TRIGONOMETRY

JEREMIAH A. ATENTA
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER I
ANGLES IN A UNIT CIRLE
Learning Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:

1. illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and
angular measures of arcs in a unit circle;
2. convert degree measure to radian measure, and vice versa; and
3. illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles.
Guide question: What is a unit circle?

𝑦
0,1 A unit circle is a circle with radius 1
unit and center at the origin.

−1,0 𝑥
Radius = 1 unit
0,0 1,0
Center = 0,0

Equation: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
0, −1
Guide question: What is an angle?

An angle is formed by rotating a ray initial side

about its endpoint.
negative angle
postive angle
Counterclockwise = Positive
initial side
Clockwise = Negative

Symbols used: 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝜙, 𝜃

An angle is in standard position if it

is drawn in the 𝑥𝑦-plane with its vertex
at the origin and its initial side on the
positive 𝑥-axis.
Guide question: How do we measure an angle?

To measure angles, we commonly use degrees and radians.

DEGREE MEASURE
A unit purely based on the amount of rotation.
180°

30°
360°
90°
Guide question: How do we measure an angle?
RADIAN MEASURE
Recall: The circumference of a circle 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟. 𝑪
𝑟 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒓 ratio of the circumference
𝑟 to the radius of the circle
𝑟
The radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the
1 rad length of the arc subtended by the angle to the radius
𝑟 of the circle.

𝑟
One radian is the measure of a central angle of a
circle that intercepts an arc equal in length to the
𝑟
radius of that circle.
𝑟
one full circular rotation = 2𝜋 radians
1 rad ≈ 57.296°
2𝜋 radians = 360°
The radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of
the arc subtended by the angle to the radius of the circle.

If the length of the intercepted arc by the central angle 𝜃 radians is 𝑠 in a circle
with radius 𝑟, then
𝑦
𝒔
𝜽=
𝒓
Circle with 𝑟 = 1:
45° 𝑥
1 2 3
Circle with 𝑟 = 2:

Circle with 𝑟 = 3:
Guide question:
How do we convert an angle in degree measure to radian, and vice
versa?

RELATIONSHIP: 2𝜋 rad = 360° 𝜋 rad = 180°

𝝅
• To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by
𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎
• To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by
𝝅
EXAMPLE
A. Express the following in radians.

a. 80°

b. 250°

B. Express the following in degrees.

𝜋
a. 6

13𝜋
b. 6
TRY THIS !
Give the degree/radian measure of the following special angles.
Guide question: What are coterminal angles?

Two angles in standard position that have common terminal side are
called coterminal angles.

Remark:
• Two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree measures
differ by 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒌, where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.

• Similarly, two angles are coterminal if and only if their radian

measures differ by 𝟐𝝅𝒌, where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
EXAMPLE
A. The measures of the angles in standard position are given.
Determine whether the angles are coterminal or not.

a. 70° and 430°

2𝜋 7𝜋
b. − 3 and 3

c. −30° and 330°

5𝜋 17𝜋
d. 6
and 6
EXAMPLE
B. Find the angles 𝛼 and 𝛽 coterminal with 310° such that

a. 1080° < 𝛼 < 1440°

b. −720° < 𝛽 < −360°

2𝜋
C. Find the angles 𝛾 and 𝜃 coterminal with such that
3

a. 4𝜋 < 𝛾 < 6𝜋

b. −4𝜋 < 𝜃 < −2𝜋

ARCLENGTH
Recall: If the length of the intercepted arc by the central angle 𝜃
radians is 𝑠 in a circle with radius 𝑟, then
𝒔
𝒓= ⟹ 𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
Example: 𝜽
1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends
a central angle of 30°.
2. A central angle 𝜃 in a circle of radius 4 m is subtended by an arc
of length 6 m. Find the measure of 𝜃 in radians.
Example:
1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 m that subtends
a central angle of 30°.
2. A central angle 𝜃 in a circle of radius 4 m is subtended by an arc
of length 6 m. Find the measure of 𝜃 in radians.
AREA OF A SECTOR
A sector of a circle is the portion of the interior of a circle bounded by
the initial and terminal sides of a central angle and its intercepted arc.

