ANCIENT

GREECE
Architecture History and Theory (ARC6080)
Project 1: Analysis Report
Group 12

Temple of Athena Nike

The Parthenon
CONTENTS
The Acropolis of Athens 3 The Parthenon
The Architects 4
Introduction 15

Fast facts 16
Temple of Athena Nike
Layout + Site circulation 17

Introduction 6 Building and Structural 19

7 Analysis
Fast facts
8
Architectural Elements 21
Fast facts
and components
Layout + Site circulation 9 analysis

Architectural Analysis 10
Building and Structural 11
Conclusion 24
Analysis
Bibliography 25

PREPARED BY
Arushee Ramen 0345128 Afiqah Ahmad Rushdan 0352455

Shahd Abdelazim Ali 0356775 Tabitha Julienne 0359580

Fiqqa Ezzathul Alliya 0357043 Ng Wen Xuan 0357459

Siti Aiesya Goh 0355901

2
The Acropolis of Athens
One of the most well-known ancient archaeological sites of the entire globe is the
Acropolis of Athens. The Acropolis is a prehistoric settlement perched high above Athens,
Greece, on a limestone hill. Over the years, the Acropolis served as a royal residence, a
fortification, the mythical setting for the gods' home, a place of worship, and a popular
tourist destination. It continues to serve as a reminder of the lengthy history of Greece
despite having weathered bombardment, enormous earthquakes, and vandalism
(Unknown, 2018).

3500 BC-First humans in Athens

700 BC-First sanctuary and temple of Athena
560 BC-First monumental temple of Athena
520 BC-Old temple of Athena
480 BC-Persians destroy Athens
438 BC-Parthenon
421 BC-Temple of Athena Nike
52 AD-Acropolis staircase
267 AD-Heruli destroy Athens
363 AD-Julian repairs the Parthenon
1204 AD-Parthenon belltower-wall reinforcement
1687 AD-The Venetians bombard the Parthenon
1834 AD-Athens becomes capital of Greece

Ancient Greek Architecture-

Classical Orders
Ancient Greek public buildings were restricted to certain orders when being constructed.
The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders make up the three main classical orders. The
orders, which are still frequently used in architecture today, characterise the shape and
ornamentation of Greek and later Roman columns (Harris B. and Zucker S., n.d).

Doric: Ionic: Corinthian:

simplest and tall and thin most complex
shortest decorative foot tall and thin
no decorative scroll-shaped decorative foot
foot volutes on the volutes and
vertical fluting capital acanthus leaves
flared capital on the capital 3
The Architect
Callicrates, also spelled Kallikrates, (flourished 5th century
BC), is an Athenian architect who designed the Temple of
Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus,
the Parthenon.

It is known from an inscription of 449 BC (the year of the

signing of peace with Persia) that the Senate
commissioned Callicrates to construct a temple to Athena
Nike (also known as the Wingless Victory) on the Athenian
Acropolis.

Callicrates designed the temple to be of pentelic marble,

small in size, and Ionic in order; it was to be built on the
bastion of the southwestern corner of the Acropolis.

Ictinus (Iktinos) was a Greek architect from Athens,

who is best known for his work on the Parthenon,
alongside Callicrates, the Temple of Mysteries, and the
Temple of Apollo Epicurius.

Elaborating on the Parthenon, both architects were

commissioned by Pericles, a Greek politician and
general, to work together under the supervision of
Phidias, a fellow architect. It was known that Ictinus
played the artist, Callicrates the engineer, both
fulfilling roles well; while others mention that they
were rivals more than friendlies.

4
TEMPLE OF
ATHENA NIKE

5
 Introduction of Temple
of Athena Nike
The Temple of Athena Nike (Figure 1.1) is a temple on the Acropolis of
Athens, dedicated to the goddesses Athena and Nike.

Built around 420 BC, the temple is the earliest fully Ionic temple on the
Acropolis.
It has a prominent position on a steep
bastion at the south west corner of
the Acropolis to the right of the
entrance, the Propylaea.

In contrast to the Acropolis proper, a

walled sanctuary entered through the
Propylaea. The Victory Sanctuary was
open while it entered from the
Propylaea's southwest wing and from
(Figure 1.1) Sketch of Temple of Athena Nike
a narrow stair on the north.

The sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north, west, and south
by the Nike Parapet, named for its friezes. (to be discussed later)

Nike was the goddess of victory in Greek mythology, and Athena was
worshipped in this form, representative of being victorious in war.

