, 183 9 .
H Acts xiv 6
‘
. .
P A !
"

13 8 T
1 l N if) .

_ \N ) I ‘ ‘
1 1I lI
-

A DJ A C E N T PA RT O F S Y R I A ;

as d w nl cd u m lm
‘

t he Tur kis h go v e rni n g-i n .

BY - S

y o u, o f fi ng /u h Milt r -

P a s /la m
f Dry / m
; g a m r
I
Pt l o hfi/ll gf f k kd
‘ ”

u
'
w it h Gd t d rt
‘

ll
‘

0m ( J a nel

l B e ll a :

E xp 1a n i t io n

L n rrd n n J o hn H" fi lr in r h ’e
v r Na n/ 14 1
 P AL E S T I NE AND T H E AD J AC E N T P AR T OF S Y R IA .

peculiarly applicable to it fro m the extrem e appearance o f desolation presented by the country
,

around and from the general ab sence of anim al and vegetable life I ts waters are intensely salt
,
.
,

much more so than those o f the ocean ; in an analysis which Dr Marc et made o f a portion o f them .
,

100 parts o f wat e r were found to contain 245 8 parts of salts o f diff e rent kin ds o r nearly o ne fourth ,
-

“
o f t he w e ight of t he wa t erf T heir specific gr avity is also much gre at e r than that o f sea water ,

from whi ch cause they possess a much greater buoyancy — a circumstance attested by almo st every ,
~

travell er who has bath e d in the m Mo st o f the exag gerated statement s which have been so common
.

about thi s lake such a s the appl e s o f Sodom beautiful to the sight but containing only dust
,
‘
,
’

and ash e s the doleful sounds and su ff ocating vapour s said to issue from it — the som e times visible
,
—
,

r emain s o f the cities submerged in it — and others o f a sim il ar natur e are no w disproved ; a nd
, ,
-

al though we have no evidence o f any living creature being contained in its waters yet bir d s have ,

frequently been seen t o fly across th em and to skim th e ir surface without su staining any harm
, , ,

Some soundings which have recently been taken sho w the D ead Sea to have in some places a depth , ,

of mor e than 3 00 fa thomsq Th e water is perfectly clear and transparent whil e that of the Jordan
“
,

is muddy and discolors the lake with its yell ow current I t has not been asc e rtain e d whether the
,
.

asphal tum o r bitumen found floating o n the surface o f its wat er s as well as o n its western shore , ,

rises from the bottom o f its bed or origi nate s in the rocks o n its eastern bord er T he plain which
, .

extend s to t he south o f the D e ad Sea forming a continuation of the valley of th e Jordan possesses
, ,

a sandy and s al ine surface and is terminate d by a chain of cliff s o f sandstone the height of which is
, ,

stated by I rby and Mangles at from 6 0 to 80 and by the Count de Berton at bet ween 6 0 and 7 0
,

feet although Dr Robinson estimates them at from 50 to 150 feet

,
. .

T he m ea n qua ntity of salt contained in the ocean is t he equa to r and po les M alte B run s G eog rap hy v ol i .
'
, . .
,

a bout thr e e a nd a h a lf per c ent in th e w eig h t of t he w a ter

. It p 3 14
. . .

v a ries consid era b ly h o w ev er in d ifferent l a tit u d es b eing in f J o urn a l of R oy a l G eog rap l uca l S o ciety v ol vu
'

, , , , . .
,

e n eral greate st near t he tro p i c s a nd dim inish ing:to ward s p 456

g
. .
,
 D’v ll
‘
r( J

T IiEl l h cr s
‘
-

A ND

PA RT O F ARA B IA '

I 'm" ( 71

lu l 'll u ling th e Pe n i nn i ln '

o f M . S inm .

Tro pi
c o f ( 211mm

W oe h n fl h ! M m m m h wm u rr
'
Any m ul n l
IN Ifm ' a n a n
p lm m h m o
'
“ f l /u A ra b l e

'
A n n ula r! J o lt/ l. If? P ru dcr r' ” 5.1 L J f r al mt
 E GY PT A N D PAR T O F ARAB I A .

TH E numerous and easily accessible accounts o f Mod e rn E gypt will furnish the student with
an ample descri ption o f the m a gnificent remains which abound in that country and many of which , ,

from the ill ustration which they afford o f Scriptural customs and imagery are poss essed o f deep ,

interest to t he rea d ers of the Bible I n addition to its other purposes the present Map enables us
'

.
,

to direct attention to one or t wo localities o f Scriptural geography which have no t fallen within any
others o f the series T he chief o f these is the once splendid city o f T hebes the remains o f which
.
,

yet pre sent so imposing and stupendous a spectac le, and which w e accord with mo st writers on

Scriptural geography in regar d ing as the populous o r N o ammon o f the prophetic writers
‘ -

,
.

Although this opinion is di ssented from by others yet we think it receives sufli cie nt confi rmation ,

from the mann e r in which N o is always mentioned as being a great populou s and powerf ul cit y 1 , , , ,
L

characteristics which ce rtainly applied t o T hebes in a much greater degree than to any other place
which can reasonably be sub stitute d for it as the r epresentative o f N o T he country o f P a t hro s i .
‘ “
’

is believed to corre spond to that part of U pper E gypt which the Greeks distinguis hed as the
T hebais from the name o f the great city which it contained and which answers t o the Said o f
, ,

modern geogr aphy The Sukkiims § m entioned as constituting part o f the troops of the E gy ptian
.
,

king Shishak seem to have been the sa me people whom the Greek s c al led the T roglodyt es o r
, ,

dwellers in caves who dwe lt among t he rocks and mountains which line the we st e rn shores o f
,
’

the Red Sea from the neighbourhood o f Bereni ce (lat 23

,
nearly t o the Straits o f Bab el .
°
-

Mandeb I n this terri tory Pliny mentions a city o f the name o f

. which closely corre spond s
wi th the word S ukkiirns .

A few remarks o n the features of the countries represented will form a useful accompaniment
t o the present Map O f the extensive tract which is generally included under the name o f E gypt
.
,

the onl y part which is susceptible o f cultivation and th er eby calculated for the abode o f a s ettled ,

and civilized people is the narrow vall e y in which the Riv e r N ile flows and the regi ons over which
,

its branches exte nd in the lower part of it s course with the addition o f the pro v ince of Fa iirm and
’

, ,

the few O ases which are scattered through the surrounding deserts and which break their otherwise ,

uni form de solation and monotony T he rocks which bound the N ile o n either side approach so .

near to t he bank of the river as to leave between them in U pper E gypt a valley o f only four o r , ,

five mil e s in width but which wid e n s in Central E gypt into ten o r twelve m il e s an d in Lo wer
, ,

E gypt spreads into a wide and fe rtile plain Cul tivation is thus in the Said an d Ce ntral E gypt .
, ,

co nfined to the narrow strip of land alo n g e ach ban k of the river T he rocks by which it is .

bounded attain near T h eb e s a height o f 1200 feet but their general elevation throughout E gy pt
, , ,

is much les s than thi s fre quently not exceeding 3 00 o r 400 feet
,
T he des e rts which extend from .

these rocks eastward to the R ed Sea and westward into the great desert o f L ybia have b e en shown , ,

by the re cent ob se rvatio ns of Sir J W ilkinso nfil to differ materially from the notions previ ously .

entertained of th e m I nstead o f being lev el wastes of sand as ha s been generally imagined they
.
, ,

constitute a portion of the e x tensive table land o f N orth e astern Af rica and are in many places - -

crossed by chains of mountain s o f conside rable height T he chie f characteri stic o f that to the ri ght .

o f the N ile is its gradual a sce nt e as tward from the rocks which bound the valley o f the river to an

e l e vat e d plain of consid e rable breadth from which it slopes do wnwards towards the Red S ea Of ,

the two chains o f mountain s which trav er se it in a north and south dire ction the m ore westerly ,

co nsists o f lime stone rock s and that further to t he e ast o f granite ,

T he latt e r chain w hich .
,

comm enc es about lat 28 attains in t he loft y summit o f Gh arib an el evation o f 6 000 fe e t and
.
°

continues in a southerly direction until it crosses the N il e at Ass u an forming what a re call e d t he ,

cataracts but which a re in r e ality o nly a succe ssion o f rapid s among which no singl e fa ll is mo re
, , , ,

than four or five fe et T he d e sert to t he w est of the river con sists in like mann e r of an e leva ted
.
, ,
.

N a h um iii 8 .
f J ere m . xl v i . 25 .
i J ere mxli
. v . 1 . 2 C hron .
“

xi i. 3 . E st . l Va t .
, l . vi .
, 34 .

if O n t he N il e , a nd t he p resent a nd form er L ev el s of E gypt .

