Chapt

erOne
1.I
ntr
oducti
on
Thi
schapt
erconsi
stsofbackgr
ound ofthestudy
,St
atementoft
hepr
obl
em,
obj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udy
,si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy
,del
i
mit
ati
onoft
hest
udy
,li
mit
ati
on
oft
hest
udyanddef
ini
ti
onofkeyt
erms.

1.
1.Backgr
oundoftheSt
udy
Educat
ion i
s base f
oreconomi
c,soci
aland pol
i
ticaldev
elopment
.Ithas bot
h
i
ndi
vi
dualandsoci
albenef
it
s.I
thel
pspeopl
est
oacqui
reknowl
edgeandski
l
ls.I
n
r
elat
iont
othi
s,t
heEt
hiopi
anMi
nist
ryofEducat
ion(
2008)st
atedt
hateducat
ioni
sa
keyi
nst
rumentf
ort
hedev
elopment
.Educat
ioni
sal
sot
hemaj
orf
orceofchangeand
dev
elopmentand hel
p peopl
eto adj
ustaccor
ding t
o si
tuat
ion.Thi
sbenef
itof
educat
ionhasbecomev
eryi
mpor
tantt
oday
.Thi
sisbecausesoci
alchangest
ake
pl
acewi
thi
ncr
easi
ngspeedandaf
fectt
hel
i
vesofmor
eandmor
epeopl
e.Educat
ion
canhel
ppeopl
eto bet
terunder
standt
hosechangesandpr
ovi
det
heski
l
lsf
or
adj
ust
ingt
othem (
MoE2006)
.

Howev
erf
ormaleducat
ional
onei
snotenought
obr
ingr
api
dandcont
inuoussoci
al
and economi
c dev
elopment
.Peopl
ewho do notgett
he oppor
tuni
ty off
ormal
educat
ionshoul
dbepr
ovi
dedwi
thot
heral
ter
nat
iveway
s.Oneoft
heseal
ter
nat
ive
way
sisnof
ormaleducat
ion.Ther
ear
ethr
eemodel
sthr
oughwhi
chonecangai
n
knowl
edge.Concer
ningt
othi
sAggar
wal(
2002)expr
essedt
hem asf
ormal
,non-
f
ormalandi
nfor
mal
.Insev
eralcasest
henon-
for
malappr
oachi
sthecompl
i
mentof
f
ormaleducat
ion.Thei
nadequacyoff
ormaleducat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
otheneedsof
somegr
oupsoft
hepopul
ati
onbecomesasour
ceofj
ust
if
icat
ionf
ornon-
for
mal
educat
ion.I
nli
newi
tht
his,
adul
teducat
ionhasasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
npov
ert
yreduct
ion.
I
tpl
aysv
eryessent
ialf
unct
ioni
nar
api
dchangi
ngsoci
etybypr
ovi
dingi
nfor
mat
ion,
knowl
edge,ski
l
ls,et
c.Peopl
ewhodonotgett
heoppor
tuni
tyoff
ormaleducat
ion
needt
ocopewi
tht
hechangi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

Ther
efor
e,i
t'
sessent
ialt
oexpandt
hepr
ovi
sionofAdul
teducat
ionwhi
chi
sless
expensi
ve,f
lexi
blei
nter
msoft
imeandpl
acei
nful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hedemandofeducat
ion.
MoE(
2008)st
atedt
hatadul
teducat
ioni
sanessent
ialpr
ocessdi
rect
edar
isi
ngt
he
knowl
edgeand ski
l
lsofci
ti
zensaged 15 y
ear
sand abov
est
art
ing f
rom basi
c
r
eadi
ng,
wri
ti
ng,
numer
acyandcomput
ingski
l
lsanor
gani
zedmanner
.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page1
I
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy(
IFAL)i
soneoft
heway
sofl
i
ter
acypr
ogr
ams
t
hroughwhi
chadul
teducat
ioni
sdi
rect
lyl
i
nkedwi
thl
i
vel
i
hoodoft
hesoci
ety
.Iti
sa
pr
ogr
am desi
gnedt
ohel
padul
tst
osol
vet
hei
rdai
l
yli
fepr
obl
ems.I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
s,
Li
nd(
2008)st
atedl
i
ter
acyasf
oll
ows:Mast
eri
ngl
i
ter
acyi
sessent
ialf
orl
i
vingi
na
moder
nsoci
ety
,justasal
i
ter
atepopul
ati
oni
sessent
ialf
oracount
ryt
ocomput
ein
agl
obal
i
zedwor
ld.Li
ter
acyi
sahumanr
ightwhi
chmustbegi
venal
sokeyt
oachi
eve
pov
ert
yreduct
ion,enhancepol
i
ticalpar
ti
cipat
ion,consci
ent
iousoft
hepoor
,and
empower
mentofwomenorsani
tat
ionofenv
ironment
ali
ssues.

TheconceptofI
FALi
sdef
inedi
naact
ionpl
anAdul
tEducat
ion,whi
cht
heMoEi
s
dev
elopi
ngwi
tht
hesuppor
tofDVV(
Inst
it
utef
ori
nter
nat
ionalcooper
ati
onoft
he
Ger
manAdul
tEducat
ionAssoci
ati
on)
.Ingener
alt
ermsi
tseekst
oli
nkwr
it
ing,
r
eadi
ng,numer
acyski
l
lst
oli
vel
i
hoodandski
l
lst
rai
ningi
nar
eassuchasagr
icul
tur
e,
heal
th,ci
vi
c,cul
tur
al et
c. Such an appr
oach r
equi
res del
i
ver
y by v
ari
ous
gov
ernment
aland nongov
ernment
alser
vice pr
ovi
der
sin mul
ti
ple set
ti
ngs.Thi
s
ensur
est
hatl
i
ter
acyski
l
lsdev
elopmentmeani
ngf
ult
othel
ear
ner
s.Manyexampl
es
est
abl
i
shi
ng such l
i
nkages al
ready exi
sti
n Et
hiopi
a,f
or exampl
ethe basi
c
ski
l
ls/
vocat
ionalt
rai
ningpr
ogr
amsf
oruseandadul
tst
hatar
ebasedonmar
ket
demandi
nspeci
fi
clocal
i
tiesandThatar
eli
nkedt
oIFALact
ivi
ti
esandt
oincome
gener
ati
ng and busi
ness oppor
tuni
ti
es (
wit
hthe r
espect
ive busi
ness r
elat
ed
ser
vices)
.Mor
ebr
idgeshowev
ermustbebui
l
tforl
ear
ner
swhowi
sht
oaccessot
her
act
ivi
ti
esof
fer
edbyv
ari
ouspr
ovi
der
sast
heypr
ogr
esst
hrought
hei
ntegr
atedFAL
pr
ocessandmor
epostI
FALact
ivi
ti
esmustbedev
eloped(
ESDPI
V,2010)

I
ntegr
ati
onofl
i
ter
acyandl
i
feski
l
lsi
sver
yessent
ialr
olesi
nor
dert
ochal
l
enges
di
ff
erentl
i
fepr
obl
emsi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am l
ear
ner
s.I
FAL
pr
ogr
am enabl
esadul
ttot
akei
nfor
meddeci
sioni
ndai
l
yli
feofani
ndi
vi
dualor
gr
oups.I
tal
soempower
saper
sonorpeopl
etopar
ti
cipat
eact
ivel
yinonceort
hei
r
af
fai
rs.Al
thoughi
thel
psbenef
ici
ari
est
ogener
atei
ncome,f
ightpov
ert
y,pr
omot
ed
l
i
fel
ongl
ear
ningandsoon.Concer
ningt
his,I
IZ/DVVAi
nter
nat
ional(
2005)st
ated
t
hatt
heessenceanddegr
eeoff
unct
ional
i
tyandt
heneedar
edi
rect
lyr
elat
edt
othe
r
elev
antandappr
opr
iat
enessoft
hepr
ogr
am t
osuccessf
ulchal
l
enget
hev
ari
ousl
i
fe
pr
obl
ems.FALf
rom pov
ert
yreduct
iont
hosegof
arbey
ondor
gani
zi
ngbasi
cli
ter
acy
cl
ass.I
tispar
ti
cipat
oryappr
oachwhi
chmot
ivat
est
hel
ear
ner
stocont
inuesear
chi
ng

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page2
f
orknowl
edge and ski
l
l.I
tinv
olv
es a wi
de r
ange ofl
ocal
i
zed basi
cli
vel
i
hood
act
ivi
ti
esandchar
act
eri
zedbypar
ti
cipat
ionandgoal
ori
ent
ati
on.

1.
2.St
atementofthePr
obl
em
MoE(2008)stat
edthatst
art
ingf
rom i
tsest
abl
i
shmenti
n2010/
11t
hei
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am f
acedmanypr
obl
emsi
nthecount
ry.Thepr
obl
ems
f
acedwer
emor
eorl
esssi
mil
ari
nthedi
ff
erentr
egi
onalst
ates,zoneandwor
eda
l
evel
.Thechal
l
engesf
acedbyi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am wer
e:l
ack
oft
rai
nedf
aci
l
itat
ors,
lackofcoor
dinat
ionbet
weenal
lst
akehol
der
s,l
ackofbudget
s
andl
ackoff
aci
l
iti
esf
ort
hepr
ogr
am suchast
extbooks,st
ati
onar
ymat
eri
als,and
t
hel
i
ke.

Li
ke ot
herdi
str
ict
,the met
tu di
str
icti
s pr
act
ici
ng I
FAL pr
ogr
am.Howev
er,as
r
esear
chergoti
nfor
mat
ionf
rom di
str
icteducat
ionalof
fi
cet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onof
i
ntegr
ated f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am hav
e notbei
ng i
mpl
ement
ed as a
desi
gned.Thi
sisbecauseoft
hef
actt
hati
ntegr
atedf
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acyl
acksco
wor
kingwi
thi
nthe al
limpl
ement
ers ofst
akehol
der
s(educat
ionalsect
or,heal
th
sect
or,agr
icul
tur
alsect
or,l
abourand soci
alaf
fai
rsof
fi
ce,womenand chi
l
dren
af
fai
rsof
fi
ce,spor
tsandy
out
hof
fi
ceandsmal
lmi
cro ent
erpr
iseof
fi
ce),
l
acks
t
rai
nedf
aci
l
itat
ors,
lackofconduct
ivecant
ers,
lackoft
eachi
ngmanual
s,i
nequi
tabl
e
di
str
ibut
ionofdi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsandaccessofadul
teducat
ion,
lacksofawar
eness
cr
eat
ion,i
nadequat
eint
egr
ati
onofgov
ernmentandsomeofNGOset
c.

Si
ncet
heobser
vat
ionofmypr
act
icum IandI
Icour
ses,att
he2009ECl
asty
earand
i
n2010ECpr
evi
ousmont
hs/
ti
meIconf
ir
medt
hatt
heabov
est
atedpr
obl
emsst
il
l
exi
sts,
andt
her
ewasv
eryl
owi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.Sot
hat
,theai
m
oft
hisst
udywer
epr
omot
edandexpl
ainedt
hechal
l
enge,whi
chwer
ehel
pful
ltof
il
l
t
hegapandwer
erecommendedaf
tert
hisst
udy
.

1.3.Basi
cQuest
ionoft
heSt
udy
1.Whatfact
oraf
fect
scowor
kingwi
thi
nIFALst
akehol
der
s?

2.Whi
chor
gani
zat
ionalsetuppr
omot
eef
fect
ivei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
n
met
tudi
str
ict
?

3.What ar
ethe chal
l
enges t
hat af
fect t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on of coor
dinat
ed
st
akehol
der
sonI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict
?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page3
1.
4.Objecti
veoftheStudy
Thegeneralandspeci
fi
cobject
ivesar
efor
mul
atedasf
oll
owswhi
chwasachi
eved.

1.
4.1.GeneralObj
ectiv
eoftheStudy
Theoveral
lobject
ivesoft
hisst
udywasanal
ysedt
hepr
act
iceandchal
l
engesoft
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hei
ntegr
atedf
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict
.

1.
4.2.Speci
ficObjecti
vesoftheSt
udy
Morespecif
ical
ly
,thisstudywasat
tempt
edt
o:

1.I
dent
if
ythe chal
l
enges t
hatt
o coor
dinat
ed t
he st
akehol
der
s ofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict

2.
Indent
if
ythemaj
orchal
l
engest
hatencount
eredt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict
.

3.Suggestt
hesol
uti
ont
oimpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
t
l
i
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict

1.
5.Si
gnif
icanceoft
heStudy
Thesigni
fi
canceofthestudywasmi
ghthav
ethef
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tancef
orv
ari
ous
st
akehol
der
s.I
t may hav
etopr
ovi
det
he met
tuwor
eda educat
ion exper
ts wi
th
necessar
yinf
ormat
ion concer
ning chal
l
enges ofst
akehol
der
’s coor
dinat
ion i
n
i
mpl
ement
ingI
FALpr
ogr
am.I
tmi
ghthav
ehel
pedI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsandcoor
dinat
ors
r
efl
ect
edont
hef
indi
ngsoft
hest
udyandi
mpr
ovedt
hechal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ingI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nMet
tuwor
eda.Thi
sst
udymi
ght
hav
e
usedasani
nputf
ort
hemet
tueducat
ionalof
fi
ceexper
ts.Ser
veasast
art
ingpoi
nt
f
orf
art
heri
nvest
igat
ionf
ori
ssueunderst
udy
.Inaddi
ti
on,i
twashel
pabenchmar
k
f
ori
nter
est
edi
ndi
vi
dual
whowasneededt
ost
udyi
nthear
ea.

1.6.Deli
mitat
ion/Scope/oft
heSt udy
Si
nceintegr
atedfuncti
onaladul
tli
ter
acyisabr
oadar
ea:i
twasv
erydi
ff
icul
ttost
udy
al
laspect
sabouti
t.Asar
esul
t,i
nor
dert
omaket
hest
udymanageabl
e,i
tdel
i
mit
ed
t
o assess I
FAL i
mpl
ement
ati
on,chal
l
enges,and possi
ble wayoutoft
he I
FAL
pr
ogr
am.Fur
ther
mor
e,i
tdeal
tonl
ywi
thi
ssues ofchal
l
enges ofst
akehol
der
’s

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page4
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
uAbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.

1.
7.Li
mitat
ionoft
hest udy.
I
tisclearthataresearchwor
kmi
ghtnotbet
otal
l
yfr
eef
rom l
i
mit
ati
on.Besi
des,
unwi
l
li
ngnessofaf
ewr
espondent
stof
il
ledt
hequest
ionnai
resandr
etur
nbackt
oon
t
ime.Theshor
tageoft
imeandbudgett
ocol
l
ectt
hedat
awer
econst
rai
ntswhi
ch
encount
eredt
her
esear
cher
,absenceofsomer
espondent
saf
tert
hepr
oposalwas
desi
gned.Howev
er,byappoi
nti
ngt
her
espondent
sandgoi
ngt
othear
ear
epeat
edl
y
t
her
esear
chercol
l
ect
edt
hedat
a.

1.
8.Oper
ati
onalDefi
nit
ionoftheKeyTerms
I
FAL:isanapproachthatbeginswi
ththedai
l
yli
feandexper
iencesofadul
tsand
enabl
est
hem t
osuccessf
ull
ylear
ntheski
l
lsofr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ing,andnumer
acyand
encour
agest
hem t
ovol
unt
ari
l
ypar
ti
cipat
einl
ear
ning.

Adul
tAdul
tli
ter
acy
:ist
hepr
ogr
am wher
ethepr
ocessofadul
teducat
iont
aki
ngpl
ace.

Met
tu di
str
ict
:gov
ernment
aladmi
nist
rat
ive st
ruct
ure whi
ch i
s nextt
ozonal
l
y
admi
nist
rat
ivef
oundi
nOr
omi
aregi
onal
stat
eIl
uAbbaBor
azone.

FAL:
i
sthef
ormerappr
oachoff
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acywher
ether
eisnoi
ntegr
ati
on
amongact
ivi
ti
es.

I
FALf
aci
li
tat
ors:ar
ethosewhof
aci
l
itat
eadul
tlear
ningatt
hecent
erwher
ethe
pr
ogr
am t
akespl
ace.

I
FAL coor
dinat
ors:ar
ethose bodi
es t
hatar
eresponsi
blef
orI
FAL pr
ogr
am
i
mpl
ement
ati
onatwor
edal
evel
.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page5
 Chapt
erTwo
2.Revi
ewofRel atedLit
erat
ure
Thi
schapt
erpr
esent
sther
eviewli
ter
atur
et hathasaconnect
ionwi
tht
het
it
leunder
st
udy
.Thus,def
ini
ti
onofadul
tli
ter
acy
,hi
stor
icaldev
elopmentoff
unct
ionaladul
t
l
i
ter
acy
,themai
npr
inci
plesandf
eat
uresoff
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acy
,rat
ional
foradul
t
l
i
ter
acy
,obj
ect
ives and benef
it
s ofadul
tli
ter
acypl
anni
ng and managementof
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acyand t
heneeds,mot
ivat
ion and char
act
eri
sti
csofadul
t
l
i
ter
acywer
edi
scussedi
ndet
ail
undert
hischapt
er.

2.
1.Funct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acyMeani
ngandDevelopment
Thedefi
nit
ionanddevel
opmentpr
ocessofi
ntegrat
edfunct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acywas
gi
venundert
hisasdi
scussedbel
ow.