The citizens worshipped the

goddesses in hopes of a
successful outcome in the
long Peloponnesian War
fought against the Spartans
and allies.
Construction finally began in
(Figure 1.2) Reconstruction diagram of the Athenian Acropolis 427 BC, and the temple was
completed in 424 BC.
6
Fast Facts of Temple
of Athena nike
The temple of Athena Nike (Athena as a
goddess of victory) is the smallest temple
at the Acropolis in Athens, placed at its
southwest corner, at the edge of a high
cliff (Figure 1.2).

Its construction was completed in the

year 420 B.C.E., during the so called High
Classical Period, according to the design
of Kallikrates (the same architect who
was responsible for the construction of
(Figure 1.3) Location of temple in Greece
the Parthenon).

The temple by Kallikrates replaced an earlier small temple, which got

completely destroyed during the Persian wars (the Persian Wars were a
series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Achaemenid
Empire of Persia, from 499-449 B.C.E).

general information
Type/Function: Temple, dedicated to Greek goddess,
Athena technical details
Architectural style: Classical
Size: 8.27 m by 5.64 m (27
Location: Athens, Greece
ft by 19 ft)
Coordinates: 37° 58' 18.084" N 23° 43' 30.1188" E
Height: 7 m (23 ft)
Current tenants: Museum
Construction started: 427 BC (unclear source)
Completed: 424 BC
design and
construction
Owner: Greek government
Architect: Kallikrates
Supervisor of sculptural Decoration: Agorakritos (Crane G.)

7
History of The Building
early 6th century b.c. 480-479 BCE
The cult of Athena Nike was operable in the The Sanctuary of Athena Nike was
early sixth century BCE. On the remains of a demolished by the Persians in 480-
Mycenaean bastion, a cult image of Athena 479 BCE and a temple was built
seated holding a pomegranate in her right over the remains.
hand and holding a helmet in her left was
placed on top of a square limestone base.
449 - 420 BCE
The cult was supervised by the Priestess of Construction period of
Athena Nike, who was appointed through the new temple.
democratic allotment. If still in use by the 4th-
century, the temple would have been closed
during the persecution of pagans in the late
Roman Empire. Fall of
Constantinople
to the Ottoman
1834 1686 Empire, 1453
The temple was The temple sat untouched Greece, which was under
reconstructed after the until it was demolished by the control of the
independence of Greece. the Turks who used the Byzantine Empire, fell to
stones to build defenses. the Ottoman Turks in
1453 when they
conquered
1998 (further details at [A]) Constantinople.
In 1998 the temple was dismantled
so that the crumbling concrete floor The Temple of Athena Nike is often closed to
could be replaced and its frieze was visitors as work continues. The new museum
removed and placed in the new exhibit consists of fragments of the site before the
Acropolis Museum that opened in Persians were thought to have destroyed it in 480
2009. BCE. Sculptures from the friezes have been
salvaged such as: deeds of Hercules, statue of
Moscophoros, a damaged sculpture of a goddess
credited to Praxiteles and the Rampin horseman,
as well as epigraphic dedications, decrees, and
stelae.
8
Architectural layout of
Building
The temple was 23 feet (7 m) tall, 18
feet (5 m) wide, and 27 feet (8m) long
with colonnades on the front and
back supported by four Ionic
columns each.

plan drawing

a vestibule at the front of a classical temple,

enclosed by a portico and projecting side walls.

the inner area of a temple

elevation
rear porch
7 meters

It is a tetrastyle (four column) Ionic

structure with a colonnaded portico at
both front and rear facades
(amphiprostyle), designed by the
architect Kallikrates.

(further details at [B])

9
 Site Circulation

The circulation is deemed by four major factors which includes, but not limited to:
direction (within a plane or up/down), type of usage (where within the area), frequency
of use (common area vs emergency rendevous), and time of use (day/night).