’
— J ou 7 ~na l f
o R oy a l G eogr ap hic a l S oc ie ty , vo l . ix .
, p . 43 13
 38 E G Y P T A N D P AR T OF ARAB I A .

plain fo r the most par t level but supporting in some places li mestone mountain s and in whi ch
, , , , ,

T he V all ey o f Fai t i m and t he Gr eat O asis

’

t he province o f Fai um and the O as e s are d e pressions , ,

.

are d epress e d b e low t he upper plain e ven more than the V alley o f the N ile is since the surface o f ,

the Lake Moeris (Birke t—el Kerun) is 100 or 120 feet b elow the level of the banks o f the river at
-

Beni s u ef -
.

I n t he Memoir which accompanies the second Map of this series we have traced the valley in ,

which the River Jordan flows and t he mountains by which it is o n either side bound e d through , ,

the whole length of Pal estin e to the southerne x tremity o f t he D e ad S ea Burckhardt in the year .
,

1812 was t he first traveller who mad e kno wn to modern E uropeans the continuation of these
,

mountain s southward in two di stinct chains and the e xistence between th em o f a broad vall ey o r , ,

rath er plain which extends the whole way from the low cliffs o f sands tone o f which we hav e
, ,

already spoken (p at the southern end o f the D e ad Sea t o the e astern arm o f the R e d Sea
,
.
, ,
’ ’
or the Gulf of Al< abah : this vall ey is called the Wadi el— Ar abah When Burckhardt ascertained -
.

the fact o f it s e xistence h e conclud e d that t he River Jordan had anciently flow e d through it to the
,

’
Gulf o f Ak a ba h * previ ously to t he destruction o f the citi e s o f Sodom and Gomo rrah at the tim e
, ,

o f which cata strophe it ha s be e n very generally imagin e d that the Dead S e a wa s first formed ; and

his opinion o n thi s point has be e n u niversally adopted by subsequent write rs on the geogr aphy of
the Bible as it seemed to afford a v ery satisfactory e xplanation o f the manner in which the waters
,

of the Jordan might be disposed o f o n the supposition that t he Dead Sea had then no existence , .

’
But it has b e e n ve ry recently shown that the nature of the Wadi el Arabah is such as to preclu de - -

t he po ssibil ity of t he Jo rdan s ever having in the present state o f the sur fac e and l e v e l o f the
’

gr ound in those r e gions flowed th rough it to t he Red S ea since it is in o ne place elevat e d above
, ,

’
the level both of the Gulf of A ka b a h and the D e ad Sea and is throughout on a higher level than ,

the latter body of wat e r E ven without thi s knowledge the recently ascertain ed fact of the D e ad
.
,
-

Sea b e ing so con sid e rably d epre ssed belo w the Mediterranean whil e the surface o f the R e d ,

S e a ha s long since been kno wn to be several fe et a bo ve the same lev el t woul d have render e d the ,

hypothesi s allud e d t o extremely im probabl e sin c e it coul d onl y have been main taine d by the supposi ,

tion o f the catastrophe whi ch destro y ed the citie s o f the plain having b e en att e nded by an alteration in
the r elative l evels o f nearly t he whole country very consid e rably gr eater than is warrant e d by ev e n
t he m o st tremendou s convul sions o f t he earth s su rface which are on r e cord S ince the acqui sition ’
.

o f thi s information t he hypoth esis refe rred to ha s therefor e been abandon e d no r wa s any hypoth e sis , ,

ever more ne e d lesly fram e d for the re is nothing in any passage of t he Bible which at a ll warrants
,

the id e a o f the De ad Sea having had no e x i st enc e p reviously to the d estruction o f Sodom although ,

it is by no means improbable that that catastrophe produced con sid e rable change s in t he dist ri c t .

we have a lready stated (p 14) t he opinion which we enter tain on t he subj ect and have only .
,

r e cu rr ed to it here on account o f t he conn e x ion it has so long had with t he regi on to which we have
’
refe rr e d — viz that o f the Mountains of Seir and the Wadi el Arabab a connexion so general ly - -

, ,

acknowl e dged a nd h e ld in common with so many erroneous id e as as to that district that we should
, ,

not hav e app e are d j u stified in passing over it while placing before o ur readers more corr e ct
information upon tho se countries .

For this information we are e ntirely ind e bt e d to the Count de B ert o u and to Dr Robinson ,
.

and his fellow —trav e ll e r t he form e r o f the se gentlem e n b e ing the o nly E urop e an who has in m od e rn
ti m e s t rav e rse d the whol e ext e nt of t he Wadi el Ar abah from north t o south T he route tak e n by - -
’
.

e a c h o f th em was south w ard fro m Hebron and in accompanying them in this d i re ction we cannot , , ,

re fra in fro m qu o ti ng a brief re m ark o f t he Count d e B e rt e n s in refe renc e to t he impr e ssion s pro
’
-

d uce d by t he asp e ct of t he countryi m m e diate ly b efo re r e aching t he south e rn e x tremity o f t he Dead

S ea I l e ob se rv es th a t he had hith e rto s e en nothing to compare with t he mountains o f Z oarah
’
‘
.

i nd E sd rnn H e re is d e solati o n on t he grand e st scal e and b e yond wh at the imagination of m a n

’

.
,

c ould c o nc e iv e : it mu st b e see m— to d e sc rib e it is impo ssibl e I n this striki ng and sole m n w a st e . ,

at 7 f" 0P
/ "fu
, . t he l l of t h w t s t t h h ea d of t he G ul f of A l huh
e ve e a er a e
'
<a

1 T he
.
F re n ch
g neers, ur ng t he e en i d i x ped itio n t o E gy pt ca nno t d i ll r m t i lly fro m t h a t t th h a d of t h G ul f
'
e a er a a e e e

in 17 9 8 a sc crl nimzd [he l ie S e a , a t S uez,

. d to b e t h ig h wa te r a of S u z th t t h y m u t l o b el v ted bo e t he M ed i
e , so a e s a s e e a a v

thi rt y h et , a nd a t l w w t e r t wm l
o a
y s ix a nd a h a ll Im t
i -
' '
-
t r in n
er a
-
a .

h ig h e r th a n t he l vel o f t he M ed i t e rra nea n a t Alex a nd ri a ;

e
 E G Y P T A N D P AR T O F ARAB IA .

where nature is alike d e stitute of v egetation and inhabitants man appears but an atom — all around ,

is envelop e d in t he sil ence o f death — not a bird not even an insect is seen ! T he regular st ep of , , ,

our camels returned a dull sound as if the earth we re hollo wed beneath th e ir feet ; the monotonou s
,

chant o f the camel driver acco mpanied at times the ste p o f this inhabitant of the d e sert but was ,

suddenly stopped a s if he feared to awaken nature ,

E verything seemed to combine to
make the landscape a scene awfully sublime “ .

’
Passing through the Plain o f E l Ghor the party ente red the channel o f Wadi Ar abah , ,

’
‘
which continues the Count had at first the appearance o f the bed of a great ri ver and if its
, ,
‘
, ,

slope were not visible t o wa r d s the D e ad S ea one would e x clai m o n see ing it T hi s is re ally the bed , ,

of the Jordan it is howev e r the bed of a torrent which flo ws in a n opposite d irectio n — vtz fro m
, , ,
f
.
,

so u th to n o rth and fall s into E l Ghor At present ( April) h e re is no water ; its breadth which is
, .
,

from 250 to 3 00 yards is filled with tamarisks ; it extend s in a S S W direction and is bounded by
, .
,

almost vertical banks of grey free ston e about 150 feet in h eight T his applies to the lower channel , .
’

which carrie s o ff the wate rs of the Wadi el Ar abah and which is distinguished by Dr Robinson
.
- -
’

,
.
,

who st ate s its bre adth at it s northern end to be equal to half a mil e by the name of Wadi Jib I t ,
.

begins to the south of Mount H er and exhibits trac e s o f an immense volume o f water which in t he , ,

’
rainy season flows down in a winding course through the mid st o f E l Arabah draining off all its
, ,

waters northwa r d s to the Dead Sea T he waters o f Wadi J era feh in the desert furth e r to the west .
, ,

also flow northward into E l Arabah and thr ough the same cha nnel r As the traveller advance s
’

southward t he Wadi (o r lower channel) becomes wi der assuming the aspect o f a d esert and
, , ,

seeming to ascend ; the hills on each side decr ease in h e ight and soon di sappear entirely on the left ;
until after passing A i n el Gha mar (la t 3 0 a spring o f bad water the Wadi is gradually lost
°
''
- -

.
,

in the slightly undulating plain which ext end s toward s the mountains in the east T he Wadi el .
-

’
Ar abah (using that term for the future in its most extensiv e sense a s denoting the whole breadth ,

of the wide vall ey which extend s between the cliffs at the south end o f the Dead Sea and t he Gulf
of A ka ba h) attain s it s highest point or summit level about lat 3 0
’

, near where it is j oin e d by

, , .
°

Wadi T ahl so that a lin e there drawn acro ss it marks the lin e of separation between t he waters
,

which flow to the Dead Sea and tho se discharged into the Red Sea From thence the Wadi again .