2.
1.1.Defi
nit
ionofLi
teracyandFuncti
onalLit
eracy
I
tisv erydiffi
cul
tto giv
eacompr ehensi
vedef i
nit
ionf
ort
het
erm l
i
ter
acy
.The
def
ini
ti
onofi
tdur
ingt
heol
dday
sisdi
ff
erentf
rom i
tsdef
ini
ti
onoft
hepr
esentt
ime.
I
tal
sodi
ff
ersf
rom per
sont
oper
son.Ther
efor
e,di
ff
erentschol
arsdef
inedi
tin
di
ff
ersway
sindi
ff
erentt
imes.I
nrel
ati
ont
othi
sMohant
y(2007)st
ated“
Assuch,
l
i
ter
acyhasnomonol
i
thi
cdef
ini
ti
onsui
tabl
eforal
lcount
ri
esandf
oral
lti
me.I
tis,
t
her
efor
e,count
ryspeci
fi
candt
imespeci
fi
c.”Fr
om t
hisquot
ati
on,i
tiscl
eart
hat
di
ff
erentper
sonswhol
i
vei
ndi
ff
erentpl
acesper
cei
vel
i
ter
acydi
ff
erent
ly.Si
mil
arl
y,i
t
i
sal
socl
earf
rom t
hisquest
iont
hatpeopl
e’
sunder
standi
ngofl
i
ter
acyv
ari
esf
rom
t
imet
oti
me.Thet
radi
ti
onalunder
standi
ngofl
i
ter
acywasmer
elyl
i
mit
edt
othe3RS
(
readi
ng,
wri
ti
ngandar
it
hmet
ic)
.Itwasamat
terofknowi
nghowt
odealwi
thwor
ds
and number
s.I
tmeans knowi
ng how t
oread,wr
it
e and si
mpl
e cal
cul
ati
ons.
Tr
adi
ti
onall
i
ter
acyai
msati
mpar
ti
ngsuf
fi
cientpr
ofi
ciencyi
nreadi
ng,wr
it
ingand
ar
it
hmet
ic.I
tssol
eai
mist
opr
ovi
det
hei
l
li
ter
ates,whoev
ert
heyar
e,wi
thaccesst
o
t
hewr
it
tenwor
d.Howev
er,t
het
erml
i
ter
acyi
snowpar
tofl
i
fel
ongl
ear
ning.Li
ter
acy
i
sanagel
essconceptandpr
ocessandi
tthusnotr
elat
edt
oonl
ywi
th(
il
li
ter
ate)
adul
tsandwi
thout
-school
/nonf
ormaleducat
ion,butal
sowi
thchi
l
dren,y
out
hand
f
ormal
school
i
ng.Li
ter
acyi
sther
esul
tofknowl
edgeandski
l
lst
hatar
ever
yessent
ial
f
orpeopl
ebyenabl
i
ngt
hem t
obeef
fi
cientandef
fect
ivei
nthei
rday
-to-
dayl
i
ves.I
n

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page6
r
elat
iont
oli
ter
acy
’susesUNESCO(
2005)expr
essedas“
Lit
eracyski
l
lsar
eessent
ial
i
ntoday
’sknowl
edgesoci
eti
es.
”

Regar
dingt
oLi
ter
acy
,Mohant
y(2007)al
soexpr
essedas“
Lit
eracyi
sapr
e-r
equi
sit
e,
anessent
ialcondi
ti
onf
oracqui
ri
ngandappl
yi
ngknowl
edgef
ort
aki
ngdeci
sionsand
f
orsol
vi
ngpr
obl
ems.I
nshor
titi
snecessar
yforsuccessf
ull
i
vingandf
ori
mpr
ovi
ng
t
hequal
i
tyofl
i
fe.
”

Thephr
asef
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyhasdi
ff
erentmeani
ngssi
ncei
twasadopt
ed by
UNESCOi
ntheear
ly1960s.I
tsmeani
nghasgonesev
eralt
ransf
ormat
ions.I
twas
i
nit
ial
l
yli
nked t
othe not
ion ofsust
ainabl
eli
ter
acy (
readi
ng and wr
it
ing wi
th
under
standi
ngandaut
onomy
).Dur
ingt
hatt
ime,
itwasbel
i
evedt
hatf
oury
ear
soft
he
school
i
ngwer
ethemi
nimum necessar
ycondi
ti
onf
oracqui
ri
ngaf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acy
andf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyl
aterev
olv
ed.Thati
sbasi
cli
ter
acywasunder
stoodast
he
f
ir
stphaseofl
i
ter
acy(
li
ter
acyacqui
sit
ionswast
hesameasl
ear
ningt
oreadand
wr
it
e)andt
hel
aterwast
henextphaseofl
i
ter
acy
.

Thesecondphasewasconsi
der
edast
heef
fect
iveuseofr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingi
nday
-
t
o-day act
ivi
ty(
Okech,2009)
.Funct
ionalwas r
edef
ined as wor
k or
ient
ed and
pr
oduct
ionor
ient
ed.I
twasassumedt
hatf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyappr
oachwoul
dal
so
cont
ri
but
etosol
vet
het
radi
ti
onalmot
ivat
ionpr
obl
em t
owar
dsl
i
ter
acy
.Thati
s,i
t
woul
dmakel
i
ter
acymor
eat
tract
ive.Asar
eact
iont
otheconv
ent
ionalappr
oach,
f
unct
ionalmeanssomet
hingwhi
chi
srel
evant
,meani
ngf
ulandpr
act
icalut
il
it
y.I
nthe
sameway
,Papen(
2005)def
inedf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyasaski
l
lwhi
chi
srequi
redf
ora
r
angeofact
ivi
ti
esassoci
atedwi
tht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
spar
ti
cipat
ioni
nsoci
eti
es.The
wor
dfunct
ionalher
eref
ersnotonl
ysoci
eti
es’demandsoni
tsi
ndi
vi
dualmember
s
butencompassesr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingt
hatser
vesi
ndi
vi
dualneedsandpur
poses.I
n
Pr
act
ice,t
wodi
ff
erentunder
standi
ngsoff
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyhav
eexi
sted:f
unct
ional
l
i
ter
acyasr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingacqui
ri
ngatal
evelofenoughcompet
encet
obeput
t
ouseandact
ual
l
yputt
opr
oduct
iveuseandf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyasr
eadi
ngand
wr
it
ingpl
usknowl
edgeandski
l
lsi
not
her
sfi
elds(
Okech,2009)
.Funct
ionalAdul
t
Li
ter
acyi
samet
hodoft
rai
ningi
l
li
ter
ateadul
tfordev
elopmentpur
posesandl
i
ter
acy
ski
l
ls.Thati
siti
snotmer
elyal
i
ter
acypr
ogr
am.I
tismuchmor
ethanl
i
ter
acy
.Iti
sa
f
unct
ionaleducat
ionai
mingatknowl
edge,under
standi
ng,changesi
nat
ti
tudeand

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page7
mot
ivat
ionofl
ear
ner
sforsol
vi
ngdi
ff
erentpr
obl
ems.

I
tisameansofdev
elopi
ngt
heper
sonal
i
tyoft
hei
l
li
ter
ates.I
tisgr
eat
lybel
i
evedt
o
bear
eli
abl
etoolandameanst
oimpr
ovet
hel
i
vingcondi
ti
onsofi
ndi
vi
duall
ear
ner
s
andt
hesoci
etyasawhol
e.Funct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acyi
sconceptt
hati
susedi
nvar
ious
way
sst
art
ingf
rom t
hemor
eli
ter
atemeani
ngofl
i
ter
acyt
othemor
emet
aphor
ical
meani
ngsofot
herbasi
cknowl
edgeandski
l
lsr
equi
redbyi
nthei
rdai
l
yli
ves.I
nal
l
cases,
howev
er,
funct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acynott
reatr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ingi
nisol
atedway
butt
ri
est
oaddr
esst
hem i
nint
egr
atedmanner
.Int
egr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy
l
i
nksl
i
ter
acyandl
i
vel
i
hoodel
ement
s.I
tisapar
ti
cipat
oryappr
oacht
hatpr
ovi
des
ski
l
lsonr
eadi
ng,
wri
ti
ngandcount
ingl
i
nkedwi
thpr
act
ical
knowl
edgeandski
l
ls.

I
tisapr
ocessofcor
rel
ati
ondev
elopmentpur
poseswi
theducat
ionalpr
ogr
amsand
i
nput
s.I
nthi
sregar
d,SamuelAsnake(
2007)st
atedt
hei
mpor
tanceoft
wof
old
i
ntegr
ati
on.Att
hecommuni
tyl
evel
,thepr
ogr
am musti
ntegr
atebasi
cli
ter
acy
,li
fe
ski
l
ls and i
ncome gener
ati
ng act
ivi
ti
es.Att
he same t
ime,t
he pr
ogr
am must
i
ntegr
atei
tsel
fint
othe wi
derpov
ert
yreduct
ion and sust
ainabl
e dev
elopment
st
rat
egi
esi
nasy
stemat
icway
.Int
egr
atedf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acyappr
oachi
susedi
n
or
dert
oaddr
essadul
tlear
ner
s’needsadequat
ely
.Thi
sappr
oachbr
ingsknowl
edge
f
rom di
ff
erentar
eas.Suchki
ndsofi
ntegr
ati
onar
ever
yimpor
tantbecausei
nreall
i
fe
si
tuat
ions,onepr
obl
em maycomef
rom di
ff
erentt
hingsandi
tisof
tenpossi
blet
o
sol
vei
tbyl
ooki
ngatf
rom di
ff
erentangl
es.

2.1.
2.Hi
stor
icalDevel
opmentofFunct
ional
Adul
tLi
ter
acy
Justastheuni ver
saldecl
arat
ionofhumanr i
ght
,Lit
eracyhasbeenconsi
der
ed
somet
imest
owhi
chev
eryper
soni
sent
it
ledt
o.Li
ter
acyi
nit
ial
l
yref
err
edt
oreadi
ng,
wr
it
ingandcal
cul
ati
ngsi
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons.Unt
ilt
hemi
d-1960s,t
her
ightt
oli
ter
acy
waspr
imar
il
yunder
stoodasasetoft
echni
cal
ski
l
ls:
readi
ngandsi
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons.
Pr
omot
ingLi
ter
acywasf
undament
all
yamat
terofenabl
i
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
stoacqui
re
t
heseski
l
ls(
UNESCO,2005)
.Thi
sunder
standi
ngofl
i
ter
acyl
edt
omassl
i
ter
acy
campai
gnsai
medater
adi
cat
ionofi
l
li
ter
acywi
thi
naf
ew y
ear
s.Cont
rar
ytot
hei
r
i
ntent
ion,suchcampai
gnsr
eveal
edt
hatl
i
ter
acycannotbesust
ainedbyshor
t-
ter
m
oper
ati
onsorbyt
op-
downandonesect
oract
ionsmai
nlydi
rect
edt
owar
dst
he
acqui
sit
ion oft
echni
calski
l
ls wi
thoutgi
vi
ng emphasi
s on t
he cont
ext
s and
mot
ivat
ionoft
hel
ear
ner
sandpr
operf
oll
ow upofaccompl
i
shment
.Ont
heot
her

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page8
hand,some successf
ulcampai
gns whi
ch wer
e conduct
ed i
n ov
ert
ly pol
i
tical
f
ramewor
kshav
etodowi
tht
hei
mpor
tantpol
i
ticalr
olespl
ayedbypol
i
ticalwi
l
l
gl
obal
i
zat
ioni
nli
ter
acyef
for
ts.The1960sand1970sbr
oughtat
tent
iont
othemeans
i
nwhi
chl
i
ter
acyi
sint
egr
atedt
owi
thsoci
o-economi
cdev
elopmentandt
heconcept
off
unct
ionall
i
ter
acywas cr
eat
ed.Pr
ogr
am f
orf
unct
ionall
i
ter
acywhi
ch wer
e
desi
gnedt
opr
omot
ereadi
ngandwr
it
ingaswel
lasar
it
hmet
icalski
l
lsnecessar
yfor
i
ncr
easi
ng pr
oduct
ivi
ty wer
ethe subj
ect
s ofmany nat
ionaland i
nter
nat
ional
campai
gns.

Asr
esul
t,l
i
ter
acycamet
obev
iewedasnecessar
ycondi
ti
onsf
oreconomi
cand
nat
ionaldev
elopment
.Forexampl
e;t
hewor
ldcongr
essofmi
nist
ersofeducat
ionon
t
heer
adi
cat
ionofi
l
li
ter
acyhel
dinTehr
an(
1965)st
ressedf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imet
he
i
nter
rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenl
i
ter
acyanddev
elopment
.Thenot
ionoff
unct
ionall
i
ter
acy
becomes l
i
nchpi
n ofUNESCO’
s Exper
iment
alWor
ld Li
ter
acy Pr
ogr
am (
EWLP)
i
nit
iat
edatt
hegener
alconf
erencei
n1966,i
mpl
ement
edi
nel
evencount
ri
esand
di
scont
inued i
n 1973.The EWLP,f
ounded by Uni
ted Nat
ions Dev
elopment
Pr
ogr
amme(
UNDP)andot
heragenci
es,ai
medt
opr
ovi
del
i
ter
acyacqui
sit
ionv
ia
exper
iment
ati
onandwor
kor
ient
edl
ear
ning.I
npar
all
el,
theUNDPt
ookal
eadi
ngr
ole
i
nfi
nanci
ngt
echni
cal
assi
stancet
hati
ncor
por
atedi
deasoff
unct
ional
li
ter
acy(
Bhol
a,
1994)
.Al
thoughi
nit
ial
l
yfocusedonenhancedef
fi
ciencyandpr
oduct
ivi
ty,
theconcept
off
unct
ionall
i
ter
acywasl
aterexpandedi
nli
ghtofEWLPexper
iencest
oincl
udea
br
oaderar
rayofhumanconcer
nsandaspi
rat
ions.

I
nrel
ati
ont
othi
s,i
twasst
atedas“
Funct
ionalLi
ter
acyi
sseent
obei
dent
icalwi
th
l
i
fel
ongl
ear
ningi
nsof
arast
hel
aterconceptal
soencompassesev
ery
thi
ngwhi
ch
ent
ersl
i
fe”UNESCO/
UNDP,
Cit
edi
n(Sandhaas,
2008)
.

Dur
ingt
he1970s,Paul
oFr
ere’
stheor
yofConsci
ent
izat
ionwhi
chst
atedt
hatt
he
soci
alawar
eness and cr
it
icalenqui
ryar
e keyf
act
orsi
n soci
alchange gai
ned
popul
ari
tyi
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.I
tal
soheav
il
yinf
luencedconcept
ionsofl
i
ter
acy
i
nUNESCOandot
heri
nter
nat
ionalor
gani
zat
ions.I
nrel
ati
ont
ocont
ri
but
ion,i
twas
st
atedasFr
èresi
deasaboutl
i
ter
acygai
nedpr
omi
nencei
nthe1970sand1980sata
t
imewhen,att
hei
nter
nat
ionall
evel
,fai
thi
nthef
unct
ionalmodelofl
i
ter
acywas
begi
nni
ngt
ofadeduet
othepoorr
esul
tsmanyl
i
ter
acypr
ogr
ammeshadpr
oduced

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page9
(
Papen,2005)
.In 1975,dur
ing an i
nter
nat
ionalsy
mposi
um f
orl
i
ter
acyhel
din
Per
sepol
i(I
ran)
,Fr
èrewasawar
dedt
heMohammedRezaPahl
aviPr
izef
orLi
ter
acy
byUNESCO.I
nrel
ati
ont
ocr
it
icalconsci
ousness,i
twasst
atedasLi
ter
acyshoul
d
opent
hewayt
oamast
eryoft
echni
quesandhumanr
elat
ions.Li
ter
acyi
snotanend
i
nit
sel
f.I
tisaf
undament
alhumanr
ight(
Bat
ail
l
e,1976)
.

2.
2.Dif
fer
entApproachest
oTeachi
ngandLearni
ngLi
ter
acy
Li
ter
acyapproachesref
ert
othemodelofplanni
ngandimplement
ati
onofl
i
ter
acy
t
asks.Theappr
oachesadopt
edar
isef
rom t
heobj
ect
ivesoft
hepr
ogr
ams.Theyhel
p
t
ochooset
hecont
ent
sandmet
hodst
ofi
ttheai
ms.Someoft
hemosti
mpor
tant
i
ssues/
quest
ionst
obeconsi
der
edf
oral
i
ter
acyappr
oach(
Str
ategy
)accor
dingt
o
Johnst
onandLi
nd(
1990)ar
ethepr
ior
it
yai
ms;
groupsshoul
dbei
ncl
uded;
thescal
e
oft
hepr
ogr
am,i
nthenumberofpar
ti
cipant
sandper
iodoft
ime;mot
ivat
iont
obe
cr
eat
ed;t
hef
ramewor
koft
heor
gani
zat
ion,super
visi
on,andt
hel
i
kes.Suppor
ti
ng
t
hisi
deaLi
nd(
2008)st
atedt
hreecommonappr
oachest
oteachi
ngadul
tli
ter
acy
.
Thesei
ncl
ude:t
hesoci
alawar
enessr
aisi
ngappr
oaches,t
hedev
elopment
-or
ient
ed
appr
oachandt
hef
ormal
educat
ionappr
oach.

2.
2.1.Soci
alAwarenessorLiberati
onApproach
Soci
alawareness approaches have been adopt
ed mai
nlybyNGO and Popul
ar
mov
ement
sinspi
redbyFr
eir
eanconsci
ent
izat
ionl
i
ter
acyper
spect
ives.Theyhav
e
expl
i
citpol
i
ticaland soci
alobj
ect
ives.Li
ter
acy i
s seen as a t
oolf
orsoci
al
t
ransf
ormat
ionandempower
ingpeopl
etopar
ti
cipat
eindemocr
ati
cpr
ocess.The
obj
ect
ivei
stoov
ercomeoper
ati
on.

