Investigation Proposal into Risk Management in Construction of

Highway 5 After Massive Flooding in Canada

Introduction:

Catastrophic weather conditions lead to massive destruction of environment affecting living

parameters in various ways. Blockage and breakage of roads after massive flooding is one of
them which have adverse effects. It should be monitored as emergency response to rehabilitate
normal connectivity. Restoring and reconstructing roads after catastrophic flooding is crucial for
emergency response, to ensure public safety, to restore the functionality of infrastructure, to
resume social connections and to most importantly mitigating the economic impact caused by
flood event. For this, first of all assessing extent of damage and then initiating repairs after
proper planning is essential. (Y Liu, 2022)

In this case study, a high-resolution paradigm is represented to examine the impact of flooding
on roads and to examine how the risk factors can be evaluated and how proper planning
measures are undertaken in order to initiate the repairing measures. Basically, this case study is
about the critical task of rehabilitating and reconnecting devastated roads after massive flooding.
It is an important task as these impacts directly on emergency response, public safety and other
challenges including economical functionality. By investigating the available examples, this case
study is basically involved in exploring different risk factors, challenges and the planning
strategies involved in repairing process of roads. Basically, this case study is illuminating the
important aspect of revival of normalcy in affected regions in post-flood reconstruction. In this
case study, the importance and intricacies to rehabilitating roads is drawn by exploring a specific
region’s experience. By understanding the challenges and lessons learned from this case study,
we can alleviate the future difficulties while confronting the task of rehabilitating and
reconstructing roads. (M Bíl, 2015)

Basically, the aim and scope of this case study is to develop new knowledge and practices into
the value-oriented stakeholder influence on infrastructure projects with the special focus on the
rehabilitation of roads after disastrous events of massive flooding. This study is elaborating the
importance of stakeholders in policy planning and decision making involving their perspectives
and various interests in the reconstruction of roads to normalize the life processes. By examining
the connection of stakeholders in infrastructure development, this case study will reveal the
challenges, strategies and the opportunities in the context of stakeholder engagement, value
creation and project success. The findings associated with this case study will contribute in
future for the better understanding of stakeholder management and to adopt best practices in
infrastructure projects in affected areas. (R Kiani Mavi, 2021)

Background Knowledge: On 14th of November, 2021, the massive flooding condition caused
destructive effects on the roads of British Columbia. This event cut off British Columbia’s lower
mainland, including Vancouver, from the rest of Canada. Basically, it was the first priority to
reopen Highway 5 due to the fact that it was the main link between British Columbia and the rest
of Canada. The project of Highway started on the 14 th of November, 2021 and the Highway 5 is
also known as Coquihalla Highway project.

Literature:

Project value:

Project value is of critical importance while conducting infrastructure projects because it refers
to the benefits and the outcomes of the project operation. It encompasses various parameters and
dimensions. Economic value, social value, environmental value, stakeholder value as well as
long term value are the different dimensions that refer to project value. Economic value involves
all economic benefits generated directly or indirectly by the infrastructure project. Social value
involves public safety measures included in the infrastructure project and stakeholder value
involves the perspectives, interests and different strategies proposed by stakeholders in order to
cope with the challenges involved in infrastructure project. In this case study, scope of
stakeholder’s engagement and different challenges, opportunities and strategies relating to the
context of stakeholders are covered. (L Vuorinen, 2019)

Assessment of project value requires an overall review of both qualitative and quantitative
factors thus encompassing a comprehensive analysis. To examine the project management
research from the perspective that the evolution and trends of project management research are
analyzed by exploring and classifying different management journal articles. This analysis
reveals that an explosion of popularity and strong interest in the field of project management
research. The found outcomes of this analysis include occurrences of eight allied disciplines
which include: Strategy/Portfolio management, Operations Research/ Decision sciences,
Organizational behavior/ Human Resources management, Information technology/ information
systems, Technology applications/Innovation, Performance Management/Earned Value
Management, Engineering and construction and Quality Management/Six Sigma. This analysis
basically helps us to understand the evolution of project management in big infrastructure
projects and provides us appropriate suggestions for future understanding of project management
research opportunities. (YH Kwak, 2009)

Project stakeholder management basically deals with the task of fulfilling stakeholder
expectations along with project management. Stakeholder’s perspective has importance in a way
that the influence project particularly infrastructure work delivery involving both public and
private actors. The goal is basically to find out the value-oriented reasons for stakeholders so that
they can utilize different specified influence strategies. Basically, a multiple case study was
implemented in three transport infrastructure projects. The findings basically link the project
value with the stakeholder influence strategies being utilized, thus revealing four influence
strategies in conducting transport infrastructure projects. These 4 different strategies are
differentiated according to their different value priorities.