’
slopes so u thwa rd towards t he Gulf of A ka ba h and so manifest is this l ine of division between the ,

waters that M de Berton observes : I t is impossible to mistake t he two slopes — one t o the north
,
.
, ,
’
the oth er to the south .

T he ge neral level o f t he deserts to the w est of t he Wadi el— Ar abah and e x tending from t he
’
-

south of Palestine toward s the P e ninsula o f Sinai (of which D r Robinson has fu rnished us fo r the .

firs t time with the means o f attempting e ven a tolerabl e repr esentation) is much higher than that ,

of the Wad i itsel f T his was remarked by Burckhardt and al so by Dr Robinson who trav elling
.
, .
, ,
’
north we stward from Ak a b a h after crossing the valley and reaching t he summit o f t he we ste rn
-

mountains found himself upon the great plateau of the d e se rt and higher than the mountain peaks
, ,
-

which he had seen from belo w and through which he had j ust ascended : he e stimate s its elevation
,

at from 1200 to 1500 feet above t he sea Burckhardt however tho ught that the level o f thi s .
, ,

western d e sert was 1000 fe et below that of the d e serts to the e ast of \V adi A rabah ; so that t he
’
.

latter mu st be elevated nearly 2500 feet above t he M e diterranean From this great el ev ation of t he .

plains to the east and we st above the Wadi cl Arabah it results that t he height o f the mountains by
- -

which that valley is bounded appears much l e ss when vie we d from them than when seen from t he
vall e y itsel f T he only e stimate which we have s e en o f th e ir h e ight is that of M d e B e rton who
. .
,

; ays that Mount Hor the highest summit am ong t he rang e of J eb e l Shera on t he e ast side of t he
, ,

“
f alley ri se s 1500 fe e t above the level on which it is place d ; T he hill s o n the west sid e of t he
,
‘

all ey are no t above half as high as those o n the e ast T he we stern mountains may b e regard e d
f .

o nt inue d southward into the Peninsula of Sin ai in t he central sum m it o f which th e y ris e to a far ,

greater elevation ; the se have passe d u nd e r o ur notice in a preceding M e moi r .

We may observe in conclu sion that the line of co as t of the Red Sea and its Gulfs is copi e d from
, ,

he beautiful survey recently complet e d by t he officers in the se rvice o f t he E ast I ndia Company ,

vhich ha s for t he first time enabled us to deli ne ate co rrectly t he shore s of th e s e inter e sting regi ons .

J o ur na l of R oy a l G e og rap hic a l S oc iety , v ol . ix , p . 280 .

1
"
I b id p .
, . 3 05 .
I I b id p.
, . 283
"

.
 42 I N DE X T O B I B L E M A PS .

N o of. No of

N am e of P la ce . La tit ud e. L o ng u d e it . M ap . N a me of P la ce . La tit u e.d L o ng it u ed . M ap

B en s ‘
.
X . C hm) , 01
‘
B er oth a i 36 . 2 V .

B e red II . Ci lici a 37 . 0 3
B erg a m o
,
P erga mus 39 . 4 X . C la ud a I sl e of ( G a d os ) G ozo
, ,
11
,
24 . 3 2
B e ria m, ASSO S X . C ni d us 4
1

B er oth i
a , or Ch
un 36 . 2 V . Co losse ( Col o sse ) new Kho nd , ,
°
s 2 0

B e s r, B or ook
, W
'
a d i G a za IV '

, Coos 0 1 C o s I sle of Ko
, , ,
s 2
t h
B e a , 01 T b a i h th °
37 . 5 V . Cori nth 2
Be th
a b ara - VI I I . Cost nz S a la m i s
a a, 34 0 . 2
B e a ny th .
VI I I . C re t e I sla nd of C a nd i a
, , 2
B e t ha r VI . Cush A bi a ,
1a 30 . 0 35 . 0 5
Be th
a 1a ba h, o r A i a ba l
- 3 1 49 i . VI . C nsh ( E thiopi a ) , *

Be th
m en - IV . C ush 0 1 C u th a h ( S usia na ) Khuzist
, , ,
a n 2
Be th
d ibla tha im , 0 1 m n d 1bla t ha im Al o 3 5 50 VI . Cy p rus 34 0 . 2
Be th
e ], o r L uz, B e t in 3 1 59 i . IV . Cy re ne G enna h ,
r 2
th
B e esd a , P ool of IX .

Be th
ha c cere m, ( H e1o d 111111, ) J V
I ount of D a masc us, E l S ha m -

HH 0

t he F ra nk s VI . D a n, D a n jaa n, L aish , o r L esh e m, -

B e th h a ra n, ( L v i a s)
-
i IV .
( C aesa rea P h ilippi , ) B a ni a s 33 9 . IV .

B e th ho ro n, U pp er, B e zt zn 35 6 IV D ea d S ea , 0 1 B a hr el L fil, S ea of t he
'’ ’ ‘
- -
- .
- .

B e th b o ro n, L o w e r, B e zt m IV P la i n & c XI
'‘
-
-
35 .
7 . , . 0 3 5 25 . .

B eth jesi1no t h, 0 1 J e shi m o n

-
°
IV . D eb ii , 0 1 L o d e ba r 36 9 . IV .

B eth le h em , B e th e h em E pln a a h , 0 1 l t D eb i1 , Ki rja th sa nneh , 0 1 Khja t h -

E p111a t h, B ezt el Ia hm - -
VIII . sephi 1 IV .

B e th e h em -
l IV . D e ca po l i s ( see N ote ) VI II .

B e th m a a ch a h VI . D e i be, D evlz
B e th n1e o n, 111mm
- IV . D ev li, D erbe
B e th nixmw a h 0 1 N in112
-
111, N y m1 em IV . D i ba n, D i b o n XI .

B e th peo 1 - VI . l
D i b a th , o r m o n d ibla t ha im Al -
VI .

B e th ph a ge -
.
VIII . i
D b o n, D bo n ga d , 0 1 D im o n, D i ba n i -
°
I II .

B e th re ho b, o r R e ho b, H e1 eibe
°

VI . D i mna h VI .

B e th sa i d a , B ezt si d a
-
VII I . D ophk a h 29 3 . III .

B e th sa i d a , ( J u i as)
-
l VIII . D O 1 T o1 112m °

IV .

B e th sh a ish a l 35 .
7 VI . D oth a n VI .

B e th sh a n, o r B e th sh ean, ( S cy thopo
-
- D otha n, Kha n J ob Y zi suf 11 .

lis, ) B i sa n IV .

B e th sh e mesh- 33 .
. 2 VI . E as t S e a , S a lt S ea , S ea of t he or

B e th sh emesh IV . P la i n , ( L a cus Asphal tit es, ) B a hr

E e t h sh e mesh , O n, o r v en, M a ta ri eh A I II . L1
H IV .

B e th zm - 35 5 . VI . E bal , M o unt IV .

B e ze k IV . E d a r, T ower of II .

B e ze1 36 . 3 IV . E d e n, E d en V XI
. .

B i l ea m ,
01 Iblea m IV . E d o m, L a nd of III .

B zn bir kilisa , L ys
’
o
t 1a . X . E d 1e i, E l D 1aa IV .

3 21 , B e er XI l
E g o n, ’A j lan
1
.

B ir es s e ba
’
B eel -
-
S h eba .
E gy pt R i v er of — o1 °
8 110 1, W a d-1
,

B
’

H o wa ra , M 1 1a h
zr .
°
XII .
’
A rish I II .

I E kro ’
n, A k11 IV
’

B zrs N m r-
a n
‘
,
B a be 1 i .
~
.

i
B sa n, B e th h s a ll - XI . E ksa l, C hislo th ta -
bor IV .

B ith o
r n
VI . E l A a l, E e a le
’
l h 3 5 55 . XI .

E la m, ( E ly mai s)
B i th i
yn a
B o zm h ( of oE d m) , B oszm VI .
E la t h , E , (E a na ) E l A ka ba h
01 loth l I II V . .

o h of o
B z1a ( M a b) 36 . 3 VI . E l A tha , W 11d e rness
-
S hut , 0 1 E am of th 3 2 50 II I .