2.
2.2.Dev
elopmentOri
entedorFuncti
onal
Approach
Devel
opment-or
ient
edapproachesref
ertotheincl
usi
onofdev
elopmentor
ient
ed
pr
ogr
am component
s orl
ear
ning cont
ent
s aboutheal
th pr
act
ices,agr
icul
tur
e,
mar
ket
ingenv
ironment
ali
ssuesandot
herl
i
vel
i
hoodski
l
ls.I
ntegr
atedappr
oachest
o
l
i
ter
acyhav
etr
iedt
orespondt
otheconcer
nofpoorpeopl
ewant
ingt
obr
eakout
pov
ert
yandl
ear
nhow t
oimpr
ovet
hei
rli
vel
i
hoods.Theseappr
oachesbegi
nwi
th
ei
therl
i
vel
i
hoodorl
i
ter
acyt
rai
ningandt
henaddt
heot
hercomponent
s.

Thepr
act
icesofl
i
nki
ngl
i
ter
acyt
oot
herf
unct
ionalordev
elopment
-or
ient
edski
l
lsar
e
mi
xed.Thet
womor
ecommonway
srel
ati
ngt
othesear
e:f
ir
stt
orunl
i
ter
acyand
i
ncomegener
ati
ngact
ivi
ti
esi
npar
all
elbutsepar
atel
y;orsecond,t
orunl
i
ter
acy

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page10
act
ivi
ti
esf
ir
st,
fol
l
owedbyi
ncome,
gener
ati
onact
ivi
ti
es(
Oxenham etal
.
,2002)
.

2.
2.3.For
malEducat
ionorCont
inui
ngAdul
tEducat
ionAppr
oach
Mostadultl
i
ter
acyprogr
amsseem t obel
abel
ledasnon-f
ormalwi
thoutl
i
nki
ngt
o
f
ormalorcont
inui
ngeducat
ion.Fr
equent
ly,t
hisi
spoi
ntedoutasaweaknessby
r
esear
cher
s,Pol
i
cy-
maker
s,educat
orsandl
ear
ner
sthemsel
ves.Sev
eralst
udi
es,f
or
exampl
efr
om Sout
hAf
ri
caandNami
bia,Papen(
2005)hav
eshownt
hatmanyadul
t
l
i
ter
acyl
ear
ner
sar
ehappywi
thorpr
efer
,af
ormalschool
-l
ikeappr
oacheswi
th
t
ext
books,examsandcer
ti
fi
cat
es,wi
tht
ext
books,ascompar
edt
oanon-
for
mal
communi
tyor
ient
edappr
oachwi
thoutt
ext
booksorcer
ti
fi
cat
es.Ther
eiscl
ear
lya
demandf
orbr
ingi
ngandl
eader
stof
ormalpat
hsofcont
inui
ngeducat
ionf
oradul
ts
whohav
ebeent
hroughnon-
for
mall
i
ter
acypr
ogr
ammes.Ver
yli
tt
lepr
ogr
esshas
beenmadeont
his.Noneoft
heseappr
oachesar
ecompl
eteorexcl
usi
ve.Theyf
ocus
on di
ff
erentaspect
sand t
her
ecer
tai
nlyexi
stmi
xtur
esand v
ari
ati
onsoft
hese
appr
oaches.Al
ll
it
eracypr
ogr
ammesdonotnecessar
il
yfi
tint
othesecat
egor
iesand
somecanbef
it
tedi
ntoonewhi
l
etheyar
ecl
ear
lyi
nfl
uencedi
ncer
tai
naspect
s
(
Johnst
onandLi
nd,
1990)
.

Onecanunder
standf
rom t
heabov
eemphasi
sofdi
ff
erentappr
oach,usi
ngt
hese
appr
oachesi
ssi
tuat
ionalwher
ethecondi
ti
oni
nwhi
cht
hepr
ogr
am i
simpl
ement
ed
di
rect
sust
ochooset
heappr
opr
iat
eappr
oach.So,
iti
spossi
blet
osaynoneoft
hese
appr
oachesar
egoodenoughbyt
hemsel
ves.

2.
3.TheMai
nPrincipl
esandFeat
uresofFunct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acy
Despi
tet
hefactthatdif
fer
entmeaningsofwhatFuncti
onalAdul
tLi
ter
acymeans
Okech(
2007)
,iti
sgener
all
yagr
eedt
hati
tischar
act
eri
zedbyanumberofpr
inci
ples.
Concer
ningt
othi
s,Sandhaas(
2008)descr
ibed16mai
nfeat
uresandchar
act
eri
sti
cs
ofi
t.Theyar
e:emphasi
sonl
ear
ningneeds,needassessmentofl
ear
ner
s,l
ear
ner
s
ar
eseenasst
akehol
der
sofcommuni
tydev
elopment
,recogni
zespeopl
e’
schangi
ng
needsandaspi
rat
ions,mot
hert
ongueasl
anguageofi
nst
ruct
ion,i
ntegr
ati
onof
subj
ectmat
ter
,int
egr
ati
on ofl
ear
ning and l
i
fe,i
ntegr
ati
on ofser
vicepr
ovi
der
s,
t
rai
ned and r
emuner
ated st
aff
,faci
l
itat
ors mustbe chosen accor
ding t
othei
r
qual
i
ficat
ion and mot
ivat
ion,act
ive and l
ear
ner
-cant
ered t
eachi
ng met
hods,
pr
oduct
ionandut
il
izat
ionofdi
ff
erentl
ear
ningmat
eri
als,
flexi
bleandl
ear
neror
ient
ed
t
ime and dur
ati
on,cont
inualpar
ti
cipat
oryassessmentofl
ear
ning achi
evement
,

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page11
Funct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy needs sy
stemat
ic managementand i
nvol
ve abl
e and
capabl
eint
ermedi
ari
es.Someoft
hispr
inci
plei
ssi
mil
arwi
tht
hesi
xcor
eadul
t
l
ear
ningpr
inci
ple.Thosesi
xcor
eadul
tlear
ningpr
inci
plesar
e:t
hel
ear
ner
s’needt
o
know,sel
f-
dir
ect
ed l
ear
ning,pr
iorexper
ienceoft
hel
ear
ner
,readi
nesst
olear
n,
or
ient
ati
ont
olear
ningandmot
ivat
iont
olear
n(Knowl
es,
1984)
.

2.
4.Rat
ional
e,Obj
ect
ivesandBenef
it
sofFunct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acy
Thecomprehensi
verati
onal
e,obj
ecti
vesandbenefi
tsofadultl
it
eracypr
ogr
ams
wer
epr
esent
edundert
hist
it
leasdi
scussedbel
ow.

2.
4.1.Rati
onal
eforFunct
ional
Adul
tLi
ter
acy
Asociet
ywhichisabl
etocommunicat
einreadi
ngandwr
it
ingi
sabl
etohandl
ebasi
c
i
nfor
meddi
scussi
onsandoper
ati
ons(
busi
ness,agr
icul
tur
e,heal
th,env
ironment
,
democr
acy
,et
c)i
ndai
l
yli
fe.Li
ter
atepeopl
ear
eessent
ialf
orsoci
aldev
elopment
.
Pooradul
tshar
dlyl
ear
nfort
hesakeofl
ear
ningbutt
heymai
nlyl
ear
ninor
dert
oget
basi
csur
viv
alski
l
lswhi
ch enabl
ethem t
ofi
ghtagai
nstpov
ert
y.The need f
or
f
unct
ional adul
tli
ter
acy pr
ogr
am i
s di
rect
lyr
elat
ed t
o i
ts r
elev
ance and
appr
opr
iat
enessi
nor
dert
osol
vet
hev
ari
ousl
i
fepr
obl
emsoft
hecommuni
ty.I
tis
usedf
orpov
ert
yreduct
ionpur
pose.I
tisnotsi
mpl
yor
gani
zi
ngbasi
cli
ter
acycl
asses
f
oradul
tlear
ner
s.I
tgoesbey
ondl
i
ter
acyl
essons.I
tisapar
ti
cipat
oryappr
oacht
hat
mot
ivat
esadul
tlear
ner
sinor
dert
ocont
inuet
hei
rsear
chi
ngf
orknowl
edgeandski
l
ls.

I
tenabl
est
hel
ear
ner
stodev
elopasenseofempl
oymentandt
oimpr
ovet
hei
rown
l
ear
ningcondi
ti
onsusi
ngt
hei
rownef
for
ts.I
trequi
resawi
der
angeofl
ocalpeopl
e’
s
par
ti
cipat
ioni
ndi
ff
erentact
ivi
ti
es.I
nrel
ati
ont
othi
s,Okech(
2009)sai
dthatt
her
eis
sev
eral
pur
poseoff
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acy
.

These ar
e:f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy cont
ri
but
es t
o economi
c empower
ment
par
ti
cul
arl
ybyenabl
i
ng women t
o maket
hei
rgoodsmor
eef
fect
ivel
yand t
hat
enabl
est
hem t
opl
anandi
mpl
ementi
ncomegener
ati
on.I
nthesoci
aldi
mensi
on,
pr
operdeci
sionmaki
ngpr
ocur
espr
omot
edbyFALl
eadt
obet
tersoci
alwel
far
e.
Educat
ional
l
yandsoci
all
yempower
edcommuni
ti
esar
eseent
opar
ti
cipat
emor
e
ef
fect
ivel
yinpov
ert
yreduct
ion.Ther
eisev
idencet
hatbet
terf
ami
l
ycar
eresul
ti
ng
f
rom FALl
eadst
obet
terheal
th,bet
terheal
thseeki
ngandt
hatpar
ent
stakegr
eat
er
car
efort
hei
rchi
l
dren’
sschool
i
ng.FALcanpr
omot
euni
ver
salpr
imar
yeducat
ion

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page12
(
UPE)
.In pol
i
ticaldi
mensi
on,soci
all
yempower
ed peopl
e can par
ti
cipat
e mor
e
ef
fect
ivel
yinmanagi
ngsoci
ety
.

2.4.
2.Object
ivesofFuncti
onalAdul
tLi
teracy
Functi
onalAdul tLit
eracy pr
ogram aims ati
nit
iat
ing and pr
omot
ing soci
all
y,
economi
cal
l
yandcul
tur
all
yrel
evantl
i
ter
acypr
act
icesandl
i
vel
i
hoodski
l
lst
hatcan
hel
padul
tst
ofi
ghtagai
nstpov
ert
y.Thi
sobj
ect
ivemustbeachi
evedt
hroughaneed
baseddy
nami
c,i
ntegr
atedandsust
ainabl
elear
ningenv
ironment
.Funct
ionaladul
t
l
i
ter
acyl
eadst
o empower
mentasf
arasl
i
ter
acyser
vesadul
tlear
ner
sto ask
quest
ionsaboutt
hel
i
fesi
tuat
ions,pr
obl
emsandasi
tser
vest
hem t
osear
chf
or
i
nfor
meddeci
sionsandact
ionst
hathel
pforf
ight
ingt
her
ootcausesofpov
ert
yfor
t
hem (
Okech,
2009)
.

Thespeci
fi
cobj
ect
ivesoff
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acyar
etoenabl
einf
ormeddeci
sions
i
ndai
l
yli
fe,t
oensur
eact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofi
ndi
vi
dualorgr
oupsi
nper
sonaland
communi
ty dev
elopment
,to gener
ate and di
ver
sif
yincome sour
ces f
orbet
ter
l
i
vel
i
hoodsandt
opr
omot
eli
fel
ongl
ear
ning.Thef
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
s
pl
annedt
oint
roduceal
lel
ement
sofl
ear
ningcont
ent
sthr
oughl
ear
ner
-cant
eredand
pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngappr
oachwi
thspeci
alemphasi
stosol
vepr
obl
emsandi
ncr
easet
he
pr
oduct
ivi
tyoft
hecommuni
ty.I
nthi
sway
,adul
tlear
ner
slear
ntoi
dent
if
ythei
r
commonpr
obl
emsandt
ryt
ofi
ndsol
uti
onsf
ort
hosepr
obl
emst
hatdecr
easedt
hei
r
pr
oduct
ivi
ty and hi
nder
ed t
hei
rachi
evementofbet
terl
i
vel
i
hood.The ai
ms of
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
ncl
udet
eachi
ngi
l
li
ter
atemenandwomenbasi
c
l
i
ter
acyandnumer
acyasr
elat
edt
oagr
icul
tur
e,heal
th,env
ironmentet
c.Tohel
p
t
hem appl
ytheseski
l
lsandknowl
edget
osol
vet
hei
rbasi
ceconomi
c,soci
aland
cul
tur
alpr
obl
ems(
Okech,
2007)
.

2.4.
3.Benefi
tsofFunct
ional
AdultLi
ter
acy
Functi
onaladul
tli
ter
acycanbebenefi
tadul
tlear
ner
sandt
hecommuni
tyi
ndi
ff
erent
way
s.I
thel
ps peopl
etol
i
vei
n bet
terl
i
fe.I
tenabl
es t
hem t
oincr
ease t
hei
r
pr
oduct
ivi
ty.I
tal
soenabl
est
hem t
opr
act
icef
ami
l
ypl
anni
ngandt
ofi
ghthar
mful
t
radi
ti
onsoft
hecommuni
ty.Mor
eov
er,i
thel
pst
hem t
opr
act
icet
hei
rri
ght
sand
obl
i
gat
ions.Thi
sleadst
hem t
o bui
l
d a democr
ati
csoci
ety
.Adul
teducat
ion i
s
f
oundedont
heneedsoft
hebenef
ici
ari
esandr
equi
resmul
ti
-sector
alact
ivi
ti
es.
Adul
twi
l
lbeencour
agedt
olear
n,onl
yift
heyf
indt
hepr
ogr
am r
elat
edt
othei
rli
fe,

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page13
whi
chi
spr
obl
em-
sol
vi
ngandbr
ingsaboutachangei
nthei
rli
fest
yle.I
nthi
sregar
d,i
t
wasdescr
ibedt
hatt
her
ati
onal
eforr
ecogni
zi
ngl
i
ter
acyasar
ighti
sthesetof
benef
it
sitconf
ersoni
ndi
vi
dual
s,f
ami
l
ies,
communi
ti
esandnat
ions.

I
ndeed,i
tis wi
del
yrecogni
zed t
hat
,in moder
n soci
eti
es,l
i
ter
acy ski
l
ls ar
e
f
undament
alt
oinf
ormed deci
sion maki
ng,per
sonalempower
ment
,act
ive and
passi
vepar
ti
cipat
ioni
nlocal
andgl
obal
soci
alcommuni
ty(
Str
omqui
st,
2005)
.Ont
he
cont
rar
y,t
het
radi
ti
onalappr
oachofl
i
ter
acyf
ail
edi
nmanypl
acesi
nthewor
ld
because adul
tlear
ner
slacked i
nter
nalmot
ivat
ion.Tr
adi
ti
onalbasi
cli
ter
acy
domi
nat
edpr
ogr
amsusual
l
yshow someundesi
redout
comes,especi
all
ythatt
he
par
ti
cipant
s pass l
i
ter
acy t
est
s butt
hey st
op r
eadi
ng,wr
it
ing and cal
cul
ati
on
i
mmedi
atel
yaf
ter
.Oneoft
her
easonsi
sthel
ackofmeani
ngf
ulmat
eri
alst
oread,
wr
it
e and counti
nthe nat
ionalorl
ocall
anguage,t
he unav
ail
abi
l
ity ornon-
af
for
dabi
l
ityofr
eadi
ngmat
eri
alsandt
hel
ackofenoughpr
ofi
ciency
.Af
tert
hat
,
par
ti
cipant
scannotappl
ybasi
cli
ter
acyi
ndai
l
yli
fe.

Al
ackoff
unct
ional
knowl
edgeandt
hesepar
ati
onofl
ear
ningcont
ent
sfr
om dai
l
yli
fe
r
esul
tinl
ear
ner
swhoar
eunabl
etowr
it
emeani
ngf
ulmessages.Theydonotal
so
r
eadandunder
standl
ett
ersandi
nst
ruct
ionspr
oper
ly.Thesel
eadt
opoormot
ivat
ion
t
ocont
inuet
hei
rlear
ning(
Robi
nson,2005)
.Rev
iewi
ngt
heobj
ect
ivesoff
unct
ional
adul
tli
ter
acyenabl
est
her
esear
chert
ounder
standwhyI
FALi
staki
ngpl
aceandhel
p
t
oseet
heact
ivi
ti
est
hatar
etaki
ngpl
acei
nli
newi
tht
heobj
ect
ivesf
ormul
atedahead.

2.
5.ThePlanni
ngandManagementofFunct
ionalAdul
tLi
teracyProgr
am
Theplanni
ngandmanagementprocessofi
ntegrat
edadultli
ter
acyprogr
am i
sthe
keyact
ivi
ti
est
hatdr
iveal
lpr
ocesst
oachi
evet
heI
FALobj
ect
ives.Theseal
lpr
ocess
di
scussedher
eunder
.