Organizational
Analysis
SYMMETRY BALANCE & GEOMETRY

In architecture, symmetry is the Balance provides stability and structure to

reflection of shared forms, shapes, or
angles across a central line or point called
the axis. Basically, components that
mirror each other across an axis are
symmetrical. This is one of the oldest and
most continuously used ordering
principles in architecture.
a design by placing the elements in such a
way that the visual weight, in terms of
objects, colours, textures and space, is
distributed, i.e. symmetry. For example, a
large shape positioned close to the centre
can be balanced by a small shape close to
the edge.
10
 Building and
construction analysis
An outcropping of the rock of Acropolis
stood as its site, providing a steep
bastion. (Figure 1.4)
It had three sides of a sheer drop. If a
visitor lost their balance, they could fall
on the side closest to the Propylaea,
overlooking the stairway, but the other
two sides provided much more
devastating damage. Around 410 BCE, a
marble parapet that was 3 feet (1 m) tall
was constructed around the three sides
with carved reliefs to ensure visitors'
safety. (Figure 1.5) These reliefs were
seen best by visitors who ascend the
ramp towards the Propylaea. (The (Figure 1.4) Steep bastion under the temple

Acropolis Museum, n.d.)

[A] The entire bastion, including the temple, was destroyed in the late 1930s. Nikolaos
Balanos and Orlandos addressed structural issues with the sub-structure, and it was
rebuilt by 1940. The temple started a new cycle of renovations in 1998. To repair the
damaged concrete floor and the iron beams that were present as a result of previous
renovations, the frieze was taken out and deposited in the Acropolis museum, and the
temple was entirely destroyed once more. (Ancient Greece.org, n.d.)
Between 2000 and 2010, the latest restoration was conducted, and it is said to be closest
to the original. Pieces of column drums and capitals, friezes, cornices and much more
were all put back to its original place. (Jarrett A. Lobell, 2015)

This temple was built entirely using white

Pentelic marble. Pentelic marble (Marmo
Pentelico in Italian) is a golden-white, fine-
grained calcitic marble that was quarried at
Mount Pentelicus, northeast of Athens. The
stones were brought miles to the site where
they then had to be carried uphill to the
edge of the Acropolis. (Joshua J. Mark, 2021)

11
(Figure 1.5) Sketch/impression of marble paraphet
Architecturally, the Temple of Athena Nike was influenced by the same order that the
Parthenon introduced (to be discussed later), which is the Attic order. This includes
columns that turn slightly inward. This is to help visitors perceive the structure to be
taller.
(Figure 1.7) This temple was built in Ionic order.
Ionic columns may be quickly identified at first
glance thanks to their volutes. The Ionic
capital's distinctive spiral whorl pattern,
resembling a spiral shell, is known as a volute.
(Jackie Craven, 2019) These volutes are believed
to have resembled a woman's hair curls.

The columns are monolithic, which means that

(Figure 1.7) Columns of temple in Ionic each one of them were made of a single block
order.
of stone. (Katarzyna Minollari, 2016)

The columns are not built like any other Ionic

building. They are not as slender as a standard
width and height of an Ionic column, which was
1:9 or even 1:11. Athena Nike's columns
proportions are 1:7. It is believed that the reason
why these columns are not the typical size of an
Ionic order is to create unity with the other
buildings nearby. Propylaea (Figure 1.9) which
was built in Doric order, stands next to Athena (Figure 1.8) Entablature of ionic column
Nike, and the two temples are visually cohesive
with each other due to this special feature of the
columns.
(Katarzyna Minollari, 2016)

The Ionic order consists of an

entablature that includes 3
sections (top to bottom): the
cornice, the frieze, and the
architrave. (Figure 1.8) (Brockwell,
n.d.)

(Figure 1.9) The Propylaea

12
Additionally, these volutes on the front and at the side of the side columns also help
produce a pleasing appearance from any angle. Greeks saw their temples as a form of
massive sculpture that should be seen from all angles and in context with its
surroundings. (Katarzyna Minollari, 2016)

The temple's architrave was ornamented with friezes depicting gods (the north and
east friezes) (Figure 1.11 and 1.13), the Greek victory over the Persians (the south frieze)
(Figure 1.12), and Athenians fighting other Greeks (with clear reference to the First
Peloponnesian War) for the west frieze (Figure 1.14). The Acropolis Museum houses
some slabs and pieces of the frieze, while the British Museum houses additional ones.
(Joshua J. Mark, 2021)

The cella's side walls come to a conclusion with antae, which stand in front of two
pillars. A small pronaos was constructed by placing metal railings between the antae
and the pillars as well as the antae and the side columns.
(Ioanna Venieri, archaeologist, n.d.)

According to the historian and explorer Pausanias (c. 110–180 CE), the inner
chamber's doorway was on the north side. Inside was a figure of Athena Nike
fashioned of wood and lacking wings. (Ancient Greece.org, n.d.)

The roof tops are decorated with incredibly enormous gilded metal Nikai akroteria.
The entire fortress and the temple both claimed this sculpture as their top
decoration. (www.anasynthesis.co.uk, n.d.)