ElBe a ,
’
a ey k V ll of
L e ba n n o XI .

C a b ul VI . R l be e , o r B e t e]
-
th l h -
II .

C ze sa rea K isa zy eh ,
a r
'
VII I . E l D e r, T
-
sa i iph h VI I .

C aesa rea P hili ppi B ni ,

a as 33 . 9 VIII . E 1D 1d a , E d 1e i XI .

C a la h 36 . 2 I . E lm /eh, E l ’ A al IV .

C a l neh o r C a nneh ( Ctesipho n )

, , , Tau k E l G ho r, P a n 0 1 a ll ey rd a n l i °
V of Jo XI .

i kesra h
- 33 . 7 VI I . i
E l m, I Va d i G ha rend el III .

VI I . k
E l ha hl, H e br n, & c
-
'

o . XI .

Ca m o u VI . E l Ka d s, e rusal e m J X1 .

C a ua K na ,
a .
VI I I . E l L edja , T ra n s 33 0 cho iti . X1 .

C a na a nit e s 11 .
-
p
E l a ra u 0 II .

C nd i
a C et e d ,
r X . E l S ha m, D a mas us
-
c XI .

C a uue h 0 1 C a l ne h ,
°
33 . 7 VII . lt k h
E e e , T iikra ir -

0 lV .

C a pe i na u m, ne a r A m -
el -
T in VIII . E l T y k, D eser
-
P a ra n t of 30 O . 34 0 . XII .

C a ppa d oci a X . E mboh, m lis A phi p o 23 52.

C a ch e mi sh
r ,
V II . E m ms i 0 II .

C a rmel K m l ,
ar e 35 . 1 IV . E mm a us, G cbeby 35 .
7 VIII .

Ca rmel M o u nt ,
IV .

E nd or IV .

C e d i o n, o r Kid i o n, B r ook VIII . XI .

C e nc hl e a , Ken /cr ies 23 . 0 X . E u gmmin, enin

-
J 0 IV .

Ch :111110 1
1 11 alc A w bs -
46 . 5 VII , i
E u g e d , 0 1 l I a ze zo u a ma l , A m °
-
t Jid d 1 IV .

Ch a n u n, o r 111 11 1 , H a n d a
-
I. E 11 111ishp11t, 0 1 Kud esh
-
11 .

C li eba r, R v e r ,
i of 37 3 VI I . o l F i
E ll r ge , o u nt a n of N ehem a h
-
i IX .

C he phim h 35 . 6 IV . h -
h of
E l i s e me s , V Va tcrs 1X .

Ch ith
er , B
r ook VI . Eu at pp h
-
pp h
ua , o r T a ua IV .

Ch i
'
ez b II . E ph ’
esus, A ia so lz1k ~
’
X .

C hinnm c t h IV . E ph i ra m 32 4 . IV .

0 1110 110 10 111, 81 1 0 f,— S ea G a ee , . of lil E ph ira m, 0 1 E hra in

p
°
VIII .

La e G e nncsa nc k of
, o
r S ea m of E ph i o t
ra m, M un IV .

T 11 10 ! 1
113 ,
B a hr e lfl
'
a ba rieh - E ph ira m, Woo of d 36 . 0 VI .

C hio s
'
, Khio .
E ph th
ra ,
th h
or Be le e m II .

C hislo t h l a b o r, ch
E re , I ra/r, 0 1 I rkd °

Cho ra zi n Ah o
E sd fid , s d d 0 XI .
 IN D E X T O B I B LE M A P S
43
.

N o 0!
N a me P la ce
.

of . La tit ud e L o ng ud e it Ma p N a me of P la ce t tud e
No . 01
'

tud
.

La i
. .

E shco , B r oo k L ongi
l Va lle v of
.

e. Map
I II
.

or H a ra , T ti rom ?
.

5
E sht a o l IV
.

H a m, a rna h ? Z V II
nh
.

E sht e moa , Iésht e

.

s
E ht em8
.

46 8 VI I
l oa , or h 0 IV H a ra n, o r C ll a rra n, H a w d n
.
.

'
E s/rZhzsd r , L a d
-
'

o ic ea X
.

H a ro sh e th I .

E ta m 33 3
.

IV
IV H a ura n, ( ura ni t is, ) H a um n A
.

E tn a m, A emz 33 0 VI
.

j d III H a v i a h , ( of G e n 10 7 l .

30 6
)
.
.

E tha m, o r S h ur, W il d ern ess 41 0 I

. . .

of, —E l H a v ila lx,

.

(d o ) ?
.

’
A l ha
II I H a v la h , ( o f l S a m 15 7 i
30 . 0 I .

E th er, E t a m ?
.
) . .

V
3 1 23 IV . H a v o th ja r -
i .

E t hiopia, o r C ush VI
, ( G en 2 . . 31 0 . I H a wd z, A v a , o r v a h I .

E up h ates , R i v e r r F VII
.

,
ra t 33 O 44 O VII H a za r a d d a r, o r dar A .

IV
-
. . .

E zio n ga b er, o r E zio n eber

-

g
~

35 . 5 I II . H a za r sh ua l -

31 8 IV
.

H az eroth
.
.

Fa ir H a e ns ( K a l os L i mena s) v
, X H a zezo n t a maa , o r E n ed i A Zn J i dd ' ‘ '
I II .

g i II
-

F nks [Wo unl of the B e th ha ccerem

. - -
,
ra
, ,
-

XI H a zo r, A z127
’ ‘

IV
.

F t R i e E up hrates
.

ra , v r,
33 0 44 0 VII H ebro n, o r bd o n A .

IV
.
. .

H e bro n, K irja th a rba o r M a mre E l -

.

G a ba , o r G e ba , ,
IV Kha li l
G a d a renes, ( G a d a ra , O m ke is
) -

VII I
.

l
H e bo n, ( C ha l bo n o r B e roea A le
IV .

y ,)
G a la ti a ppo
.
,
X
.

or H a leb
G a l e e d , J ega r sab a d ut ha o r M izp a h
,
-

32 3 3 36 9 II
.

H e k a th l V .

G al i lee
.

VI I I
.

H eph er
33 . 4 IV .

G a lile e of t he G ent i les 0 1 U pp er

,
'
.

H R e ho b
ereibe
VI .

G a l il ee
,

G a lil e e, S e a of, & c

VII I .
H enno n, M o unt , J ebel L 's she ikh -

IV
G a reb, H ill
.
VI II .
H e sh bo n, H eshbcin
IV
.

G a th
3 l 47 .
IX .
H lbl, A be l b e t h m aa cha h & c ~ ~
.
XI
.

G a t lx—h e ph e r, o r Git ta h h ep h er
IV . i
H d d e k e , R v er, T i r is
g l i I
.

G a th ri mmo n
-

IV .
H i e ra po s li 38 0 29 8 X
.

VI l
H i e n, or lI o lo n
. .

35
-

6
.
'

G a th ri mm o n
.

VI
.

H inno n,
35 0 VI
a ll e y of t he S o n of V
- .
.

G a za
IV
.

H itt t e s i IX .

G eba , o r G a ba
IV
.

i
H v i t es, or v ims A II .

G cba l, ( B y blus, ) G e ba il, o r J ube zl

''

34 6 V
.

H o ba h , o r o ba h ? Z II .

II
.

( J ebeby , E mma us
.

35 7 XI I I o lo n, o r H i len
-
.

G e d er oth
, o r G e d er a m oth i
.

VI
.
35 O VI
h
.

f l o lwd n, H a la
.

G ennesa re t, or G ennesa re th, L a ke

.

H o r, M o unt
46 6 . VI I .

of , &c .

VII I III .

G era r
II
.

H o ri t es
III .

Gergesene s ( G ergesa ) ,
VI II
.

I I o rma ll, Z eph a th II .

G erizi m M o unt
. or , S u fd h 35 9 IV
G esh ur
,
IV .
.

IV
.

33 . 6 IV .

G e sh urit es
.

G e thsema ne
33 . 6 IV . I bleam O B il a m , r e
IV
G ezer, ( G a za ra )
IX .
“

I co nium K niy h , o e
X
.

35 . 2 IV I d umea 35 0 VIII
.

G ibb et llo n
.

VI
-
.
.

i
G bea h , o r G i bea th , J eba ’
IV
.

Illyric um VI .

G ib e o n, J ib
.

ch
20 0 X
IV
.

I nt /c,
.

I rkci, E re or
G i b it es l 34 6 V
.

[rd k A j emi, M e d a M a ma i VII .

g VI I
-
.

G ilxon, R i v er, A ms ?
. .

G III O D , P oo l of
I . i Ch
I rd Jc A m b , a ld aea.
-

VII
.