If a central angle of a sector has

measure 𝜃 radians, then the sector
𝜃
makes up the fraction 2𝜋 of a
complete circle and the area 𝐴 of a
sector is given by

𝜽 𝟏
𝑨= 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝜽𝒓𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟐
Example:
1. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle 60° if the radius of the
circle is 3 m.
2. A sprinkler on a golf course fairway is set to spray water over 70 feet and
rotates through an angle of 120°. Find the area of the fairway watered by the
sprinkler.
TRIGONOMETRY
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER I
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Learning Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:

1. illustrate the different circular functions; and
2. uses reference angles to find the exact values of circular functions
Guide question: What are circular functions?
Definition
Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position and 𝑃 𝜃 = (𝑥, 𝑦) be the point
on the terminal side of 𝜃 on the unit circle. Then 𝑦
𝑥, 𝑦
1
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 csc 𝜃 = , 𝑦≠0
𝑦

1 𝜃 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 sec 𝜃 = , 𝑥≠0
𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = , 𝑥≠0 cot 𝜃 = , 𝑦≠0
𝑥 𝑦
Example:
Find the values of the six circular functions of 135° and −60°
𝑦

135°
45° 𝑥
 Example:
Find the values of the six circular functions of 135° and −60°
𝑦
2 2 In a 45°-45°-90° triangle,
𝑃 135° = − , 45°
2 2 1
2 • The legs of the triangle are equal.
2 • The legs are 2 times half of the
2 𝑟=1
hypotenuse.
2 90° 45°
135°
45° 𝑥
2
2
2
2
Example:
Find the values of the six circular functions of 135° and −60°
𝑦

𝑥
−60°
Example:
Find the values of the six circular functions of 135° and −60°
1
𝑦 2
60° 90° In a 30°-60°-90° triangle,

1 3 • The shorter leg is half of the hypotenuse.

2 1 2 • The longer leg is 3 times the shorter leg.
𝑥 30°

−60°

3
2
𝑟=1

1 3
𝑃 −60° = ,−
2 2
In general, if 𝜃 is an angle in standard position
and 𝑄 𝜃 = (𝑥, 𝑦) is the point on the terminal
side of 𝜃, and the radius 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 0, then

𝑦 𝑟
sin 𝜃 = , 𝑟>0 csc 𝜃 = , 𝑦≠0
𝑟 𝑦

𝑥 𝑟
cos 𝜃 = , 𝑟>0 sec 𝜃 = , 𝑥≠0
𝑟 𝑥

𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = , 𝑥≠0 cot 𝜃 = , 𝑥≠0
𝑥 𝑦
Try this !
1. Find the values of the six circular functions of the following:
a. 150°
3𝜋
b. 2
4𝜋
c. 3

3
2. Suppose 𝜃 is a real number such that sin 𝜃 = − 4 and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.

3
3. Find the values of the other circular functions of 𝜃 such that cos 𝜃 = 10
and
3𝜋
< 𝜃 < 2𝜋.
2

5
4. Find the values of the other circular functions of 𝜃 if cot 𝜃 = − 12 and 𝜃 is at
Quadrant II.
Try this !
1. Find the values of the six circular functions of the following:
a. 150°
3𝜋
b. 2
4𝜋
c. 3
Try this !
3
2. Suppose 𝜃 is a real number such that sin 𝜃 = − 4 and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.
Try this !
3
3. Find the values of the other circular functions of 𝜃 such that cos 𝜃 = 10 and
3𝜋
2
< 𝜃 < 2𝜋.
Try this !
5
4. Find the values of the other circular functions of 𝜃 if cot 𝜃 = − 12 and 𝜃 is at
Quadrant II.
Guide question: What is a reference angle?

The positive acute angle formed by the terminal side of the given
angle in standard position and the 𝑥 – axis is called the reference
angle.