(Figure 1.12) South frieze (Figure 1.13) East frieze

(Figure 1.14) West frieze

(Figure 1.11) North frieze

13
THE
PARTHENON

14
Introduction of of The
Parthenon
Built between 447 and 432 BC, during the peak of the ancient Greek Empire, the
Parthenon is a magnificent marble structure dedicated to the Greek goddess
Athena and was erected at the centre of the Athens Acropolis. In fact, it was the
first all marble temple in the Greek mainland. The Greek peninsula had never
seen a temple as enormous and extravagant as the Parthenon. It has endured
earthquakes, fires, battles, explosions, and looting over the years. However,
despite all the damage, it is still one of the most well-known structures in the
world today and a durable representation of ancient Greece and Athenian
civilization (Unknown, 2018).

The temple was built to replace an older Athena temple, which historians often
refer to as the Pre-Parthenon, that was demolished during the Persian invasion in
480 BC. Many historians assumed that the older temple was still under
construction at the time the Persians attacked (Unknown, 2018). The new
structure was mainly erected as a tribute to thank goddess Athena and celebrate
their successful resistance over the Persians, but it was also developed to
anticipate any future attacks.

Architects Iktinos and Kallikrates, as well as Phidias, a sculptor, are credited for
the design of The Parthenon. The temple's intricate construction, which
masterfully combined the Doric and Ionic forms of traditional Greek architecture,
has awed observers throughout history, both ancient and modern (Pruitt, 2019).
The Parthenon is widely and justly recognised as the pinnacle of Greek
architecture, especially that of the Doric order.

15
Fast Facts of The
Parthenon
General information
Type/Function: Temple, dedicated to
Greek goddess, Athena
Architectural style: Classical
Location: Athens, Greece
Coordinates: 37°58′12.9″N 23°43′20.89″E
Current tenants: Museum
Construction started: 447 BC
Completed: 432 BC

Technical details
Size: 69.5 m by 30.9 m (228 ft by
101 ft)
Height: 13.72 m (45.0 ft)
Cella dimensions: 29.8 m by 19.2
m (98 ft by 63 ft)

Design and construction

Owner: Greek government
Architects: Iktinos, Kallikrates
Other designers: Phidias (sculptor)

(Maros and Juniar, 2016)

16
 Site Circulation
The circulation to use-space within a building, funnily enough, does not refer to the
circulation of air flow within the space, but rather the general flow of people that walk in
and around it. To get the certain circulation, only the routes that most people go with are
taken into consideration when plotting it. Empty space is not the most wanted when
thinking about a space's circulation, since circulation goes hand-in-hand with efficiency
of space usage.

The circulation is deemed by four major factors which includes, but not limited to:
direction (within a plane or up/down), type of usage (where within the area), frequency of
use (common area vs emergency rendevous), and time of use (day/night). However, these
factors are ignored for the key circulation paths, which by default should be the most
unobstructed and shortest path from A to B.

There is a primary and secondary circulation: PRIMARY refers to aisles, walkways, etc;
spaces that serves all occupants of that particular floor. SECONDARY tends to mean
certain areas of the building thats required for access to a subdivision within the given
space.

5 elements to take into consideration: APPROACH refers to how a

person approaches the building either by the rear, front, etc;
ENTRANCE marks the transition from space A to space B, and can
also be subtle by the usage of overhead beams or pillars;
CONFIGURATION of a path can be linear, segmented, loop, etc;
PATH-SPACE relationship talks about the movement of the person
in the space, whether its passing by, passing through or terminate;
FORM of the circulation, which mostly does not happen within
isolation.

17
In relation to the parthenon,
there are no clear defining walls
on the outer lining of collumns,
giving a more abstract
movement between each
collumn. The inner area does
have characterizing walls,
turning that abstract movement
into a more linear one. The
concentration of people also
increases as they move into the
Naos or Opisthodomos,
depending where they enter
from.

Organisational analysis in
regards to the parthenon sees it
as symmetry at first glance. This
goes hand in hand with balance,
as it is symmetrical, there is no
unbalance within the building
and area in and of itself. This
also gives a sense of order
within the construction.

18
Building and
construction analysis
It was constructed in the middle of the 5th century BCE and honored the goddess Athena
Parthenos (also known as "Athena the Virgin"). The Doric order, the simplest of the three
Classical Greek architectural orders, is often regarded as having reached its peak with the
temple.