2.
5.1.ThePlanni
ngofFunct
ionalAdultLi
teracyProgram
I
tisbettert
odefinet
hewordpl anni
ngbef oreseeingthepl
anni
ngofFALpr
ogr
am.
Thet
erm pl
anni
nghasdi
ff
erentmeani
ngsaccor
dingt
oit
scont
ext
.Asar
esul
t,
di
ff
erentschol
arsdef
inedi
tindi
ff
erentway
s.I
tcanbedef
inedasaski
l
lofar
rangi
ng
oror
gani
zi
ngact
ivi
ti
es,
resour
cesandf
aci
l
iti
esf
orconduct
ingaspeci
fi
cpr
ogr
am of
educat
ionalact
ivi
ti
es.Pl
anni
ngi
sani
deat
hathasbeenusedi
nthef
iel
dofadul
t
educat
ionf
oral
ongper
iodoft
ime.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page14
Howev
er,t
he under
standi
ng ofi
ts conceptr
emai
ned as a subj
ectofdebat
e.
Gener
all
yspeaki
ngmostpeopl
eagr
eet
hatpl
anni
ngi
svi
ewedasasy
stemat
ic
pr
ocessofdeci
si
onmaki
ngandact
inguponsuchdeci
sions.I
tisacont
inuousef
for
t
ofdeci
dingwhatneedst
obedonebyel
i
minat
ingt
hel
essi
mpor
tantwor
kand
f
ocusi
ngont
hemor
eimpor
tantones(
GbokuandLekoko,
2007)
.

Pl
anni
ng i
s one oft
he mosti
mpor
tantt
echni
ques t
hatar
e used f
orpr
oject
managementandt
imemanagement
.Iti
spr
epar
ingasequenceofact
ionst
epst
o
achi
evesomespeci
fi
cgoal
s.I
fiti
sdoneef
fect
ivel
y,i
tcanr
educemuchoft
he
necessar
yti
meandef
for
tofachi
evi
nggoal
.Iti
sver
ycr
uci
alf
ormeet
ingt
heneeds.
Gener
all
y,pl
anni
ngcanbedef
inedasmaki
ngdeci
sionaboutf
utur
eact
ionsby
choosi
ngamongal
ter
nat
ives.I
tist
hef
ir
stmanager
ialf
unct
ionandi
tlay
sthegr
ound
wor
kforot
hermanager
ialf
unct
ions.I
tinv
olv
essel
ect
ingmi
ssi
onsandobj
ect
ives
andi
tbr
idgest
hegapwher
ewear
etowher
ewewantt
obei
nthef
utur
e.The
pl
anni
ng of f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy pr
ogr
ams i
ncl
udes enhanci
ng peopl
e’
s
commi
tmentt
othosepr
ogr
ams,i
ncr
easecov
eragebyexpandi
ngt
hem,capaci
ty
i
nst
it
uti
onsf
ort
hem,
est
abl
i
shi
ngasust
ainabl
enet
wor
kandanef
fect
ivemoni
tor
ing
andev
aluat
ingsy
stem aswel
lascr
eat
ingpar
tner
shi
ps(
PlunketandAt
tner
,1986)
.I
t
i
s expect
ed t
hatI
FAL pl
anni
ng shoul
d be pr
epar
ed byt
he par
ti
cipat
ion ofal
l
concer
ned body wher
e I
FAL f
aci
l
itat
ors, coor
dinat
ors, l
ear
ner
s and ot
her
st
akehol
der
stakepar
t.

2.
5.2.TheManagementofFunct
ional
AdultLi
teracyProgram
Managementoftheseprogr
amsi sajoi
ntresponsibi
l
ityofdif
fer
entpar
ti
es.These
par
ti
esi
ncl
udet
hepr
ojectst
aff
,thecommuni
ty,
thegov
ernmentbodi
es,
civ
ilser
vice
or
gani
zat
ion,NGO and t
he l
i
kes.
The managementoff
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy
pr
ogr
amsshoul
dadoptpar
ti
cipat
oryappr
oachwhi
chal
l
owst
hest
aff
,coor
dinat
ors,
adul
tlear
ner
s,and t
he communi
tyt
oinv
olv
e act
ivel
yint
he pr
ogr
am deci
sion
pr
ocess.

Concer
ningt
oadul
teducat
ionmanagementbodyi
nEt
hiopi
a,i
twasst
atedt
hat
r
eal
i
zingt
hei
mpor
tanceofcoor
dinat
ion,anat
ionaladul
teducat
ionmanagement
body was est
abl
i
shed atf
eder
all
evelwi
th member
shi
p ofdi
ff
erent
,rel
evant
mi
nist
ri
esi
ncl
udi
ng agr
icul
tur
aland r
uraldev
elopment
,heal
th,women’
saf
fai
rs,
y
out
hand spor
ts,l
abourand soci
alaf
fai
rs.Bydoi
ng t
his,i
thasbeent
ri
ed t
o

Tesf
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t2018Page15
or
gani
zeadul
teducat
ioni
nast
rengt
henedandcoor
dinat
edmannerbasedont
he
decent
ral
i
zed admi
nist
rat
ion sy
stem oft
he count
ry wi
th def
ined dut
ies and
r
esponsi
bil
i
ties.Concer
ningt
othi
s,Pl
unketandAt
tner(
1986)sai
dthatsy
stemat
ic
managementi
sessent
ial
foranyact
ivi
ty.So,
FALpr
ogr
am needsi
t.

2.5.
3.Organi
zingFunct
ionalAdul
tLit
eracyPr
ogram
Functi
onaladultl
i
ter
acyprogram i
sorgani
zedinthewayt
hatdi
ff
erentper
sonswho
hav
edi
ff
erentr
olespar
ti
cipat
eini
t.Thesepeopl
ewhohav
edi
ff
erentt
asksi
nthe
pr
ogr
am i
ncl
ude l
ear
ner
s, f
aci
l
itat
ors, coor
dinat
ors, super
visor
s, and ot
her
st
akehol
der
s.Thesegr
oupshav
ethei
rowndut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.I
nrel
ati
ont
o
i
t,Pl
unketandAt
tner(
1986)descr
ibedi
tas“
Organi
zi
ngasamanagementf
unct
ion
i
sconcer
nedwi
thassembl
i
ngt
her
esour
cesnecessar
ytoachi
evet
heor
gani
zat
ion’
s
obj
ect
ivesandest
abl
i
shi
ngt
heact
ivi
tyaut
hor
it
yrel
ati
onshi
psoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.I
t
dev
elopst
hest
ruct
uret
oreacht
hegoal
.”

2.
5.3.
1Faci
li
tat
orsrecr
uit
ment
Thewayoffaci
li
tat
ors’r
ecrui
tmenthav
edi
ff
erentf
rom count
ryt
ocount
rydependi
ng
onenv
ironment
alcont
ext
.Asar
esul
t,t
heyusedi
ff
erentcr
it
eri
a,f
aci
l
itat
orscanbe
chosenaccor
dingt
othei
rqual
i
fiedandmot
ivat
iont
owor
kasaf
aci
l
itat
or.That
means f
aci
l
itat
ors shoul
d hav
e speci
fi
c qual
i
ties such as subj
ectknowl
edge,
pedagogi
calknowl
edge,communi
cat
ion ski
l
ls,show commi
tmentt
othei
rwor
k,
r
espectl
ear
ner
sandt
hel
i
kes.

2.5.
3.2Trai
ningoffaci
lit
ator
s
Faci
li
tat
orsareveryv i
taltot
hesuccessofadul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
ams.Thequal
i
tyand
ef
fect
ivenessofanyadul
teducat
ionpr
ogr
am obv
iousl
ydependsont
hem.Howev
er,
f
aci
l
itat
orsar
eoneoft
hel
eastsuppor
tedgr
oupswor
ldwi
de.Theyr
ecei
vedl
i
ttl
e
r
emuner
ati
on,l
ackj
obsecur
it
yandr
ecei
vef
ew t
rai
ningoppor
tuni
ti
esandsuppor
t
(
UNESCO,2005)
.Tr
aini
ngoff
aci
l
itat
orsi
simpor
tantsi
ncei
thel
pst
hem t
odev
elop
t
hei
rknowl
edgeandski
l
ls.I
tal
soenabl
est
hem t
ouseappr
opr
iat
emet
hodsof
f
aci
l
itat
ion.I
n addi
ti
on,t
rai
ning off
aci
l
itat
orsi
s essent
ialwi
thr
egar
dtot
he
dev
elopmentofi
nst
ruct
ional
mat
eri
als.

2.5.
3.3Therolesoff
aci
li
tat
ors
Faci
li
tat
orsplaymanyrol
es.Itmaybeusef
ult
othi
nkoft
her
olesoff
aci
l
itat
orsas
mul
ti
pleandf
lexi
bleadapt
ingt
olear
ner
s’changi
ngneedsandexpect
ati
on.Asone

Tesf
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t2018Page16
t
imeaf
aci
l
itat
orwi
l
lcont
rolanact
ivi
ty;atanot
hert
ime,she/
heownobser
ve,whi
l
e
l
ear
ner
sar
edoi
ngt
hei
rwor
k.Regar
dingt
other
olesofaf
aci
l
itat
ors,SAI
DE(
2000)
descr
ibedhi
m/herasal
eaderwhoencour
agesl
ear
ner
stopar
ti
cipat
eact
ivel
y,(
not
j
ustt
oli
sten passi
vel
y),a consul
tantwho makes l
ear
ner
sresponsi
blef
ort
he
pr
ogr
essofanact
ivi
ty,apar
ti
cipantwhoj
oinst
hel
ear
ner
sinsol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsand
maki
ngdi
scussi
ons,
andanobser
verwhowi
thdr
awscompl
etel
ytoal
l
owl
ear
ner
sto
maket
otal
responsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hei
rownwor
k,et
c.

2.
6TheNeeds,Mot
ivat
ionandChar
acter
ist
icsofAdultLear
ner
s
Undert
hist
it
letheneeds,moti
vat
ionandchar act
eri
sti
csofadul
tlear
ner
swer
e
di
scussedasf
oll
ows.

2.
6.1.TheNeedsofAdultLear
ners
Adultl
earner
scanlear
nwhent heyhav
est
rongdesi
ret
olear
ntheknowl
edgeand
ski
l
lrequi
redar
erel
atedt
othei
robj
ect
ives,whent
heyar
eact
ivepar
ti
cipanti
nthe
t
eachi
ngl
ear
ningsi
tuat
ionandwhent
heyr
ecei
veper
sonalsat
isf
act
ionf
rom what
t
heyhav
elear
nt.Manyadul
teducat
orst
ri
edt
oaddr
esst
hequest
ionofwhatadul
t
l
ear
ner
swantt
olear
n.I
nthi
sregar
d,SAI
DE(
2000)descr
ibedaboutwhatadul
t
l
ear
ner
swantt
olear
nasadul
tlear
ner
sneedoppor
tuni
ti
est
ost
udyasal
eveland
pacet
hatsui
tthei
rindi
vi
dualabi
l
iti
esandneedt
ost
udypar
t-
ti
mewhi
l
ewor
king.
Theyneededucat
iont
hataddr
essest
hei
rdai
l
yneedsandt
hei
rint
erest
s.Theyneed
oppor
tuni
ti
est
ogai
ncr
edi
tsf
ort
hei
rlear
ningandt
obui
l
dont
hesecr
edi
tov
ert
ime.
Adul
tlear
ner
s’cont
inui
ngmot
ivat
iont
ost
udyi
sof
tengr
eat
lyi
nfl
uencedbyt
hei
r
successi
nthecour
set
heyar
est
udy
ing.Adul
tsal
sohav
eof
tenaccumul
atedawi
de
r
angeofexper
iencel
i
nkedt
othesubj
ect
stheywantt
ost
udyf
ormal
l
y,butt
heyhav
e
notact
ual
l
ygai
nedt
hisknowl
edgef
ormal
l
y.

Gener
all
y,si
nceadul
tsdi
ff
eri
nthei
rbackgr
oundknowl
edge,ski
l
lsandexper
ience,
t
heyhav
edi
ff
erentneeds.Someoft
hecommonneedsofadul
tlear
ner
scanbe:
adul
tswantt
olear
ncommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls;adul
tswantt
olear
nnew ski
l
lsand
wi
sdom t
hatenabl
est
hem t
oimpr
ovet
hei
rdai
l
yli
ves;Adul
tswant
stol
ear
nski
l
ls
andknowl
edgewhi
char
eaccept
edbyt
hecommuni
tyandcanbr
ingaboutment
al
gr
owt
handef
fi
ci
encyi
nmor
alandski
l
ldev
elopment
,et
c.

Concer
ningt
otheneedsofadul
tlear
ner
s,Fasokunetal
.(2005)descr
ibedt
hat

Tesf
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t2018Page17
f
aci
l
itat
orsshoul
dknowt
het
argetaudi
ence’
sint
erest
s,at
ti
tudes,per
cept
ions,sel
f-
concept
sandbel
i
efs.Theyshoul
dunder
standandappr
eci
atewhyadul
tsenr
oli
n
educat
ionalpr
ogr
ams.Di
aloguecanbeusedt
oident
if
ytheneedsofadul
tlear
ner
s
andt
hel
i
feev
ent
sthatpr
omot
edt
heneeds.

2.
6.2.Moti
vat
ionofAdul
tLear
ners
Theterm motiv
ati
onisverybroad.Asar
esul
t,di
ff
erentschol
arsdonotgi
vea
compr
ehensi
vesi
ngl
edef
ini
ti
onf
ori
t.Duet
othi
s,di
ff
erentschol
arsdef
inei
tin
di
ff
erentway
s.I
nrel
ati
ont
othi
s,Fasokunetal
.(2005)st
atedi
tas“
Event
houghi
tis
di
ff
icul
ttodef
inemot
ivat
ion,i
tispossi
blet
odosoi
ngener
alt
erms.Psy
chol
ogi
sts
donott
akemot
ivat
ionahy
pot
het
ical
conceptbecausei
tcannotbeseenort
ouched”
,
Mot
ivat
ioncanbedef
inedaf
orcet
hati
nit
iat
esanddi
rect
sbehav
iour
.Itr
efer
sto
any
thi
ng t
hatcancausepeopl
eto behav
east
heydo.I
tist
heact
ivat
ionand
ener
gizat
ionofgoal
ori
ent
edbehav
iour
.

Mot
ivat
ion can be cat
egor
ized i
ntot
wo t
ypes.Theyar
eint
ri
nsi
c and ext
ri
nsi
c
mot
ivat
ion.I
ntr
insi
cmot
ivat
ioni
saki
ndofmot
ivat
iont
hatcomesf
rom i
nsi
dean
i
ndi
vi
dual
,butext
ri
nsi
cmot
ivat
ioncomesf
rom out
sideani
ndi
vi
dual
.Itcoul
dbe
r
ewar
dsori
ncent
ivest
hatani
ndi
vi
dualr
ecei
ves.Concer
ningt
othi
s,Engl
i
sh(
2005)
st
atedaboutt
het
womaj
ort
ypesofmot
ivat
iont
hati
ntr
insi
cori
nter
nalmot
ivat
ioni
s
adr
iveorf
orcet
hatcomesf
rom i
nsi
dei
ndi
vi
dual
s.Fori
nst
ance,whenpeopl
eread
booksbecauset
heyf
indt
hem i
nher
ent
lyi
nter
est
ing,t
hei
rmot
ivat
ioni
sint
ri
nsi
c.On
t
hecont
rar
y,ext
ri
nsi
c(ext
ernal
)mot
ivat
ioni
sbasedi
nsomet
hingext
ri
nsi
ctot
he
act
ivi
tyi
nthef
orm ofr
ewar
dorpuni
shment
.

Forexampl
e,i
fst
udent
sreadbooksbecauset
hei
rteacher
srequi
ret
hem ort
hey
bel
i
evet
hatt
heact
ivel
ywi
l
lhel
pthem t
ogai
npr
aisef
rom t
hei
rteacher
s,t
hei
r
mot
ivat
ioni
sext
ri
nsi
c.Mot
ivat
ionpl
aysasi
gni
fi
cantr
olef
orl
ear
ningt
ooccur
.
Adul
tsar
emot
ivat
edt
olear
nwhent
hei
rlessons’obj
ect
ivesar
erel
atedt
othei
r
needs.Thi
sisbecausehumanbehav
iouri
sgoalor
ient
ed.Ev
ent
houghbot
hint
ernal
andext
ernalmot
ivat
ionsar
eusedf
oradul
ts,i
nter
nalmot
ivat
ioni
smor
eval
uabl
e
t
hanext
ernal
mot
ivat
ion.

Regar
dingt
othev
alueofmot
ivat
ion,Knowl
es(
1998)cl
ear
lyst
atedas“
whi
l
eadul
ts
ar
eresponsi
vet
osomeext
ernalmot
ivat
ors(
bet
terj
obs,
promot
ions,
highersal
ari
es

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
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t2018Page18
and t
he l
i
ke)
,the mostpot
entmot
ivat
ors ar
eint
ernalpr
essur
es (
dest
ine f
or
i
ncr
easedj
obsat
isf
act
ion,sel
f-
est
eem,qual
i
tyofl
i
feandt
hel
i
ke)
.”Her
eiti
scl
ear
t
hati
nter
nalmot
ivat
ioni
smor
eusef
ult
hanext
ernalmot
ivat
ion.Asar
esul
t,adul
t’
s
cur
ri
cul
ardesi
gner
sandf
aci
l
itat
orsshoul
dtakei
ntoaccountt
hispoi
ntasv
ery
essent
ial
.Inr
elat
iont
othev
alueofmot
ivat
ion,Fasokunetal
.
(2005)descr
ibedas
“Humanv
alueofmot
ivat
ioni
sbet
terandmor
epr
oduct
ivewhent
hel
ear
neri
ssel
f-
dr
iven,t
hati
s,t
hel
ear
nershoul
dreal
l
ydet
ermi
nedt
olear
n.Howev
er,wheni
nter
nal
st
imul
ati
oni
snon-
exi
stentorl
ow,
ext
ernal
sti
mul
ati
oncanbeused.
”

Gener
all
y,mot
ivat
ionshoul
dbeoneoft
hemaj
orf
ocuseswhenadul
tcur
ri
cul
ar
desi
gner
str
ytopr
epar
ecur
ri
cul
armat
eri
als.Unl
esst
hiscent
ralpoi
nti
sincl
udedi
n
t
hei
rdesi
gn,t
hemat
eri
alst
hatar
epr
epar
ed wi
l
lbev
aluel
ess.Ther
efor
e,adul
t
mot
ivat
ionshoul
dhav
esi
gni
fi
cancei
mpor
tance.