IX I r sh em e sh .

IV
-

G iho n, V aJl ey of
.
-

IX I slx t o b, o r L and of T o b .

V
-

G i lb o a , M o unt, Jebel J i lba

.

G i ea d , M o u n t
I t a ly
X
.

l 36 5 II I t urze a , J ed d r .

l
G i ea d , o r M zp e h , L a nd of i
.
.
.
36 5 VII I
IV
.

I va , o r A v a , A l nis H
( g , )
.

a wd z
l
G i ga l, nea r B leba k
IV
.

VI I .

G i oh l VI
.

Jaa zer o r J a zer A m H z ier '

G i rgash it es
II
.

Ja bbok B ook VVa zll Z c ka

,

r
, a 32 4 .
IV .

G i tta nh eph er, o r G a th h eph er

r 32 1 II
-

.
, ,
Ja be sh gi lea d
.

VI
-
- .
-

G oa t h IV
.

G o la n
IX . Ja bneh o r Ja mnia Y ebn , , a
IV
.

IV Ja co b s W e ll ’ .

G osh e n 3 4 59
.

J fi J a p ho o r J o p p a
a a
VIII .

G o sll e n, or R a meses, L a nd of
32 0 II I Ja g ur
, , 32 4 .
XI .

G o za n, R iv Kiz i l fU ze n, o r S e d R 120} ?
fi .
.

VII
.

Ja h a z Ja h a za o r Ja hza h
35 8 . VI .

G ozo, s e of C a ud aIl l 24 3 X
.

Ja mni a o r J a b ne h
, ,
IV .

r
G ea t S ea , ( M are
.
T
,
‘ I
.

ra nea n
Ja moa h o r J a nuh a n ,
IV
.

G re e c e
X . Ja pho or Joppa J fl z , ,
a i
32 4 IV
.

X Ja rm ut h
.
.

G renna h, Cy rene .
35 2 IV
X Ja rmuth R a moth o r R eme t h
.
.

Ja ttir
,_ ,
IV .

o
H a b r, A bha r ? 3 6 22 49 2 V II Ja v a n ( I o ni a ) IV .

H adad
.
.

Ja zer or Jaa zer

,
I .

i A i
H ad d , ( d da)
35 0 VI Ja zer L a nd of
, 32 4 .
IV .

H a i, , 01
Ai Ai th
a
°

32 1 II
.

J b G i bea h
e a ,
’
, 32 4 .
IV .

IV
.

l h
H a a , ( C ll a la , ) [I o lzcd n
46 6 VII
.

Jeb l A l la zi M o unt N eb o
e
.

l k
H a a , M un o t 31 8
.

IV
. r s,
XI
35 J bel E hei/ h M o unt H e rmo n
.

0 e s s c ,
XI
.

o
-
.

H leb,
.

a or A lepp H e lbo u
H a li
,
V . Jebel Ji lb M o unt G ilb oa o,
XI
.

H ma dé n, A clnu e t ha
a
33 . 0 IV . J ebel L ibna n M ount a ins of ,
.

H a ma , ( E th a nia , ) ll a ma /z piph VI I . L e ba no n 34 6 XI
35 3 V
.

Jeb l S b l M o unt S i na i
.
.

XII
.
e er a
I I a ma t ln t e s
' .
,

H a ma z bath o h
35 3 .
II . J ebel S h M o unt S e i r era ,
XII
.

V
-

Jebel T a M o unt T a b o r
.

H a m ma , I l a mmo n o r H a mmo th d o r 3
th 3 6 VI
. r,
XI
J ebusi o r J erusalem E l Kod
- .
,
II I
.

h p
H a nes, T a a a nes, T a a n e s, o r hp h
.

J eb usi t e s
, s
.

T e ha plm e li e s, ( Da hnz
p e P e lu J d d r I t uraea
' II .

i
e ) S af nd s
s z
e , .
36 5 XI
J ega r—saha d ut ha
.
.

36 . 9 II .
 I N DE X T O B I B L E M A PS .

No . of

N a me of P a ce. N m a e of P lac e . L at it d e L ong it d e

u u . Ma p .

J ehosha pha t Va lley of ,

31 0 . 21 0 . x .

J enin E n ga nni m ,
- L od VI .

J era hme elit es Lo d eb a

i , 01 D eb 1r 3 2 27 30 . 9 V] .

J e i cho
r L u d , ( L y d i 1) 1 .

J e r us a l e m ( H ie1 oso ly ma , , C a d y t is, ) L ad , ( L dd a ) y . XI .

El Ko ds L a z a r, Ka r n ak, N o or , NO
J esha na h A mm on XI I .

J esh imon , 01 B e t h jesim o t h -

.
L uz, o r B et h el -
II .

Z e ra he in L y cao nia X .

J ez1e e l V a l l ey of ( Pl ai n of E sd 1a3 10 n ) , ,
L yci a . 30. 0 X .

M a ry I bu A mer
’
L y d d a , ( Dio s polis, ) L 1id VI I I .

J 56, G ib eon L y d ia X .

J o b e ha h
g L y st 1a , B in bir kilzsé -
’

X .

J o k11 ea m o 1 K z i b aim
J o k nea m of C a rme l Maac hathites IV .

J o k t heel o r S elah ( P e t ra ) , , W ad i M aa le ha kra bbim w

M u a s Mace d onia x .

J oppa , o r J a ph o , J aj a M de ba M edeb a xx
‘
a , . .

J o r d a n , P lain of, E l G ho r NI a ll a na im 11 .

J o r d a n , R ive r , S he ria t e l—Kebir -

Ma kk eda h 35 0
. IV .

J o ni /r R iv er, R ive r P is o n ?
, I
M a lt a , s l a n d of M eIita x .

J ube zl, 0 1 G eba il, G e ba l

’
°
Man e n , 01 H e br o n 11 .

J ud aea Maon 35 3
. IV .

J ud aea , W i ld e rn ess of M aon W il d e r ness of

, 35 3 . IV .

J ud a h, M o u ntam s of M a 1a h B i H a wa r a
,
r 111 .

J u tta h, Y u tt a Ma r eshah ( Ma r i ss a ) , VI .

M a j I bn A mer V a lle y of J ezreel VI I I

’
r ,
.

Ka d esh b a r nea o r Ka d esh -

, ,
Am -
el Ma shal o r M ishe al , . 35 5 . IV .

H a
fireh
-

III . M t zeh O n A ven & c

a ar
’

, , , . xii .

Ka isa r iy eh C aes a r e a , . XI . Med e b a M a d ba , e 1v .

Ka l a t el S lza kfi A phik
’
- -
X1 . BI e d ia ( M a gma ) I r ak—A jemi ,
vu .

Ka na C a lm , XI . M ed i terr n e n G r eat S ea a a , . 34 0 . 30 . 0 x .

Ka nm r ne r A 35 3 . XI . Megi dd o IV .

Kana h Rive r N ah el Ka sa b , ,
r - — 3 2 27
. 35 8 . IV . Meli ta I s l a n d of M a lt a , x .

K nney t m Ken a t h no ba h
a ,
-
XI . M e mphi s 0 1 N eph M it r a heny , ,
-
111 .

K a ra m W e s t b ra nch of E u ph r ates
-
a , 40 .
7 Mep haat h VI .

K mel C a me 1
ar ,
1 3 1 26
. 5 . XI M ei o m W ate r s of ( L S e mech0
, nitis ) , .
,
K na k L u ro r & c N o A mmon o r N O
ar , ,
.
,
X II . B a h r e l E i le - -
t 33 . 5 IV .

Ka r tan o r Kirja tha un ,

'

IV . Me r o z M ezr a , VI .

Ke d em o t h 36 . 0 IV . M es o po t a mia A l j ezzreh ,
-
37 . 5 VI I .

Ke d e s h 0 1 Ke d e sh na phta fi ,
-
33 . 4 IV . M ez eib A s hta r ot h
ar , XI .

Kei l ah IV . M ezr Me r oz
a
, VI .

Ken a t h no ba h ( C a na t ha ) K nney t a , ,
a r 33 .
7 IV . Mic hmash M a khmas , IV .

Ken ites IV . Mic hm ethah IV .

K n/f ie C e n01
e 1 ea
r s, r . 23 . 0 M iddi n IV .

Kerkzsiy eh C a rche misl1 VII d ia nit es ( b y D ea d S ea ) III

'

, . , .

Kha n J ob Y fisuf , D o t ha n XI . Mi d ian ite s ( b y Re d S ea ) , III .

Kh bé r R i ver — Rive r of Ch eba r

a
, ,
37 . 3 VI I . III .

Khio C hios , 26 . 9 Mi l et u s X .