By the year 438, the structure was constructed, and Phidias' enormous inside figure of
Athena composed of gold and ivory was consecrated.

The ancient Greeks undertook the technologically inventive and, of course, extraordinarily
challenging task of building the Parthenon. With the use of their technique, they were able
to extract, move, and hoist substantial amounts of marble from Penteli to the rock of the
Acropolis (Unknown, 2021).

Iktinos and Kallikratis, two architects, completed the building while Pheidias served as the
project's general manager. Athens was transformed into a building site. The Parthenon
was built by goldsmiths, coppersmiths, marble sculptors, carpenters, rope makers, and
owners of oxen. The stonemason and Athenian philosopher Socrates is claimed to have
been one of the thousands of employees. Within 8 years, the projects were completed
(Unknown, 2021) .
They constructed improvised cranes that had enormous
pulleys with slides linked on either side to act as
counterweights. (Figure 2.1) In addition to using this
technique, artisans also produced wooden cranes.
According to archaeologists, the Parthenon was worked
on by 8 enormous cranes, as well as numerous smaller
ones, mostly inside the temple that was still being built.
They employed appropriate levers and pulleys that
doubled the moment of force by making use of the
(Figure 2.1) Cranes used as concepts and laws of physics. A ten-ton marble could be
counterweights
raised in twenty minutes to a height of 15 meters thanks
to their excellent construction (Unknown, 2021).
19
 The primary building material was Pentelic marble,
which was extracted from the mountain's slopes
around 10 miles (16 kilometers) outside of Athens.
(The first temple to employ this type of marble was
the old Parthenon, which the Persians destroyed
while it was still in the planning stages.) The
massive blocks of stone needed to be transported by
oxcart to the construction site. By no means the
largest building, the Parthenon stands out from
most other temples due to the caliber and size of its
sculptures. The more expensive Parian marble from
the island of Paros, which most sculptors
considered the best type of marble for their work,
was used in several of the statues. The sculptures
that make up the Parthenon are absolutely
unmatched as a collection that represents Greek art
at its pinnacle (Unknown, 2019).

The building has a rectangular floor layout and

is supported by a base that is 23,000 square feet
in size and contains remnants of the Old
Parthenon's limestone foundation. Each side of
the building was surrounded by low steps, and
the perimeter was framed by a portico with
Doric columns rising from a platform. There are
19 inner and 46 exterior columns (Unknown,
2018). The structure itself is a work of art with
numerous aesthetic details included in an effort
to make it look as flawless as possible. In order
to account for the limitations of the human eye,
lengthy horizontal lines were purposefully bent
and the vertical columns were "fattened" in the
middle. This was done since it was known that
long horizontal lines appeared to sag even if they
were perfectly straight. The temple became less
static and more dynamic due to the thickening
in the centre, which gave the impression that the
columns were somewhat straining under the
weight of the roof. The Parthenon's lines and
lengths may look straight and equal, yet that
appearance is the result of changed geometry.
Nothing about this structure is what it seems,
according to a saying (Unknown. 2018).

20
Architecture Elements &
Components Analysis
STYLOBATE
A three-tiered platform rises above
the earth to support the temple. This
platform measures 228 feet long, over
101 feet wide, and has a modest centre
bulge It was created to rise by slightly
more than four inches on the middle
since a platform this long would
appear to sink in the middle if it were
perfectly straight.

PEDIMENT
A triangular panel, located above the cornice
on the eastern and western ends, enclosed
the area directly below the roof. Free-
West Pediment standing sculptures had a backdrop made of
the painted pediments. Athena's miraculous
birth from Zeus's head was the subject of the
eastern side, while her struggle with
Poseidon—which made her the patroness of
Athens—was the subject of the western side.
East Pediment

Cella
The inner building contained the sanctuary
itself. The cella was a square structure built of
ashlar stones. It was made up of two chambers
that had opposite side entrances and a
common back wall. The massive Athena statue,
which occupied the larger of the two sides and
was located on the eastern side, was
surrounded on three sides by a row of columns.
The western room, known as the Hall of the
Virgins and used as a treasury, was smaller and
supported by four Ionian columns. The
Panathenaic festival, which was conducted
yearly in honour of Athena, was engraved into
the architrave of the cella, or the facing directly
above the capitals of its columns.

21
ARCHITRAVE
Above the column capitals lies a
layer of marble that has a flat,
unpainted appearance. The top of
this layer contains the only
embellishment, which is a
painted outer lip.