2.
6.3.Char
acter
ist
icsofAdultLear
ner
s
Adult
susuall
yhaveclearideasofwhatt
heywantt
olear
nandchooset
oachi
eve
car
eerorper
sonalgoal
s.Theydonotusual
l
yhav
eti
met
ost
udyf
ull
-t
imeast
hey
hav
eal
otofot
herr
esponsi
bil
i
ties,knowl
edge,ski
l
lsandt
alent
s.Theymaybe
unempl
oyedpeopl
e,wor
kingpeopl
e,peopl
ewhohav
echi
l
drenandev
engr
and-
chi
l
dren.I
nrel
ati
ont
othechar
act
eri
sti
csofadul
tlear
ner
s,Hei
mst
raandSi
sco(
1990)
st
atedt
hat“
adul
tsar
echar
act
eri
zedbyaspeci
alor
ient
ati
ont
oli
fe,l
i
ving,educat
ion
andl
ear
ning.Theyhav
ear
ichr
eser
voi
rofexper
ienceuponwhi
cht
odr
aw wi
th
di
ff
erentdev
elopmentneeds,r
olest
hanchi
l
drenandadol
escent
s.Theyal
sohav
e
v
ary
ingamount
sofst
ressandanxi
ety
.”Ont
heot
herhand,I
CDR(
1999)ment
ioned
someessent
ial
char
act
eri
sti
csofadul
tlear
ner
sher
e.

Theyi
ncl
udeadul
tshav
emul
ti
pler
olesandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties,
thei
rsel
f-
concept
smov
e
f
rom dependencyt
oindependency
,adul
tshav
eaccumul
atedl
i
feexper
iences,t
hey
passt
hroughanumberofdev
elopment
alphasesandt
heyexper
ienceanxi
etyand
ambi
val
encei
nthei
ror
ient
ati
ont
olear
ning.Si
mil
arl
y,Fasokunetal
.(2005)wr
ote
aboutt
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofadul
tlear
ner
sthatt
heyar
ehi
ghl
ydi
ver
sif
ied wi
th
mot
ivat
ion,l
anguage,gender
,per
sonal
i
ty,empl
oyment
,et
c.Theyhav
eal
sov
ary
ing
educat
ional
lev
elsanddef
erentor
ient
ati
ont
olear
ning.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page19
2.
6.4.AssessmentofAdultLear
ners’Perf
ormance
Assessmentisanessent
ialt
oolforchecki
ngtheunder
standi
ngoft
hel
ear
ner
sandi
t
gi
vesf
eedbackt
othef
aci
l
itat
orsaboutt
heski
l
lsoft
hel
ear
ner
s.I
nrel
ati
ont
othe
usesofassessment
,Jar
vis(
2004)st
atedas“
Assessmenti
sver
yimpor
tantf
ort
he
l
ear
ner
saswel
lasf
ort
eacher
sbecauset
hef
ormeral
sobecomeawar
eofwhatt
hey
knowandwhatt
heydonotknoworwhatt
heycandoaccept
abl
eandwhatt
heyneed
t
oimpr
oveupon.Assessmenti
sadi
agnost
ict
ool
.

I
nFAL,t
hisi
ncl
udesnotonl
ytest
ing,gr
adi
ngandpr
omot
ion,butal
sor
evi
ewi
ngand
checki
ng ofcont
ent
sand v
eryi
mpor
tant
ly,t
hesat
isf
act
ion oft
hepar
ti
cipant
s.
Assessmenthasdi
ff
erentbenef
it
s.Oneofi
tsusesi
stomai
ntai
nst
andar
ds.I
tis
al
sousedt
opr
ovi
deev
idenceofl
ear
ner
s’at
tai
nmentandassuchpr
ovi
desev
idence
t
hatt
heymaypr
ogr
esst
oei
theranot
herst
agei
nthei
reducat
ionalcar
eerort
hey
mayent
ert
hecar
eeri
tsel
f(Jar
vis,
2004)
.

I
nref
erencet
other
equi
redl
i
ter
acycompet
enci
es,t
heaspect
stobeassessedar
e
f
ir
stofal
lthe3RSt
hati
stheabi
l
ityt
oread,wr
it
eandcal
cul
ateusi
ngar
it
hmet
ic
oper
ati
on(
ont
hesi
deoft
hel
ear
ner
s).I
nFAL,t
heot
hert
womor
eski
l
lhasmaj
or
i
mpot
ence.Thati
stheabi
l
ityt
oappl
yli
ter
acyski
l
lsandl
i
vel
i
hoodski
l
ls(
Knowl
edge,
ski
l
lsandat
ti
tude)i
ndai
l
yli
fe(
funct
ional
i
ty)
.Thei
ncr
easi
ngr
easoni
ngcapaci
ty,
mot
ivat
ion and sel
f-
conf
idence i
n dai
l
yli
fe act
ivi
ti
es oft
he l
ear
ner
sincl
udi
ng
l
ear
ning,t
hei
rinv
olv
ementi
ncommuni
tyandt
her
ealchangesandi
mpr
ovement
s
f
rom t
heul
ti
mat
egoal
sofFALshoul
dal
sobeassessed.

2.
7.Stakehol
dersPar
ti
cipati
oninFunct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acyProgram
Gover
nment shaveanobl i
gati
ontoprovidebasi
ceducati
onf orallt
hei
rci
ti
zens.
Howev
er,
theycannotbeexpect
edt
osuppl
yev
eryhuman,
financi
aloror
gani
zat
ional
needf
ort
hispur
pose.Theyhav
evi
talr
olesi
ncoor
dinat
ingdi
ff
erentst
akehol
der
sin
or
dert
oaddr
essdi
ff
erenteducat
ionalneedsoft
hei
rpeopl
eandcr
eat
ingconduct
ive
env
ironment
sfort
het
eachi
ngl
ear
ningpr
ocess.Theycanf
ost
ert
heenv
ironmentof
t
he communi
ty,ci
vi
c or
gani
zat
ions,NGO,et
c.Ther
efor
e,t
he st
rengt
h ofFAL
pr
ogr
am depends on t
he suppor
titr
ecei
ves f
rom communi
ty.Gov
ernment
s
demonst
rat
ethei
rcommi
tmentt
hrought
hei
rpol
i
cies.Suchcommi
tmentassi
stst
o
cr
eat
ebet
terpol
i
tical
andeconomi
cenv
ironment
.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page20
Thepol
i
ticalsuppor
tcanr
aiset
hepopul
ari
zat
ionoft
heconcept
sofFALpr
ogr
am
andcr
eat
eideaf
orpr
act
ice.Theymayal
sogi
vesust
ainabl
eeconomi
csuppor
tto
or
gani
ze,
manage,
impl
ement
,et
c.onneed-
basedachi
evabl
epr
ogr
ams.Thepol
i
tical
andeconomi
csuppor
tofgov
ernment
stoFALpr
ogr
amsar
eli
kel
ytomobi
l
izet
he
soci
alsuppor
twhi
chcanenl
argeandpr
omot
ethepar
ti
cipat
ionofbenef
ici
ari
esi
nal
l
t
hest
agesoft
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onpr
ocessandt
hesuccessoft
hepr
ogr
am (
For
dham
etal
.,
1995)
.

NGO ar
ever
yessent
iali
nexpandi
ngFALbecauseoft
hei
runi
quechar
act
eri
sti
cs.
Theyar
epeopl
ecant
ered,f
lexi
ble,r
esponsi
ve,cr
eat
ivenon-
hier
archi
cal
,et
c.I
nthe
Or
gani
zat
ionandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofFALpr
ogr
am,NGO hav
emanyr
olest
opl
ay.
Thei
rrol
es i
ncl
ude pr
ovi
ding mat
eri
alsf
orconst
ruct
ion ofcl
assr
ooms,pay
ing
mont
hlysal
aryf
ort
hef
aci
l
itat
ors,Sponsor
ingt
rai
ningf
orf
aci
l
itat
ors,i
nvol
vi
ngi
n
pr
ocur
ementact
ivi
ty,
dist
ri
but
ingst
udent
slear
ningmat
eri
alsandf
aci
l
itat
or’
sgui
des,
et
c.

Oneoft
hemaj
orf
act
orsf
ort
hef
ail
ureoft
heeducat
ionalsy
stem i
stheabsenceof
t
heconcer
nandf
eel
i
ngofowner
shi
pofeducat
ionalmat
ter
sont
hepar
toft
he
communi
ty.I
timpl
i
est
hatwhencommuni
tyhasnof
eel
i
ngt
hateducat
ioni
sit
s
concer
n,muchoft
hei
nputf
rom t
hecommuni
tyt
owhati
sgoi
ngt
otheeducat
ional
sy
stem canbemi
ssed.Thus,onef
orm ofpr
omot
iononcommuni
tyconcer
nint
he
educat
ionpr
ogr
am i
stheoppor
tuni
tyofpar
ti
cipat
iononeducat
ionalmat
ter
s.I
n
or
dert
osuppor
tFALpr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
onmeani
ngf
ull
y,t
hecommuni
tyshoul
d
bei
nvol
vedi
ndi
scussi
onabouti
t.I
fthi
sisdone,t
hecommuni
tycanexpr
esst
he
di
ff
icul
ti
es t
hathi
nderi
tand t
heymaysuggestaboutt
he sol
uti
ons t
othese
pr
obl
ems.

2.
8.TheCur
ri
cul
um ofInt
egr
atedFunct
ionalAdul
tLit
eracy
Themeani
ngofcur
ricul
um v
ariesf
rom persontoperson.Thi
sisbecausedi
ff
erent
per
sonshav
edi
ff
erentv
iews.I
nrel
ati
ont
othi
s,Schi
ro(
1978)not
edt
hatcur
ri
cul
um
desi
gner
shav
esoughtt
odet
ermi
neapr
operdef
ini
ti
onoft
hewor
dcur
ri
cul
um.The
endr
esul
tseemst
obeaddi
ti
onofanot
hernew def
ini
ti
on,mor
edebat
eov
ert
he
i
ssueandf
urt
hercr
it
ici
sm ofot
heri
nadequat
edef
ini
ti
ons.Forexampl
e,Johnetal
.
(
1979)expl
ainedi
tas,cur
ri
cul
um canbedef
inedasal
lthel
ear
ningexper
iencet
hat
comeunderauspi
cesoft
hel
ear
ningcant
er,aschoolorschooldi
str
ictwhet
her

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page21
t
heseoccuri
nar
egul
arcl
assr
oom,i
naspeci
all
abor
ator
yorout
sideoft
heschool
.
Regar
dingt
ocur
ri
cul
um,i
twasal
sodescr
ibedas“
Acur
ri
cul
um usual
l
ycont
ainsa
st
atementofai
ms and ofspeci
fi
c obj
ect
ives,i
tindi
cat
es some sel
ect
ion and
or
gani
zat
ionofcont
entf
inal
l
y,i
tincl
udesapr
ogr
am ofev
aluat
ionoft
heout
comes”
(
TabaCi
tedi
nJar
vis,
1962,
and2004)
.

Li
keal
lot
herconsci
ousunder
taki
ng,aneducat
ionalpr
ogr
am mustbecar
eful
l
yand
sy
stemat
ical
l
ypr
epar
ed.I
nor
dert
odot
his,acur
ri
cul
um i
sdesi
gnedanddev
eloped
andal
lcur
ri
cul
armat
eri
alsmustbepr
oduced.Asar
esul
t,t
heov
eral
leducat
ional
endorr
esul
tshoul
dbr
ingaboutt
hedesi
redgoal(
ICDR,1999)
.Thecur
ri
cul
um of
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acycont
ainsr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ingandnumer
acy
,awi
der
angeofl
i
fe
ski
l
lsandnon-
for
malneedbasedski
l
ltr
aini
ng.Basi
cal
l
yli
ter
acyandLi
vel
i
hoodski
l
ls
ar
etaughti
nter
dependent
ly.

A FALpr
ogr
am shoul
dhav
eacur
ri
cul
um andnumberofl
ear
ningandt
eachi
ng
mat
eri
alsi
ncl
udi
ngt
rai
ningmanual
sandi
nst
ruct
ors/
faci
l
itat
orsgui
de,pr
imer
sand
f
oll
owupr
eader
s,post
ersandf
lashcar
dscani
l
lust
rat
ethet
eachi
ng.I
ntegr
ati
onof
l
i
ter
acyandl
i
feski
l
lsi
ndai
l
ylear
ningr
equi
resspeci
alpr
epar
ati
onofmat
eri
alsand
l
essons.The cur
ri
cul
um shoul
d be desi
gned accor
ding t
olear
ner
s’needs and
pr
ior
it
ies.I
nthi
scont
ext
,thei
ntegr
ati
onofl
i
ter
acyandi
ncomegener
ati
ngact
ivi
ti
es
needsat
tent
ion.Basedont
hespeci
fi
ctar
getgr
oups,i
tisessent
ialt
odev
elopnew
oppor
tuni
ti
esanddemandsandl
i
nksf
ort
hel
i
ter
acyandnumer
acysoast
orei
nfor
ce
t
hei
ncomegener
ati
oni
nit
iat
ives.

2.
8.1MethodsofFaci
li
tati
on/Teachi
ng
Teachi
ngmayberegardingastheprocesst
obr
ingaboutl
ear
ning.Teachi
ngchi
l
dren
i
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
eachi
ngadul
ts.Sot
hewayoff
aci
l
itat
ionofAdul
ts’
Lear
ningdi
ff
ers
f
rom t
eachi
ngofchi
l
dren.Concer
ningt
othef
aci
l
itat
ionofadul
tlear
ning,i
tiscl
ear
t
hatt
he t
eacherofadul
ts,besi
des hav
ing ei
thert
he r
elev
antknowl
edge and
exper
ience,r
equi
re cer
tai
n ot
herchar
act
eri
sti
cs i
n or
dert
o hel
p adul
tsl
ear
n,
i
ncl
udi
ng:knowl
edge oft
he educat
ionalpr
ocess,appr
opr
iat
es phi
l
osophy and
at
ti
tudesandt
eachi
ngandper
sonalski
l
l(Jar
vis,2004)
.Si
mil
ari
ty,Mohant
y(2007)
st
atedaboutmet
hodf
oradul
tlear
ner
s,t
hatspeci
almet
hodsandmat
eri
alsshoul
d
beusedf
oradul
tlear
ner
s.Unl
i
kechi
l
dren,adul
tlear
ner
shav
emuchaccumul
ated
exper
iences,ski
l
ls and knowl
edge.Adul
ts’l
ear
ning si
gni
fi
cant
ly di
ff
ersf
rom

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page22
chi
l
dren’
s.Thi
sisbecauseadul
tshav
eal
readyasetofbui
l
tupf
oundat
ionsand
concept
ual
str
uct
ures.

Ther
ear
etwomaj
ort
eachi
ngmet
hods.Theyar
ethet
radi
ti
onal
andmoder
nteachi
ng
met
hods.Tr
adi
ti
onalt
eachi
ngmet
hodsi
ncl
ude:r
eci
tat
ion,cl
assr
oom i
nst
ruct
ion
andl
ect
ure.Ev
ent
hought
hismet
hodshav
eal
otofuses,
manyschol
arsi
nthef
iel
d
ofpedagogyr
atet
hei
rdi
sadv
ant
agesconsi
der
abl
yhi
ghert
hant
hei
radv
ant
ages.To
ci
tet
wo.
maj
orobj
ect
ionsoft
hem,si
ncet
radi
ti
onalmet
hodshav
enov
ari
ety
,they
becomemonot
onousandbor
ingandt
hel
ear
ningpr
ocessdependi
ngont
het
aki
ng
oft
het
eacherwhi
l
ethel
ear
nerbecomesapassi
vel
i
stener
.Inaddi
ti
on,i
tinhabi
ts
act
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionandr
esear
chabi
l
ityoft
hel
ear
nerandencour
ageshi
m orhert
o
besubmi
ssi
ve.Howev
er,
moder
nteachi
ngmet
hodscompr
isepr
obl
em sol
vi
ng,
case
st
udi
es,
simul
ati
on,
dramat
izat
ion,
etc,

I
nrel
ati
ont
ofaci
l
itat
ivet
eachi
ng,
Jar
vis(
2004)st
atedt
hatt
eacher
sofadul
tlear
ner
s
wantt
ocr
eat
eanawar
enessofspeci
fi
clear
ningneedsi
nthepar
toft
hest
udent
s,t
o
conf
rontst
udent
swi
thapr
obl
em t
hatr
equi
resasol
uti
on,t
opr
ovi
det
hest
udent
s
wi
thanexper
ienceandencour
ager
efl
ect
iononi
t.I
nal
loft
heseexampl
es,t
he
out
comeoft
heact
ivi
tyshoul
dbet
hatl
ear
ninghasoccur
red,
butt
eacher
shav
edone
t
hei
rrol
esdi
ff
erent
ly.Thatmeanst
heyhav
efaci
l
itat
edl
ear
ning.