K/zo na Co l o ss e s, Mi nni ( A r me n ia NIin01)

,
37 . O VII
Khuzistd n 0 115 11 o r C u t ha h , , VII .
Minn it h
Kib xo t h ha t t aa v e h I II . Mi s hal o r Misheal , 35 . 5 IV .

Ki b za i m o r J okm ea m , IV . M it heny M e m ph i s
-
va , X 11.
Kid r on o r C e d r on B r ook VII I Mity lene M y tilim X
'

, , . , 39 . 6 .

Ki r ( A ssy r ia P r o pe r ) Kurd isld n

, , 43 . 8 V II . Mizpe h 35 . 5 IV
Kir ha re sh Kir 11a 1 ese t h 0 1 R a bb ath
-

,
-
'

,
'
M i zp e h ( o f G i lea d ) . 36 . 9 IV
m o a b, R a bba VI . Mi zp e h 0 1 G il ea d L and of
, . 3 2 14
.
-

IV .

Kiria t ha im, 0 1 Ki rjat hai m '

IV . M oa b 111 .

Ki rja t ha i m o r Ka r tan . IV . Moa b P lains of E l G ho r

, , III .

Khju t h—a rba

'

,
or H b e r on IV . M o la d a 11 . . 31 2 . IV .

Ki rjat h b ual -

, Ki rja th jea ri m -

,
'
01 oe
M r h, Va l e of 11 .

13213 11111 35 . 2 IV . r
Mo iah, L and of II .

Khja t h'
h, j sephir,-

sanne Ki r ath -
or Mo r ia h ,
M ou nt IX .

c ir IV . M ujelihch, & c , B a b 10 n . y VI I
d
.

K s h on , B k
i r oo IV . NI u k/muis, M i lnnnsh .
IV .

Kiu o n, ( S e ppll o li s S af a h
' '
re . VI . Nl u m d C h i, E a
'

11111110 1
1 a st of E uplna t es I .

Kit t im, ( C y p ) ru s 0 M y xa 30 0 . X .

K iz il ’ U zen, R iv G za ? er o n VI I . M ys ia 39 4 .
X .

Ko niy e h I c o n i u m , M y a n, B aal -
1ne 0 n, &c . 3 1 49
.
XI .

Kos, Co os
Kura n, R iv ” ( E ulze us) Riv of U 1a 1
. V II . 2s, S h
N a b/1 ec hem XI .

Ku r d is t an, Ki! VII . N na 1a n, 0 1 N am ath 32 2 .

VI .

1nliul, o r N ahalol
N o l1a L'11, N a 1 IV .

L achish IV . N uIn c l A hs a , 1510 0 1

-
; Z e r ed
-
.
I II .

L a ish D a n B a nias
&c 11 N a hr B a rra da , R ive r P ha r par ? 36 X1
, , .
, .
.
7 .

L uo d ic ea , E 3 k1 h isé r
‘

-
N a/ r a l K ab Ri ve r Ka na li
i - -
as , 35 . 8 X1 .

X . N a h S ey b ra ny R ive r A b a n a ?
r a , X1 .

Lu lu) . 33 . 0 11. N mu V 111 .

L w lmro n, S ha or r on IV . N azm 111 N a s h 0 , a oa 3 5 18

. V 111 .

I elm n , e b o na h L XI . N ea p oli s X .

L e b a no n, M ts , J
e be l . of 30 . 0 11. N e b o N10 m t J ebe l A tl fi
,
1 ,
ar s IV .

c u11o n, V 1llc y o , E l B eka ’ . f VI . N eh m i h F o u n tain f E u 10 ge l

e a , o , -

IX .

L ebo null , L ebtm IV . N ico p oli s 39 2 X

N ile R i r — S iho r ( o f 1 8111 2
.
.

L e slne m, 81 0 . 33 . 9 IV .
, 3
ve , . . 3,
I d bna h IV . nnd J ei e m . 2 18 )
.
31 0 . X II .
 IN DE X I O B I B LE M A P S
‘
.
45

No o f
e
.

N a me of P la c . N ame of P la ce . La t it ud e . L omgit ud o . Ma p .

N imra h, 0 1 B e th 11i1nra h, N y nnein ° -

-
R ieha h, G ilga l XI .

N ine v e h, N finia i o o
R mm n, r R e mm n me t hoa r o -

VI .

N 0, 0 1 N o A m mo n , ( T he b es , ) Ka m ak,
° -
R ma i th h 35 0 . 111 .

o r 4C L ux ,
°
. R oge li m 32 . 1 IV .

N oph 0 1 Me mphis ,
°

,
M it m b ng e R om e X .

N é nia N i n eve h ,
R ua d , I sla nd o , f Ar va d V .

N y m ein N im rah
r ,

Sa -
cl -
H j
a a r, ( S a is ) S i n ? , XII .

O b oth I II I II
’

. S af na s, H a ne s .

O lives, Mo un t o f, 0 1 O li v e t . IX . i o
S a d e , S id n XI .

O m lre is, ( G a d a i a )
-
XI . S a la m i s C o ta nz ,
s a 34 0 . X .

O n , A ve n , 0 1 B eth shemesh °
-
I II . S a lch a h 0 1 S a l c a h ,
°

IV .

On o 35 2 . VI .. S a lem J e ru sale m , II
O p hel IX . S a lim VI II .

O plu a h '
IV . l
S a mo ne, C a p e 35 . 9 X .

O p hrah IV S a lonikz, T h essa lonic a X

’

.
.

S a lt S ea , & c . VI .

Pa d an a ram A l jezi eh -

,
— r I . S a lt , a ll e y of, E l G hor
V 31 . 5 IV .

P amp hy l ia . 31 0 . X . S a ma ri a , ( S e bast e,) S eba ste VI .

P apho s B fl , a
‘

o X . S a mo s, S a mo X .

Pa r a u 1 S inai Mo u nt J ebel S erba l ?

,
0
, ,
3 3 40 I II . S a moth ra ci a, S a mothra ki X .

P a a 1 W il d e r n e ss o f E l T y h
1 1 , ,
-
. 30 . 0 I II . S a mue le, R a ma h XI .

Pa ra n S tatio n 1n the W il d e r n ess of

, III .
'
S a n, ( I a nis, ) oa n ? Z I II .

P a rt li ia VI I S a rd i s, S a rt X .

P a t a 1a S a i e pta , o r arep h a th , S a rf a nd Z VII I .

P at mos I slan d o f P tina , , a X . S a i 1d 35 9 . VI .

P e n i el 0 1 P e nu el
,
II . S a ro n, o r S h a ro n VIII .

P e rga 3 6 55 . 31 O . X . S a rt, S a rd i s X .

P e rgamos B erg a mo ,
39 4 . X . S eba ste, S a ma n a .
VII I .

P e r i 12 tes 1 II . S e ilzi m, S hi lo h 32 8 .

P ha rpa r R i v e1 N ahr B a rrad a , ,

36 .
7 VI .
S e i r, L a nd of 31 7 .
II .

Ph z Ri e
a , R P iso n ? v 1, . 42 0 . I . i
S e r, M o unt , J ebel S hem III .

P henice S phakia ,
X .
S e ii a t h IV .

P hila d el p hia A llah h hr ,

-
s e X . S e la ( of M o a b, I s a i 16 1) , Ker ek . .
VI .

P hi l ippi 41 2 . X . S ela h, o r J o k t heel ( P e t ra ) V .

P hilistines IV . l
S e e u ci a , nea r S ua d eiah . 36 .
7
P hoenice o r P hw ni cia , VI I I .
S e 11ir, S he nir, o r H erm o n VI .

P h ry gi a X .
S e ph a rv a i m 33 . 8 44 O . VII .

P i beset h ( B 11bas tis ) T el B a ta

-

, ,
s II I . S h aa a bb i n, S h aa lbim, o r S ha hm
l . 31 9 . IV .

P i ha hiro t h
-
I II .
S h a li m, L a nd of 31 9 . VI .

P isgah Mo un t , IV . l
S h a ish a , L a nd of 35 . 5 VI .

P i s i d ia X . S h a mir , o r S ophir VI .

41 0 S h a ro n, o r L a sh a ro n
P 1so n R 1v e1 '
.

I S ha r o n Va le of
,
42 0 IV
.

, .

P ithom III .
S h a v e h K i ri a th a im II .

P lain S ea of the B a l mL
, ,
°
ut IV .
S h eb a o r B eer S h e ba
,
-

II .

P ont u s 36 0 . X .
S h e ba m S h ib ma h o r S i bma h
, , VI .

P tole mais o r A ccho , 35 4 . VIII .