Columns
The Parthenon is peristyle, which implies that
it has columns lining every side of its exterior.
Each end has eight of them, with 17 columns
running from the front to the back. Between
the outside face and the interior structure,
each end has a second row of six columns. The
columns were constructed in the Doric order
and stood 34 feet tall. They featured a
straightforward spherical capital. Each is made
up of eleven drum-shaped marble blocks that
have been placed on top of one another.
Similar to the stylobate, the columns' middles
were thickened to counteract the
foreshortening effect.

TRIGLYPHS AND METOPES

This second layer, which sits just above the
architrave, used to be vividly coloured. It is
composed of blocks that alternate between
metopes or relief, which resemble three
vertical bars, and triglyphs, which depict one
scene in a series with related themes. In
keeping with Athena's character as a warrior
goddess, these images depicted mythological
combat.

22
Roof
Marble tiles from Mount Pentelicon
were used to construct the roof. This
incorporated a substantial gutter
around the periphery in addition to
the flat roof tiles themselves. This
gutter had a significant function in
the time of wooden temples, but it
was only present in a stone temple
for the sake of tradition.

Except for any light that might have filtered through the marble roof and ceiling tiles, all of the
light entered from the east entryway. A smaller square chamber that is accessed from the west is
behind the cella but was not originally attached to it. A portico with six columns faces both the
east and west ends of the interior of the building. The building measures 101.34 feet (30.89
metres) broad and 228.14 feet (69.54 metres) long when measured from the top step of the base.

The Parthenon exhibits an astonishing number of architectural details that work together to give
the structure a flexible, sculptural aspect. Among them are an upward curvature along the base's
ends and a repetition of it in the entablature; an imperceptible delicate convexity (entasis) of the
columns as their diameters decrease toward the top; and a thickening of the four corner columns
to counteract the effect of their appearance appearing thinner when viewed at certain angles
against the sky.

The building is 30.89 m (101.34 ft) wide and 69.54 m (228.14 ft) long.

23
Conclusion
The Temple of Athena Nike, is the smallest temple at the Acropolis in Athens, placed at its
southwest corner, at the edge of a high cliff. Its construction was completed in the year
420 B.C.E. according to the design of Kallikrates (the same architect who was responsible
for the construction of the Parthenon). The temple replaced an earlier small temple.

It is a tetrastyle Ionic structure with a colonnaded portico at both front and rear facades. It
involves symmetry, balance and geometry in its overall structure. It is made of pentelic marble
and stood atop a steep bastion. It has a unique proportions for an Ionic temple, with 1:7 being
its actual ratios, which differed from a standard Ionic temple.

Its architrave was ornamented with friezes depicting different stories.

The structure underwent a lot of alterations, but up to the seventeenth century, it was
substantially unaltered.

The Parthenon was built by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates under the direction of
the artist Phidias. Manolis Korres, a former restoration project coordinator, claims that
100,000 tonnes of marble were quarried from a quarry some 10 miles outside of Athens to
build the Parthenon. It is located on top of the Acropolis hill.

The building's interior was completely destroyed by the explosion, which also damaged the
roof, some of the walls, and the colonnade.

It was completed in the year 438 B.C.E. It is a peristyle Doric sturcture with columns lining
every side of its exterior. It is also made of pentelic marble.

Its friezes, whuich used to be vivdly coloured, composed of alternates between metopes or
relief which depict one scene in a series with related themes.

comparison between temple of athena nike

and parthenon
temple of athena nike parthenon

Ionic Order Doric Order

Friezes decorated with depictions of gods, the Friezes depicted one scene in a series with
Greek victory over the Persians, and Athenians related themes
fighting other Greeks. Peristyle
Tetrastyle Horizontal drums (pllaced on top of each other)
Monolithic columns Made of pentelic marble
Made of pentelic marble Dedicated to goddess Athena
Dedicated to Nike, goddess of victory + Athena,
being victorious in war.

24
Bibliography
Crane, G. R. (no date) Athens, Temple of Athena Nike (Building), Perseus Digital Library. Available at:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?
name=Athens,+Temple+of+Athena+Nike&object=building.
Harris, B. and Zucker, S. (no date) The classical orders, Khan Academy. Available at:
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/greece-etruria-
rome/v/the-classical-orders#:~:text=The three major classical orders,fluting%2C and a flared capital.
Maros, H. and Juniar, S. (2016) ‘Parthenon’, pp. 1–23. Available at:
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