Quadrantal angles are angles whose terminal side lies on an axis,

e.g., 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360°.
Guide question:
How to find the reference angle of a given angle:

1. Find the angle 𝜃ҧ between 0° and 360° (or 0 and 2𝜋 in radians) that
is coterminal with 𝜃.

2. If the resulting coterminal angle 𝜃ҧ in step 1 is in:

a. Quadrant I: Ref 𝜃 = 𝜃ҧ or Ref 𝜃 = 𝜃ҧ

b. Quadrant II: Ref 𝜃 = 180° − 𝜃ҧ or Ref 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝜃ҧ
c. Quadrant III: Ref 𝜃 = 𝜃ҧ − 180° or Ref 𝜃 = 𝜃ҧ − 𝜋
d. Quadrant IV: Ref 𝜃 = 360° − 𝜃ҧ or Ref 𝜃 = 2𝜋 − 𝜃ҧ
EXAMPLE
Find the reference angle of the following

1. 75° 31𝜋
6.
6
2. 210° 17𝜋
3. −265° 7. − 6
16𝜋
4. 715° 8. 3
5. −480° 23𝜋
9.
3
21𝜋
10. 4
Guide question:
Can we use reference angles in finding the values of circular functions?
𝑦 0,1 1 3
1 3 ,
− , 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
− , ,
2 2 2 2
3 1 3 1
− , ,
2 2 2 2

−1,0 1,0
𝑥

3 1 3 1
− ,− − ,−
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
− ,− ,−
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
− ,− ,−
2 2 0, −1 2 2
Guide question:
Can we use reference angles in finding the values of circular functions?

1. Determine the reference angle of 𝜃.

2. Determine the location of 𝜃 and

affix the correct sign to the
particular circular function at an
angle 𝜃.
EXAMPLE
Use the reference angle to find the exact value of each expression.
1. cos 510°
2. sin −120°
3. tan 225°
4. sec 270°
5. csc −300°
6. cos 𝜋
7𝜋
7. sin − 6
2𝜋
8. tan 3
13𝜋
9. cot 6
10. cos 16𝜋
Coordinates of the special angles in a unit circle
TRIGONOMETRY
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER I
GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS
Learning Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:

1. determine the domain and range of the different circular functions;
2. graph the six circular functions with its amplitude, period, and phase
shift; and
3. solve situational problems involving circular functions.
GRAPHS OF sine and
cosine FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
𝑦
𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃

In a unit circle, for a real number 𝑥, sin 𝑥 = sin 𝜃

for an angle 𝜃 with measure 𝑥 radians, and that
𝜃 𝑥
sin 𝜃 is the second coordinate of the point 𝑃 𝜃 .

Similarly, cos 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 for an angle 𝜃 in 𝑥

radians, and cos 𝜃 is the first coordinate of the
point 𝑃 𝜃 .
GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1
𝑦 0 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range: −1,1

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0 𝜋 2𝜋
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3
𝑦 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: 𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Range: −1,1

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
Investigate: 𝑦 = sin 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑏𝑥

PERIOD length of the function’s cycle

𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Period: 𝟐𝝅

𝑦 = cos 𝑥

Period: 𝟐𝝅
GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
Investigate: 𝑦 = sin 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑏𝑥

PERIOD length of the function’s cycle

2𝜋
If 𝑏 ≠ 0, then both 𝑦 = sin 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑏𝑥 have period 𝑏

If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, then the graphs stretched horizontally

If 𝑏 > 1, then the graphs shrunk horizontally

If 𝑏 < 0, the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑏𝑥 is reflected horizontally

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
Investigate: 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑥

AMPLITUDE distance from the middle of a periodic function to its peak/trough

If 𝑎 ≠ 0, then both 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑥 have amplitude 𝑎

If 𝑎 > 1, then the graphs stretched vertically

If 𝑎 < 1, then the graphs shrunk vertically

The range of both 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑥 is − 𝑎 , 𝑎

If 𝑎 < 0, then the graphs are reflected horizontally

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
Investigate: 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐
HORIZONTAL SHIFT the shifting of the function to the left/right

When 𝑐 > 0, the graph is shifted 𝑐 units to the right

When 𝑐 < 0, the graph is shifted 𝑐 units to the left

The range of the function is given by − 𝑎 , 𝑎

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
Investigate: 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 +𝑑 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑

VERTICAL SHIFT the shifting of the function above/below

When 𝑑 > 0, the graph is shifted 𝑑 units above

When 𝑑 < 0, the graph is shifted 𝑑 units below

The range of the function is given by − 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 𝑑

GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE
FUNCTIONS
How to graph:
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑

1. Determine the domain and range.

2𝜋
2. Determine the period 𝑏 , amplitude 𝑎 , horizontal shift 𝑐 and vertical shift 𝑑
2𝜋
3. Divide the interval 𝑐, 𝑐 + into four equal parts.
𝑏
4. Evaluate the function at each of the five 𝑥 - values identified in Step 3. The
points will correspond to the highest point, lowest point, and middle point of the
graph.
5. Plot the points found in Step 4 and join them with a smooth curve similar to the
graph of the basic sine or cosine curve.
6. Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.
EXAMPLES
Sketch the graph of the following functions.