Public values:

Basically, public values incorporate collective interests, aspirations and priorities of the public
sector into the planning policy of infrastructure projects. Public values play important role in
ensuring that the infrastructure projects align according to the needs of communities to which
they are serving. Accessibility and equity, safety and security, Sustainability and environmental
protection, social and economic development as well as transparency and accountability are the
key public values that are considered in policy planning of infrastructure projects. Incorporating
public values can enhance the legitimacy, acceptance and long-term success of infrastructure
projects thus ensuring to sustainable development. (L Vuorinen, 2019). Public-private
partnership approach is also a valuable measure in order to enhance the economic value of
infrastructure projects. Many researchers have explored the valuability of public-private
partnerships to get improved outcomes. A whole systematic review process involving a three-
phase word frequency analysis, cluster analysis, and a search on potential research topics provide
enough analysis and review to overcome the unpredictability in the public-private partnership
projects research. The research gaps found and the available research directions can help and
serve as a motivational drive for researchers and practitioners to work and research on the
public-private partnerships to enhance infrastructures productivity. (Caiyun Cui a b, 2018).

Stakeholders influence strategies:

Stakeholders influence strategies basically elaborate various techniques and approaches in order
to collaborate with stakeholders so that their concerns, perspectives and interests can be taken
into account. Many elaborated stakeholder influence strategies exist. Stakeholder identification
and analysis is one of them. It includes conducting a thorough analysis in order to recognize the
interests, power and potential influence of stakeholders involved in the project. This will
ultimately help the project managers to develop appropriate strategies according to their
interests. Effective communication is another strategy which means to establish transparent
communication channels with the stakeholders. Conduct appropriate communication ways like
meetings, newsletters, websites and other social media platforms to make sure that stakeholders
are well informed with the updated knowledge of the project and also involve their feedback
strategies in the policies. Collaborative decision making should be ensured by conducting
workshops, focus groups etc. Early engagement of stakeholders to capture their insights,
concerns and aspirations is valuable in infrastructure projects. (Xue Lin a, 2019).

Due to the complex and the uncertain nature of infrastructure projects, there is robust need of an
effective stakeholder management strategy in infrastructure projects to overcome conflicting
stakeholder interests. Some previous reviews regarding to stakeholder management strategies are
more generic because they are basically placed on relatively small-scale projects. So, a systemic
analysis and review related to the stakeholder management approaches in infrastructure projects
seems to be lacking. Basically, four major research topics in this domain are analyzed. These
include, stakeholder interests and influences, stakeholder management process, stakeholder
analysis methods and stakeholder engagement. Besides from this, traditional stakeholder analysis
techniques are widely needed for managing stakeholder interrelationships in these projects. The
concept of stakeholder into the infrastructure management domain was firstly presented by the
Stanford Research institute in the year of 1963 and according to that concept stakeholders were
considered as any group of individuals that play important role in management and organization
projects. Following this concept, this notion diversified into four key directions in organizational
infrastructure management projects: corporate planning, systems theory, corporate social
responsibility and organizational theory. (KY Mok, 2015). Sustainability has enough importance
while conducting infrastructure projects as stakeholders require ethicality, eco-friendliness, and
economic efficiency during the life cycle of infrastructure projects. As review of previous
researches reveal that less attention is given to the sustainable project management among
project deliverables. Many studies did research on the environmental aspects of sustainability
during project delivery. Some valuable control practices for sustainable project management are
reviewed. It is concluded that sustainable project management is ensured not only by the use of
indicators but a complete and unique control package is much valuable in which control
strategies are used in different ways for different sustainability dimensions. An internal project
control management is complemented with sustainable project governance, in this way linking
project management with its external regulation including its stakeholders. An alliance contract
can activate the stakeholders to make best use of innovation opportunities thus, promoting
economic, social and environmental sustainability. (J Kivilä, 2017).

Project management influence upon building project performance in terms of time, cost and
quality outputs isn’t well defined in its true terms. An analytical review of a research article
represents a new approach towards the measurement of the effect of Building Project
Management on these factors. It is demonstrated that it’s essential to take an objective analysis of
the value-added potential of infrastructure projects with a view to demonstrate whether
infrastructure project management can improve the efficiency of the construction process thus
enhancing the productivity of the project. To achieve this, modeling strategy attempts are
undertaken. It was revealed that infrastructure project management fails to perform expected
criteria in relation to the three predominant performance evaluation criteria including time, cost
and quality. (A Senova, 2023).