2.
8.2TargetGroupsofFunct
ional
AdultLi
ter
acyProgr
am
TheTargetgroupsofFuncti
onalAdul
tLit
eracyPr
ogram ar
eyout
handadul
tswho
ar
eil
l
iter
ateduet
olackofaccesst
ofor
mal
educat
ionatal
l
.Theycanal
sobepeopl
e
whoar
edr
opoutofpr
imar
yandsecondar
yeducat
ionbecauseofdi
ff
erentr
easons.
Mostoft
het
argetgr
oupsoff
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am ar
ethoseper
sons
whoseagesar
e15y
ear
sol
dorabov
e.Mostoft
hoseper
sonsar
ever
ypoor
.
Ther
efor
e,t
hepr
ogr
am t
arget
sthosedi
sadv
ant
agegr
oups.So,i
nor
dert
oensur
e
educat
ional
accessandequi
ty,
thi
spr
ogr
am i
star
get
edt
owar
dst
hem.

2.
8.3Adul
tLearni
ngPlacesandFaci
li
ti
es
Adul
tlear
ning pl
aces var
ydependi
ng upon t
he l
ocalcondi
ti
ons.Theycan be
bui
l
dingsofchur
chesormosques,kebel
ehal
l
s,f
ormalschoolbui
l
dingsorany
conv
eni
entpl
ace.Al
though,
iti
sessent
ialt
obegi
nthepr
ovi
sionofadul
teducat
ioni
n
t
hesecent
res,i
tseemsr
easonabl
eto equi
pthem wi
th adequat
efaci
l
iti
esl
i
ke

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page23
benches,
desks,
toi
l
et,
wat
er,
teachi
ngl
ear
ningmat
eri
als,
etci
nor
dert
oimpr
ovet
he
qual
i
tyeducat
ioni
nthosecent
res.Regar
dingt
otheadul
tlear
ningpl
aces,Engl
i
sh
(
2005)expr
essedas”Forexampl
e,wi
thr
egar
dtot
hef
ir
stassumpt
iont
hatasadul
ts
mat
ure,
theybecomemor
eindependentandsel
f-
dir
ect
ing,
Knowl
essuggestt
hatt
he
cl
assr
oom cl
i
mat
ebeoneof‘
adul
tness’
bot
hphy
sical
l
yandpsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
y.”

2.
9Li
ter
acy
,Funct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acyandI
FAL
2.
9.1Li
ter
acy
Li
ter
acymaybedef
inedasacont
ext
-speci
fi
c,dev
elopment
al,dy
nami
candopen-
endedcont
inuum ofski
l
ls,at
ti
tudes,v
aluesandgener
alknowl
edgewhi
chenabl
ean
i
ndi
vi
dualt
o acqui
re,ev
aluat
e,use and exchange wr
it
ten and quant
it
ati
ve
i
nfor
mat
ion per
ti
nentt
oli
vel
i
hood and ot
hersoci
alact
ivi
ti
es,t
othe l
evelof
economi
cdev
elopmentoft
henat
ion,andi
nful
fi
lmentofsel
f-
det
ermi
nedobj
ect
ives
asi
ndi
vi
dual
sandasci
ti
zens.

Accor
dingt
oJean-
PaulHaut
ecoeur(
1990)
,il
l
iter
acyhasi
tsgr
eati
nfl
uencei
nal
l
sect
orsoft
hesoci
etalact
ions.I
ntheeconomy
,itwoul
dleadt
omaj
orl
ossesi
n
pr
oduct
ion,l
ow pr
oduct
ivi
ty,andpoorpr
oductqual
i
ty,i
ndust
ri
alacci
dent
s,et
c.;I
n
t
hesoci
alsect
or,i
tisassoci
ated wi
tht
hei
ncr
easei
n cr
imi
nal
i
ty,di
seaseand
acci
dent
s,wi
tht
he gr
owi
ng excl
usi
on ofnew popul
ati
on l
evel
s;I
n pr
ivat
eli
fe,
i
l
li
ter
atef
ami
l
iesandi
ndi
vi
dual
sdi
spl
aycer
tai
npsy
chol
ogi
caldi
stur
banceswhi
ch
af
fectt
hei
rident
it
y,i
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hei
rrol
eandl
eadt
oisol
ati
onandbehav
iour
char
act
eri
zedbyf
ail
ure,aggr
essi
veness,et
c.I
ncul
tur
e,t
hecul
tur
alcapi
taloft
he
nat
ioni
sthr
eat
enedduet
othecompet
it
ionofi
mpor
tedv
alues,et
c.I
nthesoci
o
pol
i
ticalsect
or,i
tisadi
rectt
hreatt
odemocr
acy
,tonat
ionalsecur
it
y,andnat
ional
uni
ty.

2.
9.2Funct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acy
I
trefer
stothemeaningf
ulacqui
sit
ion,dev
elopmentanduseofr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ingand
numer
acyski
l
lspl
usot
herbasi
cknowl
edgeand ski
l
lsr
equi
red byaper
soni
n
ev
ery
dayl
i
feasat
oolf
orsel
f-
expr
essi
on,i
nfor
mat
ion,communi
cat
ion,i
ncome
gener
ati
onandci
vi
cpar
ti
cipat
ionasameanst
oimpr
oveone’
sli
feandcont
ri
but
eto
f
ami
l
y,communi
tyandnat
ional
transf
ormat
ionanddev
elopment(
MoE,
2011)
.

2.
9.3I
ntegr
atedFuncti
onalAdul
tLit
eracy
I
tisanappr
oachthatbegi
nswiththedail
yli
feandexper
iencesofadul
tsandenabl
es

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page24
t
hem t
o successf
ull
ylear
nthe ski
l
ls ofr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ing and numer
acy
,and
encour
ages t
hem t
ovol
unt
ari
l
y par
ti
cipat
einl
ear
ning.I
thel
ps t
hem acqui
re
i
nnov
ati
veway
sofdoi
ngandpr
oduci
ngt
hings,andequi
pst
hem wi
tht
hebasi
c
knowl
edge,ski
l
lsandv
alueswhi
char
enecessar
yfori
mpr
ovedheal
thandsoci
o-
economi
ccondi
ti
onsofadul
ts(
MoE,
2011)
.

2.
10Monitori
ngandEvaluat
ionofInt
egratedFunct
ionalAdul
tLit
eracy
Moni
tor
inglaysf
oundat
iontoevaluat
ion.Thi
sisbecausemonitor
ingenabl
espeopl
e
t
ocol
l
ecti
nfor
mat
ioni
nor
dert
oconductev
aluat
ion.Moni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ionar
e
usedasani
nst
rumentt
oincr
easet
hepr
ogr
essoft
hebenef
ici
ari
esi
nthepr
ogr
am
and i
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofeducat
ion sy
stem.I
nrel
ati
on t
othei
mpor
tanceof
moni
tor
ing,i
twasexpr
essed t
hatcont
inuousmoni
tor
ing ofl
ear
ner
s’academi
c
pr
ogr
essi
sver
yessent
iali
nor
dert
oincr
easeacademi
cper
for
manceandgi
vebet
ter
assi
stance.Moni
tor
ingi
snott
heconcer
nofonebody
,buti
tist
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyof
di
ff
erentbodi
eswhopar
ti
cipat
eint
hemanagementsy
stem.

Ev
aluat
ioni
sthepr
ocessofchecki
ngwhet
hert
hedesi
redobj
ect
ivesar
emetornot
.
I
tgi
vesf
eedback,basedont
her
esul
tofev
aluat
ioni
ftheobj
ect
ivesar
enotmetas
pl
anned,amendment
s wi
l
lbe done.Caf
far
ell
a(2002)def
ined i
tas pr
ogr
am
ev
aluat
ioni
smostof
tendef
inedasapr
ocessusedt
odet
ermi
newhet
hert
hedesi
gn
anddel
i
ver
yofapr
ogr
am wer
eef
fect
iveandwhet
hert
hepur
posedoutcomeswas
met
.”Gener
all
y,ev
aluat
ioni
sver
yessent
iali
nor
dert
ogeti
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
he
weaknessesandst
rengt
hsoft
heact
ivi
ti
eswhi
char
eper
for
med.

2.
11Over
viewofAdultandFunct
ionalLi
teracyPr
ogramsi
nEthi
opia
Thepr
ovi
si
onofadulteducat
ioni
nEt hi
opiahasalonghi
stor
y.I
tcanbedi
vi
dedi
nto
t
womaj
orer
as.Theyar
ethet
radi
ti
onalandmoder
n.Thet
radi
ti
onaladul
teducat
ion
pr
ogr
amsr
ant
eachi
ngandt
rai
ningi
naf
ormalway
.Bot
hthechur
chandmosque
hadl
ear
ningcent
ersatal
llev
elsofschool
i
ngwi
tht
hei
rowncur
ri
cul
um.Dur
ingt
hat
t
ime,
thet
eachi
ngf
ocusedonspi
ri
tual
li
fe.Thepr
ogr
amsr
emai
nedqui
etl
yinf
luent
ial
up t
otheend oft
he19t
h C.Howev
er,t
heeducat
ion coul
d nothel
p much i
n
t
ransf
ormi
ngt
heeconomi
cli
feoft
hosewhoat
tendedt
hepr
ogr
ams.I
tinf
luenced
t
hem t
oleadaspi
ri
tuall
i
fe.Ther
efor
e,t
hecount
rycoul
dnotbenef
itf
rom t
he
t
radi
ti
onal
adul
teducat
ioni
nimpr
ovi
ngt
hel
i
vesoft
hebenef
ici
ari
es(
economi
cal
l
y).

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page25
I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
s,t
het
radi
ti
onaleducat
ionhadnot
oler
ancef
ormoder
neducat
ion.
Thatmeansi
tdi
dnotal
l
owt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofmoder
nadul
teducat
ion.I
nrel
ati
ont
o
t
hepur
posesofadul
teducat
ion,i
twasst
atedt
hatt
radi
ti
onaleducat
ionser
vedas
guar
dianshi
ptot
heeducat
ionoft
hecount
ry.Dur
ingt
hatper
iodt
her
ewer
ecant
ers
ofacademi
cexcel
l
encei
nthear
eaofmedi
cine,geogr
aphyandast
rol
ogy
.The
pr
ogr
amswer
eequi
ppedatandsuccessf
uli
nmaki
ngl
ear
nedadul
tsunder
standt
hat
l
i
fei
nthi
swor
ldi
susel
ess.Resi
stanceofchangewasoneofi
tsdr
awbacks.Chur
ch
educat
ionnev
err
egar
dedhar
dwor
kasamor
aldut
ythatbr
oughti
tsowni
ntr
insi
c
r
ewar
d(Zel
ekeWol
demeske,2009)
.TheHi
stor
yofmoder
nadul
teducat
ionoft
he
count
ryt
racesbackatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he20t
hCent
ury
.

Dur
ingt
hei
mper
ialper
iod,t
hepr
ovi
sionofadul
teducat
ionwashi
ghl
ydecent
ral
i
zed
and manyi
nst
it
uti
ons (
gov
ernment
,NGO,r
eli
gious and pr
ivat
e)par
ti
cipat
ed.I
t
i
mpl
i
est
hatt
her
ewasnoonet
ocoor
dinat
eef
for
ts.Dur
ingt
heDer
gier
egi
me,t
he
adul
teducat
ionsy
stem wasdesi
gned.I
twashi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zed.I
tmeansi
twasal
l
t
hrought
op-
downappr
oachwi
thnocompr
omi
seandf
lexi
bil
i
ty.Adul
teducat
ion
pr
ogr
amsofbot
htheeducat
ionalandmoder
ner
aswer
einsuf
fi
cient
.Thepr
ovi
der
s
di
dnotcol
l
ectt
her
equi
redsuppor
tandt
heywer
enotal
lst
aff
ed.Thepr
ogr
amswer
e
notwel
lint
egr
atedi
ntol
i
vel
i
hoodpr
ogr
ams.Al
lef
for
tsseem t
odel
ayeconomi
c
r
etur
nst
obot
hdi
rectandi
ndi
rectbenef
ici
ari
es;howev
er,cur
rent
lyt
her
ear
esome
si
gnsofi
mpr
ovementt
hroughpr
ogr
amsl
i
keEXPRO,t
husr
equi
ri
ngpr
omot
ingand
scal
i
ngt
hem up.Onl
ytheseandsi
mil
arot
herpr
ogr
amscanhel
padul
tlear
ner
sto
i
mpr
ovet
hei
rli
vi
ngsi
tuat
ionandcont
ri
but
etot
hecount
rywi
depov
ert
yreduct
ion.

2.
12Findi
ngsRel
atedTot
heI mplement
ationofInt
egr
atedFunct
ionalAdul
t
Li
ter
acy
Li
ter
acyProgr
am (I
FAL)I
ntegrat
edfunct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acyprogram i
soneoft
he
st
rat
egi
esdesi
gnedbyMoEt
owi
dent
hechanceoft
heeducat
ionf
ort
heci
ti
zen.I
n
Et
hiopi
adi
ff
erentr
esear
cher
str
iedt
ocar
ryoutr
esear
choni
ntegr
atedFAL.For
exampl
e,t
her
esear
chent
it
ledast
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofadul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
n
WestGoj
j
am wasdonebyMul
uget
aMenki
rin2002.Theobj
ect
ivesoft
hest
udywer
e:
t
oinv
est
igat
ethei
mpl
ement
ati
onofadul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nWestGoj
am zone,t
o
assesst
hest
atusofcommuni
tyi
nsuppor
ti
ngadul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am,t
oassess
whet
hert
hef
aci
l
itat
orshav
esuf
fi
cientpr
ofessi
onalt
rai
ningandt
hel
i
ke.Thest
udy

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page26
wasspeci
fi
cal
l
ydonei
nWestGoj
am Zone.

Thesampl
eoft
hest
udywer
e15adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am coor
dinat
ingcommi
tt
ee,50
adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am cent
erf
aci
l
itat
orand250adul
tli
ter
acyl
ear
ner
sort
rai
nees.
Themaj
orf
indi
ngsoft
hest
udywer
e:adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am f
aci
l
itat
orshav
egr
eat
r
olei
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onofadul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am,andt
her
ear
epr
obl
emswi
th
adul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am whi
char
e:Adul
tsl
ackofwi
l
li
ngnesst
opar
ti
cipat
einadequat
e
budgetal
l
ocat
ion,l
ackoff
aci
l
iti
es(
resour
ces)
,lackofef
fect
ivel
eadershi
pandt
he
l
i
ke.

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erencesbet
weent
hisst
udyandt
heabov
eone.Tobegi
nwi
th,t
his
st
udywasf
ocusedonI
FAL,butt
heabov
est
udyf
ocusedonr
eadi
ngandwr
it
ing.
Whi
l
ethi
sst
udyi
srest
ri
ctedt
otwoWor
eda,t
hepr
evi
ousst
udywasatzonel
evel
.
Thi
sresear
ch i
ncl
udes f
our gr
oups of r
espondent
s butt
he per
vious st
udy
i
ncor
por
atedonl
ythr
eegr
oups.Theobj
ect
iveoft
her
esear
chunderst
udywast
o
assesst
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALwhi
chi
sli
nkedwi
tht
her
eall
i
feofadul
tswhi
l
e
t
hepr
evi
ousst
udyf
ocusedonl
yonhow t
oreadandwr
it
e.Gener
all
yspeaki
ng,t
he
st
udyhel
dbyMul
uget
aMenki
rwasbasedont
heassessmentoft
hei
mpl
ement
ati
on
ofadul
tli
ter
acywhi
ch mor
e seems l
i
ke obl
i
gat
ion,due t
o unmat
ched wayof
t
eachi
ngandadul
tsneed.Howev
er,
myst
udyf
ocusedont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FAL,
whi
chi
sthewayoft
eachi
ng/
trai
ningwi
thconnect
ionwi
tht
hei
rpr
ivat
eli
fesuchas
howt
osav
ethemsel
vesf
rom di
sease,howt
heycandev
elopt
hei
rpr
oduct
ivi
tywi
th
di
ff
erentpr
ofessi
onal
sandet
c.

Chapt
erThr
ee
3.Resear
chDesignandMethodol
ogy
Thi
sPar
tofSt
udywasincl
udesresear
chdesignandMethodol
ogy
,sour
ceofdat
a,

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page27
sampl
eandsampl
i
ngt
echni
ques,i
nst
rumentofdat
acol
l
ect
ion,pr
ocedur
esofdat
a
col
l
ect
ion,
andmet
hodsofdat
aanal
ysi
s.

3.
1.ResearchDesi
gn
A mi
xedr esear
chdesi
gnwasempl
oyedf
ort
hisst
udy
.Thi
swasbecausemi
xed
desi
gnhel
pedt
her
esear
cherdeal
twi
thbot
hquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
ivedat
aoft
he
st
udy
.Addi
ti
onal
l
yfort
hisst
udyt
her
esear
cherwant
susedt
hedescr
ipt
ivesur
vey
desi
gnmet
hodol
ogy
.Becausei
twasi
mpor
tantt
oanswer
edequat
ionsr
elat
edt
othe
cur
rentst
atusquooft
hepr
obl
em.

3.2.Sour
ceofData
Forthisst
udytheresear
cherwasusedbot
hpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
ceofdat
a
col
l
ect
ion.

3.
2.1.Pri
marySour
ces
Thepr i
marydataforthi
sst
udywer
ecol
l
ect
edf
rom i
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
t
l
i
ter
acy Coor
dinat
ing Commi
tt
ee,Wor
eda educat
ionalexper
ts,Faci
l
itat
ors and
l
ear
ner
susi
ngquest
ionnai
re,
Int
erv
iewandf
ocusgr
oupdi
scussi
on.

3.
2.2.SecondarySour
ces
Secondarydatawereobt
ainedf
rom document
s.Thesedocument
sincl
udemi
nut
es
onI
FALandr
epor
tsaboutt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALt
hatar
egat
her
edf
rom I
FAL
cent
erst
owor
edaeducat
ionof
fi
ce.