𝜋
1. 𝑦 = 2 sin 3 𝑥 − +2
6

𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −3 cos 2 𝑥 −4 −1
 𝜋
𝑦 = 2 sin 3 𝑥 − +2
6
 𝜋
𝑦 = −3 cos 2 𝑥 − −1
4
 GRAPHS OF cosecant
and secant FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF cosecant AND secant FUNCTIONS
1
𝑦 = csc 𝑥 Note that csc 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0
6 4 3 2
𝜋 2𝜋
3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 0 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 und 2 2 1 − 2 2 und −2 − 2 − −1 − − 2 −2 und
3 3 3 3

Domain:
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 or
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

Range:
−∞, −1 ∪ 1, +∞
GRAPHS OF cosecant AND secant FUNCTIONS
1
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 Note that sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0
6 4 3 2
𝜋 2𝜋
3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 1 0 − − − −1 − − − 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 1 2 2 und −2 − 2 − −1 − − 2 −2 und 2 2 1
3 3 3 3

Domain:
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: cos 𝑥 ≠ 0 or
𝜋𝑘
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ , 𝑘 is an odd integer
2

Range:
−∞, −1 ∪ 1, +∞
GRAPHS OF COSECANT AND SECANT
FUNCTIONS
How to graph:
𝑦 = 𝑎 csc 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑

1. Graph the reciprocal function of the given function.

2. Determine the domain and range of the function.
3. Set up the vertical asymptotes of the function.
4. Draw a smooth U-curve similar to the graph of the cosecant and
secant function, the ends of the curve should approach the vertical
asymptotes.
5. Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.
EXAMPLE
𝜋
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3 csc 2 𝑥 +4 −1
GRAPHS OF TANGENT
and COTANGENT
FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF tangent AND cotangent FUNCTIONS
sin 𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 Note that tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0
6 4 3 2
𝜋 2𝜋
3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

3 3 3 3
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 0 1 3 und − 3 −1 − 0 1 3 und − 3 −1 − 0
3 3 3 3

Domain:
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: cos 𝑥 ≠ 0 or
𝜋𝑘
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 2 , 𝑘 is an odd integer

Range:
𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
GRAPHS OF tangent AND cotangent FUNCTIONS
cos 𝑥
𝑦 = cot 𝑥 Note that cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥 0
6 4 3 2
𝜋 2𝜋
3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6

3 3 3 3
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 und 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 und 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 und
3 3 3 3

Domain:
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 or
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 is an integer

Range:
𝑦: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
GRAPHS OF TANGENT AND COTANGENT
FUNCTIONS
In general, given the functions
𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑

• 𝑎 indicates the vertical shrinking or stretching of the graph;

• 𝑏 indicates the horizontal shrinking or stretching of the graph. If
𝜋
𝑏 ≠ 0, the functions have periods ;
𝑏
• 𝑐 indicates the horizontal shifting of the graph; and
• 𝑑 indicates the vertical shifting of the graph.
GRAPHS OF TANGENT AND COTANGENT
FUNCTIONS
How to graph:
𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑑
𝜋
1. Determine the period , horizontal shift 𝑐 and vertical shift 𝑑
𝑏
2. Determine the interval 𝑐 − 𝑃, 𝑐 + 𝑃 for the tangent function and the interval
𝑐, 𝑐 + 𝑃 for the cotangent function. The intervals indicate one full cycle of the
graph with the endpoints as the two adjacent vertical asymptotes.
3. Divide the intervals found in step 2 into four equal parts and get the three
division points between the asymptotes.
4. Evaluate the function at each of the three 𝑥 - values identified in Step 3.
5. Plot the points found in Step 4 and join them with a smooth curve approaching
to the vertical asymptotes similar to the graph of the basic tangent or cotangent
curve.
6. Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.
EXAMPLE
1 𝜋
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3 tan 2 𝑥− 6
+1
Simple harmonic motion
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a special type of
periodic motion where the restoring force on the moving object is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the object's displacement and acts towards
the object's equilibrium position.