S h e ch e m 0 1 N blfi
,
°
a s 3 2 18
.
IV .

Pun o n II I .
S li e nir H erm o n & c M o unt
. , .
, VI .

Pu teoli P uzzuoli , 14 8
. X .
S h i t —el K b i R i v er Jo rd a n
er a — e r, XI .

S hi loa h o r S il oa m P ool of
, , IX
Raamses o r Rameses , 30 . 8 I II . S h il oh S e ild m , 32 . 8 IV .

Rabba h 0 1 R abbat h a m mo 1 ( P hil a

,
-
1, S hi mro n o r S h imro n mero m ,
-
IV .

d e l p hia ) A mman , 36 . 2 IV .
S hi na r L a nd of , I .

Rabb at h m oa b A r & 0 -

, ,
. IV .
S hitti m o r Abel shitti m ,
-

IV .

Rac hel s T o mb ’
II .
S hochoh 3 1 44
. 35 3 . VI .

Rahab ( t he D el ta ) II I S h une m IV
S h ur o r E th a m W ild e rn
, . .

Rama o r A ri mat hae a R a mleh

, ,
V I II . , ess of E l , ,

Ramah 0 1 R a ma tha im m phim R a m

,
-

,
a
,
A th a II I
0 1 S a mu e le IV .
S li u r W il d e rness of
, II I .

Ramat h m i zpe h o r Ramoth gilea d ,

-

,
S h ush a n ( S usa ) S u n , , sa 32 4
. VII .

R a mj a IV S i bma h S hi b ma h & c , . . 3 5 55 VI
Ramat h of t he S o u th
. .
.

34 8 . IV . S i d d i m Va le of E l G hor
, , II .

Ram e s es o r R aams es ,
30 . 8 III . S i d o n o r Z i d on S id e
, ,
a II .

Rames e s 0 1 G o s hen L a nd of ,
°

, 32 0 . III . S iho r o r R i v e r of E gy p t W a d A m
, ish , : III .

R a mj R am ot h gilea d
a ,
-
XI . S iho r ( o f I sai 23 . .

R a mleh, A 1 ima t hae a

°
XI . R iv e? N le i I II .

a ot
R m h, 0 1 J a 1n1ut h IV . S i lo a m , S il o a 11, or h iloa h P oo l of
S ,

Ramot gi l ead
h , 01 -
Ramath -
nnzpeh, Fo u n t a i n of t he Vi g i n o r U ppe r
, r

R a mja 3 5 58
. IV . P ool o f S loa m i
R ed S ea , S tatio n b y t he I II .

S in
R eho b, 0 1 B e t h 1 e110 b
°
-
°
IV . 31 2
.

R eh o b ot h I . S in, W ild e rne ss of 29 10

R egg i o , R hegi u m 38
. 6 X . S i na i , o r P a ra n, M o unt , J ebel S erba l
R em o t h, 0 1 J a r mu t h °
IV . S i na i , D e se rt of
Re m m on me tho a r, o r Ri m mo n -
VI . S i nit es
Re phai ms II . S i rio n, o r H erm o n, M o unt 3 5 49
.

R e pha hn, V all e y of IX . S my rna 27 7

Rep hi d i m I II . S ocoh 3 1 23
. 3 4 50
R esa p ha R e ze p h , S o pb ir, 0 1 S ha mir °

Re s en , ( L a r i ss a) I 80 1 e k, R i v e r o r a ll ey 0 f, 1Va d zS uni r V ’
. 3 1 51
. 3 5 10
0 p

Reze p h, R esa pha 39 . 0 V . S t re a m of t he B rooks, W a d i B e m

'

R hegi um, R egg io 38 6 . X . H a mma d 3 1 55

. 3 5 45
.

R ho d es X S pha ki P h e nic e
n
. a ,

Ri b l a h, ( D a ph aa) B eit '

-
al -
moie 36 . 5
‘

V . St M
. a ry , C a pe P ro m of T rogy llium
, . 27 . 0
46 I N D E X T O B I B LE M A P S .

N a me of P la c e. N a me of e
P la c .

S a a d eia h, S eleu cia U mma h

S ucco t li U r of t he Ch a d ees, ( E d e ssa , o r C a l l
Su ccoth lirho e ’ U rf é h
S uf d b , e a Z ph th U zzen sh era h , 0 1 T mna th sera h
-
i .

S 127 , T yr e
“

S i sa n, S us a n h h Vi rg i n, ou nta i n F f
(i the, P 0 01 of
ch
S y a r, S y em, ch 01
°
S h ech em S i loa m
S y ene , A ssfia n
S yra use c l Va d i A r sh, R v er
’
E gyp i i of t
S y ri a d a ma s us
-
c W a d : B e nz H a mma d , S re a m t of t he
Br s ook
T aa na ch IV . 1Va d Zel A ra ba h, D eser
- - -
’
t of Zin
T a ba meh, T i b eri as
’

XI . W a d i G a za , B r B es ook or
T a b ba th VI . W d i G ha re nd e l, E l m
a i
T a b e ra h I II . W a d i M a dj eb, R v er rn n i A o
T a b0 1 VI . W a d i M asa , ( P e ra )
-
t
T a b o r, M o unt , Jebe T a? l IV . W a d i S u rar R v er S rei o k ,

T a d m o 1 111 t he W 11d e1 ness, ( P a lmy 1a , ) W a di Z e k R i v er J a bb ok

r a
,

T a d mor V .

T a li a pa nes, T a hp enes, 0 1 H a nes °

III . Y a la bach, n i A t och in P i sid ia
T a pp ua h IV . o Ai o
Y al n, jal n
T a rsu s, T a mas 37 0 . X . Y ebn Ja m nia a, or Ja bne h
T a uk i—Kesra h, 0 2 VI I mm/ J u tt a li
“

-
11 116 1
1? 33 7 . . 1,

T e koa , 0 1 T e koa li T eko a°

IV .

T el A ra d , ra d A 35 4
. IV . Z a lm on h a

T s a i m, o r T e em
l l 31 8 . IV . Za mzumm i ms 0 1 Zuzinls ,
°

T el A a lf a , ( A rea ) A i k it es V . Z pho n 0 At oth Sh oph a n

a ,
1
°
r -

T el I Vimr ud , cc a d A I Za ed 0 Z r d B ook 0 1 V lley of

r 1
°
e e r
°
a ,

1
.
, ,

T hebes, R u ins of , o 0 1 N o 3 11 11110 11 N . X II . N a hr el—A -

hsa
T h eb e z VI . Za eph thr S a ept a a , or r

T h essa lo nic a S a la m Ai .
‘

Z n h H am?
ar a ,

T hi mna th a h , 0 1 T i mna th °
IV . Za ta na h 0 1 Z e e th
r ,
°
r ra

T h] ee a v e 1 115, ( T 1 es T a b ei
T X . Za rth a n, Z e1 e d a , 0 1 Z e1 ed a t l1a l1 °

T hV a tu a , A h hisa r -
X . Z e ma1 1t es, ( X imy ra )
T i be ri a s, T a bm ieh VI I I . Z e ph a th , or H 0 1m a h, S uf ( ih

T 1be r1a s , S ea o f,— L a k e of G e nncsa Ze 1nhean, J e zreel 1

’
”

-
cl— T a e
ha n h Z e1 ed 0 1 a red , B rook Z
T ib h a th , o r B e ta h Z e1 e d a, Z e1ed a t l1a l1, 0 1 a rth a n Z
T ig i R iv r Riv e 1 H i d d k e l— Z e 1 ma t h, o r a rt a na h Z
-

r s, e ,
e

T i mna th 0 1 T hi mna th a h
,
’

Z a o,
-
ch zi bA
T i m na th sera h 0 1 U zze n sli e ra l f Zipli
’
-
,
° -
i Zz ,

T i n h ( P e lusium ) S in ?
e , ,
Z i kla g
T iphsa h ( T l1a p a cu s ) E l D e i Z in, \Vild o m e ss of, li f a ( [1 cl 1ra
’

s -
r - - -

, ,

T i) za l1 ba ll .