3.
3.Popul
ation,Sampl
eandSampli
ngTechniques
I
n Mettu di
stri
ctther
e wer
e 33 i
ntegr
ated f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acycent
ers.To
conduct
ingadat
afr
om al
lthesecent
erswasv
erydi
ff
icul
t,duet
oti
meandr
esour
ce
const
rai
nts.Fort
hispur
poset
her
esear
cherwassepar
atedi
ntot
hreecl
ust
erst
hose
abov
eIFALcent
ers,byusi
ngt
hecl
ust
ersr
esear
chmet
hod.Fr
om t
het
otaloft
hese
cl
ust
ersampl
ether
esear
cherwer
esel
ect
edt
hreecent
ersasasampl
epur
posef
ull
y
t
oconductast
udyoni
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am
bysi
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ngt
echni
ques.Gener
all
y,t
het
argetpopul
ati
onoft
hest
udy
cont
ained1488l
ear
ner
sand65pr
ogr
am f
aci
l
itat
orsi
n33cent
ers.Fr
om t
het
otal
popul
ati
ont
her
esear
cherwer
esel
ect
ed114l
ear
ner
sand18f
aci
l
itat
orsasat
hree
cent
eroft
otalpopul
ati
on.Fr
om t
het
otalt
argetpopul
ati
on23l
ear
ner
sand12
f
aci
l
itat
orswer
etakenasasampl
ebyusi
ngsi
mpl
erandom sampl
i
ngandst
rat
if
ied
sampl
i
ng.Fr
om t
het
otal
7wor
edat
echni
cal
commi
tt
ee2i
ndi
vi
dual
swer
etakenasa

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page28
sampl
ebyusi
ngpur
posi
vesampl
etechni
ques.Fr
om t
het
otal
2wor
eadaeducat
ional
exper
ts2oft
hem ar
etakenasasampl
ebyusi
ngpur
posi
vesampl
i
ngt
echni
ques.

Tabl
e3.
1:Tot
alPopul
ati
on,
Sampl
e,andSampl
eTechni
ques.

No Ty
pesofr
espondent
s Tot
alpopul
ati
on Sampl
esi
ze Sampling
techni
ques

1 Woreda t
echni
cal 7 2 Pur
posi
ve
committ
ee

2 Woreda educat
ional 2 2 Pur
posi
ve
exper
ts

3 I
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors 65 12 St
rat
if
ied

4 I
FALl
ear
ner
s 1488 23 Simple
random

Tot
al 1562 39

3.
4.DataColl
ecti
onInstruments
I
nthepr
ocessof
datacol
lecti
on,
quest
ionnai
re,
focusgr
oupdi
scussi
onandi
nter
viewwer
e
usedwhi
chwer
edi
scussi
ngasf
oll
ows.

3.4.
1.Questi
onnair
e
Forthi
sstudy,asetofquest
ionnai
rewer
eusedt
ogat
her
eddat
afr
om t
hef
aci
l
itat
ors
andLear
ner
saboutt
hei
rper
cept
ionst
owar
dst
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acy
.Ther
esear
cherwaspr
efer
redt
othequest
ionnai
resast
he
mai
n dat
a gat
her
ing
i
nst
rument
sbecausei
twaseasi
ert
ohandl
eandsi
mpl
erf
orr
espondent
stoanswer
wit
hins
hor
tper
iodof
ti
me.
It al
l
owed t
o r
espondent
s t
o r
esponse
quest
ionsconf
ident
ial
l
yandenabl
edt
her
esear
cher
touser
epr
esent
ati
vesampl
esassour
cesof
dat
atoav
oidexposi
ngt
obi
ases.
Thequest
ionnai
res hav
e consi
sted cl
ose-
endedandopen-
endedsampl
equest
ions.

3.
4.2.Int
erv
iew
I
nterv
iewwasheldwi
th2coor
dinat
orsand 2 wor
eda exper
ts I
FAL
coor
dinat
orsf
ort
hepur
poseof
eli
cit
edsuppl
ement
ary
inf
ormat
ionwhi
chhav
e notbase
cur
edby
thequest
ionnai
res.
For
thi
sst
udy
ther
esear
cher
was usedt
osemi
-

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page29
st
ruct
uredi
nter
viewf
ort
hesakeof
gotcl
ari
tyi
nfor
mat
ion.

3.
4.3.FocusGr
oupDiscussi
on
Thi
smet hodofdat
acoll
ecti
onwoul
dar
ranget
othepur
poseofsuppor
ti
ngt
hedat
a
obt
ained t
hrough t
he quest
ionnai
res and i
nter
view.I
twas used t
o col
l
ect
ed
qual
i
tat
ivedat
ainf
ormat
ionandi
twasi
mpor
tant
,becausei
topensdi
alogueamong
t
hepar
ti
cipant
sandst
imul
atest
hem t
oopenl
yexpr
esst
hei
rvi
ewsont
hei
ssues
r
aised byt
her
esear
cher
.Itwasspeci
alt
ypeofgr
oup i
nter
view (
Johnson and
Chr
ist
ensen(
2004)whi
chi
sof
tenusedt
otr
iangul
atei
nfor
mat
ionobt
ainedbyusi
ng
t
hisdat
a.Ther
esear
cherwasl
edt
hedi
scussi
onwi
thI
FALl
ear
ner
sateachsampl
e
cant
ers.

3.
5.Met
hodsofDataAnal
ysi
s
Bot
hquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
ivemet
hodsofdat
aanal
ysi
swer
eusedt
oint
erpr
ett
he
dat
a gat
her
ed.The dat
a gat
her
ed t
hrough t
he cl
ose-
ended quest
ionnai
reswas
anal
yzed byusi
ng t
he per
cent
age and f
requency
.The t
abul
ater
esponses ar
e
quant
if
iedi
nthef
orm ofper
cent
agef
rom whi
chr
elev
anti
nfer
encewer
emadei
n
di
scussi
onsect
ion.Thedat
aobt
ainedt
hroughi
nter
view anddocumentanal
ysi
s
wer
eanal
ysedi
nthenar
rat
ivef
orm.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page30
 Chapt
erf
our
4Dat
aAnal
ysi
sandI
nter
pret
ati
on

Thi
schapt
erdeal
swi
thpr
esent
ati
onandanal
ysi
sofdat
agat
her
edf
rom manyof
r
espondent
sthr
oughquest
ionnai
res,i
nter
view and f
ocusgr
oup di
scussi
on.The
quest
ionnai
reswer
edi
str
ibut
edf
ort
he35r
espondent
s.Outoft
hoser
espondent
s
35(
100%)r
espondent
sfi
l
ledoutandr
etur
ned.Outof35quest
ionnai
res23quest
ions
wer
edi
str
ibut
edf
orI
FALl
ear
ner
swhi
l
e,12quest
ionnai
reswer
edi
str
ibut
edf
orI
FA
f
aci
l
itat
ors.Fi
nal
l
y,35(
100%)quest
ionnai
reswer
edi
str
ibut
edt
oadul
tlear
ner
sand
f
aci
l
itat
orsf
il
ledout
,ret
urnedandusedf
oranal
ysi
squant
it
ati
vel
y.I
naddi
ti
on,2
coor
dinat
orsand2wor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
eeswhowor
katwor
edal
evelwer
e
i
nter
viewed and 3 cl
asses(
thati
sonecl
assf
rom onecent
er)and 23 cent
ers
l
ear
ner
swer
edi
scussedusi
ngf
ocusgr
oupdi
scussi
on.Theni
nter
view r
esponses
andf
ocusgr
oupdi
scussi
onr
esul
tswer
eanal
yzedqual
i
tat
ivel
y.

4.
1Demographi
cCharact
eri
sti
csofRespondents
Tabl
e4.
1.Thesex,
ageandeducati
onalbackgroundoft
her
espondent
s

No Char
act
eri
sti
cs Woreda Wor eda I
FAL I
FALl
ear
ner
s
coor
dinat
ors technical f
aci
l
itat
ors
commi t
tee

No % No % No % No %

1 Mal
e 1 50 2 100 7 58.
33 13 56.
52

Femal
e - - - - 5 41.
66 10 43.
48
Sex

Tot
al 1 50 2 2 12 100 23 100

2 14andbel
ow - - - -

15-
20 - - 3 13.
0

21-
30 9 75 8 34.
8
Age

31-
35 3 25 7 30.
43

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page31
 36-
40 2 100 - - 5 21.
74

41andabov
e 1 50 -

3 Lev
elI - - 7 30.
43

Lev
elI
I - - 6 26.
1

Lev
elI
II - - 10 43.
48
ound
backgr

10-
12 6 50 - -

Cer
ti
fi
cat
e - - -
onal

Di
ploma 5 41.
66 - -
i
Educat

Degr
ee 1 50 2 100 1 8.
33 - -

5 Faci
l
itat
ors 5 41.
66 - -

Teacher
s 4 33.
33 - -

Heal
thext
ensi
on 1 8.
33 - -

DA 2 16.
66 - -

Kebel
emanager - - - -
ob
entj

coor
dinat
ors 1 50 - - - - 1 50
r
cur

Tech/
commi
tt
ee 2 100 - - - - 2 100

5 Tot
al 3 12 100 23 100

At
otalof39r
espondent
swer
eincl
udedi
nthest
udy
.Asshowni
ntabl
e1abov
e
23(
58.
97%)r
espondent
swer
emal
es,
whi
l
ether
emai
ning15(
38.
46%)wer
efemal
es.
Thef
indi
ngshowedt
hatt
hemal
epar
ti
cipat
ioni
nIFALpr
ogr
am i
sbyf
armor
ethan
t
hatoft
hef
emal
es.Thi
simpl
i
est
hati
nIFALpr
ogr
am,t
hepar
ti
cipat
ionoff
emal
es
wasl
ow.

Concer
ningt
heageofr
espondent
s,17(
43.
6%)r
espondent
swer
eint
heageofgr
oup
of21-30y
ear
s.Whi
l
etheageofr
espondent
s,3(
7.7%)r
espondent
swer
eint
heage
ofgr
oupof15-
20,
10(
25.
6%)r
espondent
swer
eint
heagegr
oupof31-
35,
7(17.
95%)
r
espondent
swer
eint
heageofgr
oupof36-
40and1(
2.6%)r
espondent
swer
eint
he
ageof41andabov
e.Mostpr
esentofI
FALpar
ti
cipant
sinI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
eint
he
ageof21-
30.Thi
sshowst
hatmostpar
ti
cipant
sinI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
eyoungpeopl
e.

Asi
tcanbeseenf
rom t
het
abl
e4.
1abov
ethe7(
%)I
FALl
ear
ner
swer
elev
elI
,6(
%)
I
FALl
ear
nerr
espondent
swer
elev
elI
Iand10(
%)I
FALl
ear
nerr
espondent
swer
elev
el

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page32
I
II
.Thi
sshowst
hatmanyI
FALl
ear
ner
sint
hemet
tuwor
edawer
elev
elI
IIl
ear
ner
s.
Thi
smeantmaj
ori
tyofl
ear
ner
sar
elear
ningt
hispr
ogr
am atpr
evi
ousandot
her
s
wer
eknowunwant
edt
olear
nthepr
ogr
am.Knowt
odayt
hest
akehol
der
sini
ti
ateon
I
FALpr
ogr
am wasl
ow.

Concer
ningwi
tht
heI
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors,I
FALcoor
dinat
orsandI
FALwor
edat
echni
cal
commi
tt
eeeducat
ionalbackgr
oundwas10-
12compl
etef
aci
l
itat
orswer
e6(
%),
di
plomacompl
etedwer
e5(
%)anddegr
eecompl
etedwer
e4(
%)i
nnumberand
pr
esent
.Thi
sshowst
hatmanyI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orswer
eempl
oyeef
aci
l
itat
ors/
for
mal
f
aci
l
itat
orsandt
heI
FALwor
edacoor
dinat
orsandwor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
eewer
e
degr
eecompl
eted.

Concer
ning wi
tht
he cur
rentj
ob ofI
FAL coor
dinat
ors,I
FAL wor
eda t
echni
cal
commi
tt
eeandI
FALl
ear
ner
sfaci
l
itat
ors1(
%)r
espondentwasI
FALcoor
dinat
or/
wor
edaeducat
ionalof
fi
ceexper
t,2(
%)r
espondent
swer
ewor
edaI
FALt
echni
cal
commi
tt
eeand12(
%)r
espondent
swer
eIFALf
aci
l
itat
ors.

4.
2Partone:-TheQuesti
onnair
esFil
ledbytheIFALLear
ners
Tabl
e4.2:Theusabi
li
tyofIFALprogr
am respondedf
rom t
heIFALl
ear
ner
s.

No Quest
ions Yes No Tot
al

No % No % No %

1 I
stheI
FALpr
ogr
am f
unct
ional
? 12 52.
5 11 47.
5 23 100

2 Do you t
hink t
hat coor
dinat
ive I
FAL 20 86.
9 3 13.
0 23 100
pr
ogr
am i
schangi
ngyourdai
lyli
fe? 5 5

Asi
tcanbeseenf
rom t
abl
e4.
2abov
eofi
tem 1t
her
espondent
swer
easkedt
othe
f
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am.Thust
hemaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
sresponses12(
52.
5%)
t
hepr
ogr
am wasf
unct
ionaland11(
47.
5)r
espondent
srespondedt
hepr
ogr
am was
notf
unct
ional
.Thi
sshowst
hat
,thepr
ogr
am wasf
unct
ionalbutnotext
remel
y
f
unct
ional
.Thi
smeantt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyoft
hepr
ogr
am wasnotf
ull
asanexpect
ed.

Concer
ningi
tem 2t
her
espondent
swer
easkedt
hecoor
dinat
iveI
FALpr
ogr
am was
changet
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe.Accor
dingl
y,outof23r
espondent
s20(
86.
95%)wer
eyes,
“i
t
changeourdai
l
yli
fe”
.And3(
13.
05%)r
espondent
ssai
dnotchangeourdai
l
yli
fe.Thi
s
i
ndi
cat
est
hatt
hei
ntegr
atedI
FALpr
ogr
am hasusedt
ochanget
hecommuni
tydai
l
y

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page33
l
i
fesomuch.

Tabl
e 4.
3:coor
dinat
ion ofI
FAL pr
ogr
am f
aci
l
itat
or’
simpl
ement
ati
on r
ate.The
quest
ionnai
resr
espondedf
rom t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am l
ear
ner
sthr
oughscal
es.

No Quest
ionnai
res Ver
y Hi
gh Medi
u Low Ver
ylow Tot
al
hi
gh m

F % f% F % F % F % F %

1 Concer
ning withthe I
FAL
pr
ogram funct
ional
i
ty

1.
1 I
s t he I FAL pr ogr
am 4 17. 3 13.
0 8 34 6 26. 2 8.
7 23 100
f
unct
ional
?I fyouranswer 4 5 .
8 1
i
syeshowit’
sfuncti
onal
?

1.
2 How t he topic of y ou 3 13. 1 78.
2 - - 2 8.
7 - - 23 100
l
earni
ng rel
ated wi
th dail
y 05 8 6
l
if
e?

2 Parti
cipati
on l ev
el of
st
akehol der
s coor di
nati
on
i
ni mpl ementati
on ofIFAL
program implement
er

2.
1 What about par
tici
pat
ion 4 17. 2 8.
7 2 8. 4 17. 11 47. 23 100
l
evel of dev el
opment al 4 7 4 8
agency for giv
ing t he
educat
ionf
ory
ou?

2.
2 What about parti
cipat
ion 5 21. 8 34.
8 7 30 3 13. - - 23 100
l
eveloffor
malteachersfor 7 .
4 05
gi
vingt
heeducati
onforyou

2.
3 What about par t
ici
pat
ion 4 17. 6 26.
1 2 8. 4 17. 7 30. 23 100
l
evelofheal
thextensi
onfor 4 7 4 4
giv
ing the educati
on for
you?

2.
4 What about part
ici
pat
ion - - 2 8.
7 - - 5 21. 16 69. 23 100
l
evelofkebel
emanagerfor 7 56
giv
ing t
he educati
on for
you?

2.
5 What about part
ici
pat
ion 15 65. 8 34.
7 - - - - - - 23 100
l
evel of faci
l
itat
ors for 21
giv
ing t
he educati
on for
you?

The t
abl
e 4.
3 abov
e deal
s wi
tht
he coor
dinat
ion r
ate ofI
FAL pr
ogr
am and
par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate ofI
FAL pr
ogr
am f
aci
l
itat
ors.Dependi
ng on t
hist
abl
e,t
he

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page34
r
espondent
’si
deawasdi
scussedasaf
oll
owi
ng.Concer
ningwi
tht
hei
tem 1.
1,t
he
r
espondent
swer
easkedt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyr
ateofI
FALpr
ogr
am.Hence,4(
17.
4%)of
r
espondent
ssai
dthef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
ever
yhi
gh,3(
13.
05%)of
r
espondent
ssai
dfunct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
ehi
gh,8(
34.
8%)r
espondent
s
wer
erespondedt
hatmedi
um,6(
26.
1%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dlow,and2(
8.7%)of
r
espondent
swer
esai
dthef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am wasv
eryl
ow.Thi
sindi
cat
es
t
hatt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am asaMet
tuwor
edawasnothav
ingconj
unct
ion
ast
akehol
der
s.Asat
abl
eshowst
hatmanyofr
espondent
si.
e.8(
34.
8%)sai
dthe
f
unct
ional
i
tyoft
hispr
ogr
am wer
emedi
um and6(
26.
1%)ofr
espondent
swer
ether
e
wasl
owf
unct
ional
i
tyl
evel
ofI
FALpr
ogr
am ast
hewor
eda.