Unimpeded movements of objects like oscillation, vibration, rotation, and

motion due to water waves are real-life occurrences that behave in simple
harmonic motion.

Periodic motions are usually modeled by either sine or cosine function.

Equations of Simple Harmonic Motions
The displacement 𝑦 (directed height or length) of an object behaving in
simple harmonic motion with respect to time 𝑡 is given by one of the
following equations:
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏 𝑡 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏 𝑡 − 𝑐 + 𝑑
1
• 𝑎 = 𝑀 − 𝑚 : the maximum displacement above and below the rest position or
2
central position or equilibrium, where 𝑀 is the maximum height and 𝑚 is the
minim height;
2𝜋
• Period = 𝑏 : the time required to complete one cycle;
𝑏
• Frequency = : the number of cycles per unit of time;
2𝜋
• 𝑐 : the horizontal shift in time; and
1
• 𝑑 = 2 𝑀 + 𝑚 : the vertical shift in time.
EXAMPLES
Suppose you ride a Ferris wheel. The lowest point of the wheel is 3 meters off the
ground, and its diameter is 20 m. After it started, the Ferris wheel revolves at a
constant speed, and it takes 32 seconds to bring you back again to the riding point.
After riding for 150 seconds, find your approximate height above the ground.
EXAMPLES
TRIGONOMETRY
JEREMIAH A. ATENTA
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER I
 FUNDAMENTAL
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
Learning Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:

1. determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;
and
2. apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values
ACTIVITY
Consider the following expressions and determine its domain.

1 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥∈ℝ

2 𝑥2 − 1 −∞, 1 ∪ 1, +∞
𝑥
3 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≠ 4, −1
𝑥
4 𝑥−1
𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 > 1
ACTIVITY
Compare the following two groups of equations.

Group A Group B

𝑥2 − 1 = 0 𝑥2 − 1 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1

𝑥+7 2 = 𝑥 2 + 49 𝑥+7 2 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49

𝑥2 − 4 𝑥2 − 4
= 2𝑥 − 1 =𝑥+2
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
TYPES OF
EQUATIONS
IDENTITY
An identity is an equation that is true for all values of the
variable in the domain of the equation.

CONDITIONAL
An equation that is not an identity is called a conditional
equation. That is, if some values of the variable in the
domain of the equation do not satisfy the equation, then the
equation is a conditional equation.
Examples
Determine whether the equation is an identity or a conditional equation

𝑥2 1
1 1+𝑥+
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
=

cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
2 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃

3 tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃

4 cos2 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 3
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES

1 1 1
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃

QUOTIENT IDENTITIES

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 1 + co𝑡 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃

EVEN-ODD IDENTITIES

− sin 𝜃 = sin −𝜃 cos 𝜃 = cos −𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = tan −𝜃

TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIESsin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

tan 𝑥 1 co𝑡 𝑥

sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥
 ACTIVITY
Use the identities to simplify each trigonometric expression.
1 + tan 𝑥
1 1 + cot 𝑥
sin 𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
2 +
1 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
3 sec 𝜃 csc 𝜃
1 1
4 +
1 + tan 𝜃 1 + cot 2 𝜃
2
other TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
Learning Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:

1. determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;
and
2. apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values
 Sum and difference identities
SINE SUM/DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴

Example: Evaluate the following.

1. sin 75°
𝜋
2. sin
12
 Sum and difference identities
COSINE SUM/DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Example: Evaluate the following.

7𝜋
1. cos 12
2. cos 165°
 Sum and difference identities
TANGENT SUM/DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Example: Evaluate the following.

5𝜋
1. tan 12
2. tan 15°
 Double-angle identitIES
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2sin2 𝜃
3 𝜋
Example: Given sin 𝜃 = and 5 2
< 𝜃 < 𝜋, find sin 2𝜃 and cos 2𝜃.
 HALF-angle identitIES
𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
sin =± cos =±
2 2 2 2

Example: Evaluate the following.

1. sin 22.5°
2. cos 22.5°