T o b L a nd of 0 1 I sl 1 t o b ,
Z io n , M o unt
To t
r u ra , Dor Z iph
T ra cli o nit is, E l L edj a Zipl1 Z if
i
,

F1 0 48 Z iph,
\V11d e 1 11ess o
T 1 0 g) llium, P ro mo nt m y of C
, a pe St . o
Z a n 9 ( T a n s 1S a n . i
27 . 0 Zoa r, 0 1 B e a
°
l
T fikra ir, E lt ek e h Zo h
ba , o r I I o ba h
T yre, VI . Zo h
ra , o r Z o rea li

Z ph
u ,
L and of
Ula i, R iv of .
, R iv . Kura n 32 2
. V II . Z uzi ms , 01
°
Za mzum mi ms
 I N D E X T O T H E E XP L A N A T O R Y M E M O I R S

A G E L I) A mo d ern sit e of 3 2 ,
il o
G b a , M un , e g ,
& c 24 o t h i ht of M izra m, l l i
Ach me th a it s mo d e rn rep resenta t ive ,
o
G la n 19 .

d o ub tful 27 28 , ,
G o la o rha , it s s e no w un n wn 3 2 it k o . N E B O , M O U N T , 24
Al ush 15 ,
o
G me r, 11 l
N i e, R i v e r, v a ey in w hich t fl o ws, 3 7 ll i
Ama le ki t es th ei r se ttl ements in the V a l ,
oh
G s e n, L a nd , 1
5 of i
N ne v e h , mo d e rn re ma i ns of, 27
le y of Fe i ra m 15 16 , ,
o i
G za n, R v er, n rre y id en ifie w i co ctl t d ith N 0 , or o N A
mmo n, t he a nc e nt T h e b es, 3 7
-
i
Ana thoth 19 ,
t he z l U ze n, 25 Ki i
A a d 16
r ,
0 1 1v 1: s, M O U
. NT O F, it s p resent cond i
A m ll
ra ,
1111 110 11, 25 tio n 3 2 ,

A a a t M o unt h i gh t of 11 l
H a a h , p ro ba bly t he m o d e rn H o lwizn, O p hir m ea ni ng of t he t e rm, 22
’

r r , e ,
, ,

A me ni n t u e of t he co unt
r a, a r ry , 11 25, 26
A ph a x d 11
r a ,
H a m , d esc e nd a nt s of th e i r o rigi na l se ttl e
,
PA L E S T I N E , it s m o unt a i ns, 13 , 23 , 24
As h u 11
s r, m e nt s, 11 i ts riv ers, i
14 ; its d i v i s o n in t he ti m e
H a ma th , ki ng d o m of its e xt ent
, , 21 of Ch ri st , 29
B A A L Z E P O , 15 -
H N ( of t he Ca pt iv i ty ) 26 , P a ra n, D esert of, t he mo d ern E l T y h, its -

o of
B a by l n, rema ns , 27 i H a ma th zoba h 2 1
-

, na t ura l fea t u re s 3 9 ,

B e er Sh of
e b a , re ma ins
-

,
19 H a ra , p roba bly t he mo d ern Z a rna h 25 26 , ,
P a ssa ge of t he R ed S ea , i ts loca i ty, 15 l
B er o th
a i, 2 1 H e rm o n M o unt its h e ight & c 13
, , , .
,
P a th ro s, co unt ry of, 3 7
t h
B e a , 21 ( in t he P la i n of E sd rae P h u t , 11
Be th pp o
a ba ra , su
-
t of
se d si e ,
lo n, ) 23 , 24 P i ha hiro t h, 15
-

Be th
cl, 19 -
i o V
H nn m, of
a lley the S o n , o r B en of
Be th h o
e r n, 19
-
hi o
nn m; 3 2 \
R E P HA I M , a l ey of, 3 2 V l
Be th ho
re -
b, 21 o h p h p
H ba , er a s t he sa me as t he y ci t of R ephi d i m, i ncorr e ct y p a c e d in t he V a l l l
Be th i
sa d a , 29
-
Zo hba , 21 ley of E 1 L e dja , 16
Be th h-
h
s em es , 19 o t h i ht of
I I o r, M un , e g
-

, 39 R ith ma h , 15
Be th t pp h
a -
ua , 19 o i of
H re b, me a n ng t t he erm, 16
B ezer, 19 o h
H rma , 16 S A L T S E A , o r S ea of the P la n ( S ee i .

D ea d S ea ) .

C A L V A R Y sit e of no w unkno wn 3 2 ,
[S H T O D 21 , ,
-

,
S a m a ria , City of, it s re ma ins, 23
Ca naa n his d esc enda nts t he o igina l pos I sr el it es th eir wa nd erings in the d esert
, r a , ,
S e ir, M o unta i ns of, th e ir re a ti v e h e ht ,
g l i
sesso rs of P a l e st ine a nd P hoe nici a 11 17 ; th e i r se tt le me nt s in Assy ria a nd ,
&c , 39 .

Ca rmel city of tha t na m e 19

, M e d ia 26 , ,
S ela h , or J o k theel, t he a nc ent P e t ra , it s i
M o unt its h e i g ht & c 23 , , .
, re ma ins, 21
Ch innere th S ea of na t ure of its wa t ers J A P H E T H d esc end a nts of t h eir origina l
, , , , , S h em, c e nd a nts of th eir o rigina l
d es ,

&c 35 .
, se tt le m e nt s 11 , se ttle me nts 11 ,

Ch un 2 1 , Ja a n 11 v ,
S hil oh 19 ,

C ush t he na me a ppl i ed so me ti mes to Je ho sha pha t V a ll ey of its wid th & c 3 2

, , , , .
,
S h une m 19 ,

Ara bi a a nd a t oth ers to E thiop ia 11 J ericho Va ll ey of 13 24

, , , , ,
S h ush a n re p resent e d by t he m o d ern
,

J erusa lem a nci e nt e xt e nt of t he city its , ,

S usa n, 26 , 27
D E A D S E A its co nd i t io n prew o us to the ,
wa lls t he gro und o n w hich it stoo d t he
’

, ,
S id d i m, a e of, 14 Vl
d e st u ctio n of S o d o m 14 3 8 ; its pre
r surro u nd i ng co unt ry 3 1 3 2 ; its m o d e rn
, , , , S ina i , M ount , rep resent ed by J eb el S er
se nt co nd itio n asp e ct o f t he surro und a pp ea a nc e 3 2
,
r , ba l, 15, 16
ing co unt ry n at ure of it s w a t e rs it s J e zree l 19
, , ,
S ochoh , 19
d e pth p la i n a t t he so u th e nd of 3 5 3 6 J o kthe e l 0 1 S ela h the a nc ient P e t ra
, , , ,
°

, ,
S u ccoth , 15
D erbe 3 3 ,
ru i ns of 21 ,
S ukkii ms, 3 7
D ophk a h 15 ,
Jo d a n R i e r it s wid th v a ll ey in w h ic h r
,
v
, ,
S y ria d a ma sc us, 21
-

it fl o ws & c 13 14 ,
.
, ,

E B A L M O U N T m o d e rn a pp ea ra nc e of 24
, , ,
T a no n, M OU NT , its h e ight ,
a pp eara nc e ,

E d o m L a nd of its m o d e rn co nd itio n 3 9
,
K D E S H B A R N E A , 16
, ,
A -
&c .
, 23
E d o mi t es th e i r po ssessio ns a ft e r t he ca p
, Ke d esh N a pht a li 19 -

,
o
T a d m r in t he w ild e m e ss, t he a n en ci t
t ivi t y of t he J ews 29 K ed o n 0 1 C ed ro n B rook 3 2 , r ,
°

, , P a lm y ra , 21
E gl o n 19 ,
hi h i of
T a rs s , m e a n ng o
t he w rd , 22
E gy pt na t ural fea t ures of the co u nt ry 3 7 L E B A N O N M O U N T A I N S o r th eir h e i g ht
, , , , ,
T em a pt tio o t i of
n, M un a n t he , 24
E kro n 19 , & c 13 .
,
i i
T be r as , L a e k of , t
it s wa ers, & c , 17 .

E la m 11 , L ud 11 ,
i
T b a h th
21 ,

E lim t he mo d ern Va ll ey of G ha rend el 15 L y st ra 3 3

, , ,
i i .p t of co
T gr s R iv e r, lo w e r a r its urse, 1I 12
Ii n ge d i re c e nt d isco v e ry of 19
-

, ,
i
T m na , 19 th
E rech m o d e rn sit e of 12
,
M C H H 21 A A A ,
T ires , 11
,

E th a m 5 ,
M a d a i 11 ,
i
T rza 19 , 23 h ,

E uph a t es R i v er t he lo wer p a rt of it s M a g og 11
r , , ,
T uba , l l l
co urse 11 12 , M a o n 19
, ,

E zio n ge ber 22 -
M a ra h t he mo d ern well of B o wa ra 15
, , ,
U LA I, R I V E R o r its correspond e nc e ,

M eg i d d o 19 ,
w ith t he m o d e rn K ura n 26 27 , ,

G A L I L E E S E A o r its wa t ers & c 3 5 , M el it a re p resent e d by t he mo d ern M al t a

, , .
, , ,

G ennesa re th L a k e of 15 33 , ,
ZE '
PH A I B
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