Research Questions:

Q#1) what kinds of influence strategies do stakeholders utilize in infrastructure projects to

achieve their goals?
Stakeholders play vital role in infrastructure management projects by employing various
influence strategies and approaches to enhance outcomes productivity. Many factors such as
stakeholder’s interests, power and resources influence these influence strategies and approaches.
Stakeholders can influence policy-making and decision-making in different ways such as
meetings with governmental officials, providing alternatives and evidence-based narratives in
context of their interests. This can be termed as lobbying and advocacy strategy. Stakeholders
supporting similar interests and approaches can be grouped together to amplify their influence.
This coalition building can help to pool their resources and expertise for fruitful outcomes of the
management project. Public values should also be considered so that their interests, goals and
insights can also be prioritized. Incorporate media outreach, public meetings, and social media
campaigns to mobilize public opinions and to keep them connected with the remote information.
Ensuring collaboration of stakeholders with project proponents is of vital importance to achieve
constructive projects goals. This may be achieved by involvement of constructive dialogue,
exploring win-win solutions and exploring common ground in order to address mutual concerns.
Utilization of expert opinions and research studies by stakeholders to support their narratives and
to influence policy makers in management projects can also be valuable. An important area to
elaborate is of financial leverage. Stakeholders permitted to financial resources are responsible to
utilize these resources for productive outcomes of the infrastructure projects. Strategies related to
this approach include providing financial incentives with a threatening proposal of withdrawing
financial support unless specific outcomes are not achieved. Influence strategies proposed vary
greatly according to the specific circumstances and the context of the infrastructure project.
Stakeholders adopt multiple strategies simultaneously to meet the needs of evolving project
dynamics. (THD Nguyen, 2023). Basically, the perspective of this analysis is revolving around
the effective strategies and approaches to implement stakeholder power and influence that may
have pivotal impact on a project’s success or failure. (D Torchia, 2023). The main aim of this
study is to explore and present various strategies and approaches that external stakeholders can
apply for sustainable outcomes of infrastructure projects. For this purpose, qualitative case study
approach is employed. By research analysis, a theoretical framework is developed consisting of
four different types of influence strategies. This study is depicting mutual relationships between
the proposed strategies and these are used interchangeably by the stakeholders. This whole
analysis not only contributes to the project and stakeholder management literature but also
provides practical knowledge relating to the project management. Understanding stakeholder’s
actions and influences is essential to achieve required and expected outcomes. (MF Magalhães,
2023).

Q#2) How do stakeholders expectations drive their attempt to influence?

Stakeholder’s expectations play vital role in driving their attempts to influence infrastructures.
Prioritizing stakeholder’s interests related to the infrastructure projects can be effective. These
interests may be of social, economic, environmental and cultural nature. Stakeholders prefer to
adopt those strategies which can protect and promote their interest. For Example; while
completing construction criteria of a proposed highway, community living near to that proposed
construction area is ensured to minimal disruption to their daily lives thus maintaining the quality
of environmental sustainability. Obviously, stakeholders expect some benefit from construction
management. They may expect employment opportunities, improved services and even enhanced
quality of life and in this way, they attempt to influence the project management in order to get
their anticipated incentives.

A negative attitude implemented by stakeholders in case of infrastructure construction projects

can severely hinder its implementation and expected outcomes. Obstructions such as cost
overruns and exceeded time schedules just due to controversies and conflicts regarding to project
management and implementation are under consideration. A precise method of stakeholder
mapping, in collaboration with the power/interest matrix is being employed to identify
stakeholder’s interests and their influence on projects. This analysis reveals that an evaluation of
stakeholder demands and influence should be overviewed while planning, implementing and
completing any infrastructure project. (FR Rivai, 2023).

Research:

Qualitative Multiple Case Study

A disastrous weather event in British drastically destroyed roads and cut off British Columbia’s
lower mainland from the rest of Canada. (MoTI) British Columbia’s Ministry of Transportation
and Infrastructure prepared an infrastructure project management strategy based on A Guide to
the Project Management Body of Knowledge symbolized as (PMBOK Guide) to analyze
construction routes in order to reopen all critical routes as soon as possible. This approach
included multiple factors: identifying critical paths, drawing a work map representing breakdown
structure, implementing communication protocols, risk assessment and management of
contributors, stakeholders and interested parties. (Q Dou, 2023)

According to the proposed management plan, Highway 5 which used to serve as the main
corridor for the trade from the port of Vancouver was expected to reopen within 35 days. Due to
the occurred devastating event, towns were completely cut off, people were unable to reach to
their homes and even commercial traffic including rail and truck traffic from the largest port of
Vancouver was closed due to all this destruction. This responsibility of infrastructure re-
establishment ultimately fell to the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (MoTI). It was
such a challenge to the organization that it had never seen before it. The scale of work due to the
immense destruction was much hard and required very diligent efforts, strategies and
approaches. At least one critical linkage reopening has to be ensuring as soon as possible. Thus,
it was decided by the management team to reopen Highway 5 first. It was basically due to the
fact that the 186-kilometer (116-mile) of this north-south road which is known as the Coquihalla
Highway used to serve as the backbone of country’s economy (SS Ke, 2023). According to a
survey, this important route which was served as port used to influence the lives of 2.5 million
people in the lower mainland and accommodates 5000 commercial vehicles and even
approximately CAD$250 million goods moved on any given day. Despite all this, it was also the
main link between British Columbia and the rest of Canada. Its reopening was first project but
the MoTI would have to change their strategy and approach according to the critical nature of
this project (AD da Silveira Barcellos, 2023) .So, organization adopted a project management
approach and adapted it to that emergency response for the first time. Such approach had not
adopted before this. The project team while considering public values set their goals and
strategies and ultimately, the team become able reopen this critical path within 35 days. To
ensure the project completion within such a tight time line, the team adopted a project
management strategy. It is obvious that when an aggressive time line becomes the mission, then
prioritizing proposed schedule over everything makes the mission possible. This was a different
approach from the previous emergency projects of MoTI. The team worked through the
devastation by moving from washout to washout or debris pile to debris pile and strategy of
individually planning when they got there to clean up. Unite around the project was the main
need (A Tounsi, 2023). Mutual communication and prioritizing team’s interests as a whole was
main strategy. By looking at each cleanup or washout as one part of the whole project and in this
way prioritizing objectives around a schedule was the main pillar behind the success of this
project. The team adapted an approach to take a survey of damage. The team started flying the
complete path of the highway and thus surveying damage via helicopter and thus identifying the
sites of work. In the next step, the whole team locked themselves in a room for a day and thus
worked with mutual communication to make strategies and to adopt that approaches by which
the interest of all stakeholders can be prioritized and thus in this way effective work strategy was
proposed by mutual consultation. (K Kim, 2023) They created scopes that how the construction
team was going to fix debris flows, bridges, culverts and washouts to such a high extent. Scope
for each individual was fixed by realizing the fact that what the critical path was and what we
needed to get done. Realizing that which sites we needed to get first in order to move the next
one. In this way a work breakdown structure was created according to which a sequence was
provided that what needed to do first and in which order and sequence. These all instructions
were handed out to the individual construction teams and thus by following those instructions the
team started mobilizing equipment according to the needs. Obviously, Rocks are needed for
every site in a typical road construction. (Y Jing, 2023). So, the task of producing rocks was
initiated and thus the task of stockpiling rocks and necessary equipment and things was
accomplished as soon as a site was clear and safe to begin work. Transfer of equipment was just
started to the safe site. During the completion of work, the team had to remain flexible and
adaptable to the fluctuating situations like additional atmospheric rivers and snow that might
affect the efforts of the team members. For instance, there were times that the temperature got to
be -20 to -25 degrees Celsius or even colder with a wind-chill and blistering snow. The
construction crews continued their work with those severe conditions of weather when even they
were dealing with several feet of snow. They worked with utmost dedication to accomplish the
target. (Z Máčka, 2023)

They were diligently accomplishing the task of creating roads and at the same time were actively
trying to plow the snow due the extreme weather conditions. Weather was so severe and the task
of making sure that the construction crew didn’t get harm was also important. It was very hard
challenge to keep working like this in such severe weather with such dedication. But it was made
possible just due to the adopted approach and strategy. According to the hard challenges that
were faced, appropriate changes and modulations were also made in the proposed approach. For
instance, Asphalt thickness was unable to maintain due to the cold weather. So that’s why,
certain thinner lifts of asphalt were adopted. To ensure the timely completion of project,
constantly negotiations were done adopt more effective ways to bear weather changes. Quick
conversations and consultations were made to adopt appropriate changes. Quick daily
communication protocols were adopted. On-site conversations, risk assessments and appropriate
measure were adopted to overcome every risk and harm. (K MacManus, 2023)

Sample or Research Participant:

The team consisted of more than 300 people working 24 hours a day. Government parties,
vendors and suppliers had to come together and collaborate with each other in precisely manner
to make the highway project deadline of five weeks possible. Participation was diligently
appreciated by every member and all-important aspects in view of all one’s interests were
discussed and mentioned thus finalizing appropriate strategies and approaches. Much of
collaboration can be dedicated to the nature of the project. There was much willingness and
interest by high authorities to support this project because as mentioned earlier, this route served
the backbone of economy which obviously affected provincial economy. The team also
collaborated with the local community as well as with the organizations such as BC Road
Builders and Heavy Construction Association of Consulting Engineering Companies British
Columbia. If these relationships were not built in such a precisely manner there must be hard
challenges in this project’s accomplishment in the midst of chaos and crisis. Throughout the
project, trust was also built with administrative sponsors and government leaders with the help of
constant communication including daily briefings. Project documentation was in continuous
completion along with the project completion so that if any time there comes the need to present
it to the higher authorities there must be the available proof of ongoing progress thus in this way,
building trust was of utmost importance in this project. The trust, dedicated efforts of
construction crew and the project planning all helped together to accomplish the task of
reopening Highway 5 to commercial traffic in late December, just 35 days after the disastrous
event. In January, the road was made to reopen for regular traffic. Although, there is more work
to be done but the progress that have made feels good with many of the lessons learned
throughout the project (AN White, 2023).
Findings and Implications: Critical evaluation:

This whole analysis presents a significant topic in the field of infrastructures management
projects. This whole study is focusing on the challenges and strategies involved in reopening and
reconnecting roads devastated due to massive flood event. The whole analysis of this case study
provides valuable insights related to the task of roads infrastructures construction and thus
illuminating the complexities of post-flooding recovery. There are certain aspects that can be
critically evaluated in this case study. Factors such as the severity of the flood event, topography
of the affected region and the characteristics of the road network are essential in understanding
the challenges and complexities of the project. These challenges are overcome in order to make
the infrastructure project establishment work successful (A Dinesh, 2023). This case study has
also explored the socio-economic impacts of the disrupted road connectivity. As the importance
of road infrastructure for transportation is acknowledged in this whole study, it also explores the
prolonged disconnection consequences on local communities and economic activities. Thus,
understanding of these impacts enhances the study’s competence and relevance thus uncovering
all the challenges involved in post-flooding recovery process. Furthermore, this whole case study
analysis is also benefited from a comparative analysis of different strategies and approaches
providing the same challenge of infrastructure managements and even employed in similar flood-
prone regions. Examination of successful management projects from other locations would allow
you to adopt best strategies and insights in the management of such projects. Such comparative
analysis is valuable to overcome challenges in precisely manner thus provides you innovative
technologies, community engagement strategies and successful governance models for effective
outcomes (A Merker, 2023). This whole case study also explores the long-term sustainability of
such infrastructure management projects. As the focal focus is on restoring connectivity, it is also
imperative to address the future vulnerability of the constructing roads to potential flood events.
Integration of some adaptation measures, for instance, development of raised roads, improved
drainage systems and incorporation of flood resilient measures can enhance the future
sustainability of infrastructures to withstand disasters in future.

Conclusion:

The whole case study along with highlighting the importance of road infrastructure recovery is
also representing further critical evaluation to give different ways in order to overcome
challenges. A more detailed context analysis, exploration of socio-economic impacts,
comparative studies and consideration of sustainability would draw a more comprehensive
analysis of such infrastructure projects.

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Citation Aim/Scope Research Literature Research Sample or research Findings and

questions review; context method participants implications
& theory
Reconnecting To estimate the Q1: what kinds 1: The project Qualitative A construction team of There was much
Roads After mutual of influence values were Multiple Case 300 members had willingness and
Massive collaborations strategies do considered. Study participated for this interest by high
Flooding and interests of stakeholders 2: Before case study. The extent authorities to
(2022). all stakeholders utilize in initiating the of damage was support this
working in infrastructure work, public observed using a project as this
infrastructural projects to values were helicopter. A time route served the
project to ensure achieve their assessed. period of 5 weeks (35 backbone of
the productive goals? 3: The mutual days) was given to economy. The
outcomes Q2: How do interests of all the stockholders as a target. team also
stakeholders stakeholder were A planned collaborated
expectations observed for documentation was with the local
drive their timely and handed over to these communities
attempt to productive stakeholders. Due to such as BC
influence? output. weather severity, the Road Builders
amendments were and Heavy
made in policy Construction
documentation for Association of
stakeholder’s safety but Consulting
the target was achieved Engineering
in given time. Companies
British
Columbia. If
these
relationships
were not built
there must be
hard challenges
in this project’s
accomplishment.