Regar
dingwi
thi
tem 1.
2ther
espondent
saskedhowt
het
opi
csoft
hel
ear
ningr
elat
ed
wi
tht
hei
rli
fe.Concer
ningwi
tht
hisquest
ion3(
13.
05%)ofr
espondent
swer
esai
dthe
t
opi
cwasv
eryhi
gh,
18(
78.
26%)ofr
espondent
ssai
dthet
opi
cwashi
ghl
yrel
atedwi
th
ourl
i
feand2(
8.7%)ofr
espondent
ssai
dthatt
het
opi
crel
atedwi
thourl
i
fewasl
ow
r
ate.Fr
om t
hist
hemaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
sshow ast
heI
FALpr
ogr
am t
opi
cwas
r
elat
edwi
tht
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hati
fthepr
ogr
am wascoor
dinat
ionwi
th
al
lfaci
l
itat
orst
hepr
ogr
am haschangedt
hecommuni
tyl
i
feandt
hecommuni
tywas
par
ti
cipat
ingi
nthepr
ogr
am.

Regar
dingwi
tht
hei
tem 2.
1ther
espondent
saskedaboutt
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateof
dev
elopment
alagencyi
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.Concer
ningwi
tht
his
quest
ions4(
17.
4%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dver
yhi
ghpar
ti
cipat
ionr
ate,2(
8.7%)sai
d
hi
ghpar
ti
cipat
ionr
ate,
2(8.
7%)sai
dmedi
um par
ti
cipat
ionr
ate,
4(17.
4%)r
espondent
s
sai
dlowpar
ti
ci
pat
ionand11(
47.
8%)r
espondent
ssai
dver
ylowpar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateof
dev
elopment
alagencywast
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,
t
hemaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s11(
47.
8%)sai
dthepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofdev
elopment
al
agencywasv
eryl
ow.Sot
hecoor
dinat
ionofI
FALpr
ogr
am wasnotgood.

Concer
ningwi
thi
tem 2.
2ther
espondent
swer
easkedaboutt
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateof
f
ormalt
eachert
oimpl
ementt
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am.Regar
ding wi
tht
his quest
ions
5(
21.
7%)r
espondent
s sai
dver
y hi
gh,8(
34.
8%)r
espondent
s hi
gh par
ti
cipat
ion,
7(
30.
4%)r
espondent
ssai
dmedi
um par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateand3(
13.
05%)ofr
espondent
s
sai
dlow par
ti
ci
pat
ion r
ate.Themaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
ssay
spar
ti
cipat
ion r
ate

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page35
f
ormalt
eacherwer
ehi
gh,and medi
um.Thi
sshowst
hatf
ormalt
eacher
swer
e
par
ti
cipat
ed t
o i
mpl
ement t
his pr
ogr
am as f
aci
l
itat
ors. Onl
y 3(
13.
05%) 0f
r
espondent
sSay
sthepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateoff
ormalt
eacher
swer
elow.Duet
othi
s
r
easont
hef
ormalt
eacherpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
e
good.

Concer
ningundert
abl
e4.
3it
em 2.
3abov
ether
espondent
swer
easkedaboutt
he
par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofheal
thext
ensi
onf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.Regar
ding
t
othi
s quest
ions 4(
17.
4%)r
espondent
s wer
e sai
dver
yhi
gh par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate,
6(
26.
1%)ofr
espondent
ssai
d hi
gh par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate,2(
8.7%)r
espondent
ssai
d
medi
um,
4(17.
4%)r
espondent
ssai
dlowand7(
30.
4%)ofr
espondent
swer
esai
dver
y
l
ow par
ti
ci
pat
ionr
ateofheal
thext
ensi
onf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.The
maj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s7(
30.
4%)sai
dthatt
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofheal
thext
ensi
on
t
oimpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am i
sver
ylow.And6(
26.
1%)ofr
espondent
ssai
dthe
par
ti
cipat
ionr
atewer
emedi
um.t
hisshowst
hatt
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofheal
th
ext
ensi
onwasnotcont
inued,i
twasi
nter
rupt
ed.Howev
ert
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateof
heal
th ext
ensi
on f
ori
mpl
ement
ing t
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am was notv
erygood as i
t
expect
ed.

Ascanbeseent
abl
e4.
3abov
eit
ems2.
4ther
espondent
swer
easkedaboutt
he
par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate ofkebel
e managerf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
on ofI
FAL pr
ogr
am as
Met
tuwor
eda.Concer
ningt
othi
squest
ionst
he2(
8.7%)ofr
espondent
ssai
dthe
par
ti
cipat
ion of kebel
e manager was hi
gh,5(
21.
7%) r
espondent
s sai
dlow
par
ti
cipat
ion,and 16(
69.
56%)r
espondent
ssai
dthe par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate ofkebel
e
managerwasv
eryl
ow.Li
tt
ler
espondent
s2(
8.7%)wer
eshow t
hei
rresponsest
he
par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofkebel
emanagerwer
ehi
gh.Howev
ermanyofr
espondent
swer
e
sai
dver
ylow.Regar
ding t
othi
s,t
he maj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s 16(
69.
56%)sai
d
par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate ofkebel
e managerwer
ever
ylow. Thi
simpl
i
es t
hatt
he
par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofkebel
emanagerwasnotgood.

Regar
ding t
othe abov
etabl
e 4.
3it
em 2.
5the r
espondent
s asked aboutt
he
par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateoff
ormalI
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors.Concer
ningt
othi
sit
em outof23
r
espondent
s 15(
65.
2%)r
espondent
s sai
dthatv
ery hi
gh par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate and
8(
34.
7%)r
espondent
swer
esai
d hi
ghpar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateoff
ormalf
aci
l
itat
orst
o

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page36
i
mpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am asaMet
tuwor
eda.Concer
ningt
othi
sit
em maj
ori
tyof
r
espondent
s15(
65.
2%)sai
dthepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orswer
ever
yhi
gh
r
ate.Thi
sshowst
hatt
hepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateoff
ormalI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orswer
ever
ygood
l
evel
ast
hiswor
eda.

4.2.
2FocusGr oupDiscussi
onHeldwit
hInt
egratedFunct
ionalAdultLi
ter
acy
l
earners.
1.Doy outhinkthatco-worki
ngwit
hallst
akeholder
sonI FALprogram i
schangi
ng
thel
ifeofthelear
ners?

2.Doy
out
hatl
ear
ningbydi
ff
erentpr
ofessi
onal
faci
l
itat
orsi
sgood?How?

3.How t
hei
ntegr
ati
onofdi
ff
erentcont
ent
sinI
FALpr
ogr
am i
schangi
ngy
ourdai
l
y
l
if
e?

Ascanbeseent
heabov
ethr
eeoff
ocusgr
oupdi
scussi
onpr
esent
edf
orI
FAL
pr
ogr
am l
ear
ner
s23r
espondent
swer
epar
ti
cipat
ingont
hedi
scussi
onoft
heabov
e
quest
ions.Concer
ningwi
tht
hosequest
ionst
her
espondent
swassai
d“wegai
nfr
om
t
he coor
dinat
ion ofv
ari
ous st
akehol
der
s,coor
dinat
ion ofv
ari
ous pr
ofessi
onal
f
aci
l
itat
orsandcol
l
abor
ati
onofv
ari
ouscont
ent
shaschangedourl
i
featoncet
ime
bymanyski
l
ls”
.For i
nst
ance,“
wegai
nfr
om t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am andatsi
mil
ar
si
tuat
iont
heski
l
lsofwr
it
ing,
readi
ng,
andsi
mpl
enumer
ati
ngski
l
lsaswel
lasi
ncome
gener
ati
on ski
l
ls,moder
nized agr
icul
tur
alski
l
ls,env
ironment
alconser
vat
ion and
pr
otect
ionski
l
ls,heal
theducat
ionski
l
ls(di
seasepr
event
ion,chi
l
dcar
e,andf
ami
l
y
pl
anni
ng)
,anddomest
iccul
ti
vat
ionatf
rom t
hispr
ogr
am.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,the
I
FALpr
ogr
amshav
ehi
ghbenef
itf
ordev
elopmentofdai
l
yli
fepar
ti
cipant
s,aswel
las
count
ry.SoI
FALpr
ogr
am,
hav
emanyusedi
nthedev
elopmentofourcount
ry.

4.
3Par
ttwo:TheQuest
ionnai
resFi
ll
edbyt
heI
FALFaci
li
tat
ors
4.
3.1ConcerningWith,t
heIFALPr ogr
am Functi
onali
tyandFact
orst
hatAf f
ectthe
Part
ici
pat
ionlevelofIFALProgram Facil
it
ator
s.
Tabl
e4.4:useandpr oblem r
elat
edissues,r
espondedfr
om theI
FALfaci
l
itator
s.

No Quest
ionnai
res Yes No Tot
al

No % No % No %

1 I
stheI
FALpr
ogr
am f
unct
ional
? 7 58.
3 5 41.
6 12 100
3 6

2 Do y
ou t
hinkt
hatI
FAL pr
ogr
am can 12 100 - - 12 100

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page37
 changet
hecommuni
tyl
i
fe?

3 Do the I
FAL faci
li
tator
s show keen 5 41.
6 7 58.
3 12 100
i
nter
estst
ofaci
l
itat
et heprogr
am? 6 3

4 I
fthequest
ionnumber3abov
eis“
No”
why?

Lackofi
nter
est
sforpr
ofessi
on 4 33.
3 8 66.
6 12 100
3 6

Lackofawar
eness 2 16.
6 10 83.
3 12 100
6 3

Nopay
ment 6 50 6 50 12 100

Lowr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thst
akehol
der
s 8 66.
6 4 33.
3 12 100
6 3

Lackofsuppor
tfr
om t
hest
akehol
der
s 10 83.
3 2 16.
6 12 100
3 6

Ascanbeseent
abl
e4.
4abov
ethi
stabl
eshowst
hatt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FAL
pr
ogr
am andpar
ti
cipat
ionofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsandf
act
orst
hataf
fectt
hepar
ti
cipat
ion
i
nter
est
sofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors.Accor
dingl
yint
het
abl
e5abov
eit
em 1t
her
espondent
s
wer
easkedaboutt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am asaMet
tuwor
eda.Concer
ning
t
othi
sit
em outoft
het
otalr
espondent
s12,
7(58.
33%)ofr
espondent
swer
esai
dyes,
t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am wasf
unct
ionaland5(
41.
66%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dno,i
t’
snot
f
unct
ional
.SomewhatI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
efunct
ional
. Concer
ningwi
tht
heabov
e
r
espondentofr
esponses,t
hemaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s7(
58.
33%)t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am
whi
chi
sgi
veni
ntheMet
tuwor
edawer
efunct
ional
.

Regar
dingwi
tht
heabov
etabl
e4.
4it
em 2t
her
espondent
swer
easkedt
hei
rvi
ew
whet
hert
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am change t
he communi
tyl
i
fe? Accor
dingl
y,out12
r
espondent
s12(
100%)r
espondent
sshow t
hei
ragr
eementont
heusabi
l
ityofI
FAL
pr
ogr
am i
nthecommuni
tyl
i
fe.Thi
sshowst
hat
,maj
ori
tyf
aci
l
itat
orsof
IFALpr
ogr
am
wer
ereal
l
yont
heuset
hispr
ogr
am i
nor
dert
ochanget
hecommuni
tyl
i
feandt
hei
r
economy
.

Ascanbeseent
heabov
etabl
e4.
4showsi
tem 3t
her
espondent
swer
easkedabout
t
hei
nter
est
sofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orst
ofaci
l
itat
ethepr
ogr
am.Concer
ningwi
tht
hisi
tem

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page38
outof12r
espondent
’s5(
41.
66%)r
espondent
sshowst
hei
ragr
eementast
heyhav
e
i
nter
est
stof
aci
l
itat
etheI
FALpr
ogr
am,and7(
58.
33%)r
espondent
swer
echoi
ceno
f
rom t
heal
ter
nat
ivesl
i
sted.Regar
ding wi
tht
hequest
ion maj
ori
tyof7(
58.
33%)
r
espondent
wassai
dno.Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
,maj
ori
tyofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orshav
eno
i
nter
est
stof
aci
l
itat
ethepr
ogr
am.

Tabl
e4.
4abov
eshowsi
tem 4t
her
espondent
swer
e,askedwhatt
hef
act
orsaf
fect
t
hei
nter
est
sofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orst
oimpl
ementt
hepr
ogr
am.Fr
om t
hef
act
orsl
i
sted,
a
f
ir
stf
act
orwasaskedaboutt
hel
ackofi
nter
est
sforpr
ofessi
on.Concer
ningwi
tht
his
f
act
orsf
rom t
he12r
espondent
s4(
33.
33%)ofr
espondent
swer
esai
dyes,and
8(
66.
66%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dno.Maj
ori
tyofr
espondent
swer
esai
dno.Thi
s
i
ndi
cat
es t
hat
,pr
ofessi
onal
i
zes hav
eimpactt
ofaci
l
itat
ethe I
FAL pr
ogr
am.The
secondf
act
orsaskedt
her
espondent
swer
elackofawar
eness.Regar
dingt
othi
s
f
act
oroutofal
l12r
espondent
s2(
16.
66%)r
espondent
ssai
dyes,and10(
83.
33%)
r
espondent
s wer
e sai
d no.
Accor
dingl
y,maj
ori
ty of10(
83.
33%)r
espondent
s of
f
aci
l
itat
orshav
eawar
enessaboutt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.

Thet
hir
dfact
orwhi
chwasaskedt
her
espondent
swer
elackofpay
ment
.Concer
ning
t
othi
squest
ionoutof12r
espondent
s6(
50%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dyes,and6
r
espondent
swer
esai
dno.Thi
sfact
orswer
eequal
l
yaf
fect
edt
hecoor
dinat
ionof
I
FALpr
ogr
am,aswel
lashav
en’
taf
fect
ed.
Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,pay
ment
swer
emi
ght
bemot
ivat
edandmi
ghtnotbemot
ivat
edt
hef
aci
l
itat
orst
ofaci
l
itat
ethepr
ogr
am.

Thef
our
thf
act
orsaskedt
her
espondent
swer
elow r
elat
ionshi
pwi
thst
akehol
der
s.
Regar
dingt
othi
squest
ions8(
66.
66%)r
espondent
srepl
i
edt
hat
,yest
hisf
act
ors
wer
eaf
fect
edt
hepr
ogr
am coor
dinat
ion,and4(
33.
33%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dno,
t
hisf
act
orsnoi
nfl
uenceont
hecoor
dinat
ionoft
hepr
ogr
am.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,
t
her
ewasnopr
obl
em wi
tht
her
elat
ionshi
pofst
akehol
der
sint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onof
I
FALpr
ogr
am.

The f
if
thf
act
orst
hat r
espondent
s wer
e asked,Lack of suppor
tfr
om t
he
st
akehol
der
s.Concer
ningwi
tht
hisf
act
ors10(
83.
33%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dyes,
t
her
ewer
eenoughsuppor
ti
ngf
rom t
hest
akehol
der
sforf
aci
l
itat
orsand2(
16.
66%)
r
espondent
swer
esai
dno,t
her
ewasnosuppor
tfr
om t
hest
akehol
der
swhi
cht
akes
pl
acei
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALdur
ingf
aci
l
itat
ionper
iodf
ort
hef
aci
l
itat
ors.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page39
Accor
dingl
y,t
he maj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s 10(
83.
33%)y
es sai
dther
e wer
elack
suppor
tfr
om t
hest
akehol
der
sfort
hef
aci
l
itat
ors.Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
,ther
ewer
eno
suppor
tsf
rom t
hest
akehol
der
sfort
hef
aci
l
itat
ors.

4.3.
2Thequestionnai
resrespondedf r
om theI
FALprogr
am f
aci
li
tat
orsthr
ough
scal
es.
Table4.
5:Concerni
ngwiththeparti
cipati
onrat
eofI
FALprogr
am f
acil
it
ator
s.

No I
tems Ver
y Hi
gh Low Ver
y Tot
al
hi
gh medi
u l
ow
m

f % f % F % F % F % f %

1 How much t he topi

cs 8 66 4 33 - - - - - - 12 100
you gi
vi
ng fort heIFAL .
6 .
3
l
earner
s r elated with 6 3
t
heirdai
lyl
i
fe?

2 Do y ou t hink IFAL 8 66 2 16 2 16 - - - - 12 100

progr
am canchanget he .
6 .
6 .
6
communi t
yl i
fe?Ify our 6 6 6
answeris“yes”how?

3 I
s t he IFAL progr
am 2 16 2 16 3 25 4 33. 1 8.
3 12 100
funct
ional
? I f y our .
6 .
6 33 3
answeris‘Yes”how i
t’
s 6 6
funct
ional
?

4 How t he communi
ti
es 1 8. 4 33 3 25 1 8.
3 3 25 12 100
parti
cipat
ei nthe I
FAL 33 .
3 3
program? 3

Tabl
e4.
5abov
edeal
sthepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ateoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nMet
tuwor
eda.
Thus,r
espondent
swer
easkedt
her
elat
ionofI
FALt
opi
cswhi
chwer
egi
vi
ngf
ort
he
l
ear
ner
satt
hecent
erswi
tht
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe.Concer
ningwi
tht
hei
tem 1outof12
r
espondent
s8(
66.
66%)r
esear
chpar
ti
cipant
swer
erepl
i
edasv
eryhi
gh,
and4(
33.
33%)
r
espondent
swer
erepl
i
edt
ohi
gh.Themaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
srepl
i
edt
het
opi
csof
t
hel
ear
ner
slear
ningwasgoodr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,
t
het
opi
cswhi
cht
hel
ear
ner
swer
elear
nedi
nIFALpr
ogr
am wer
egoodr
elat
ionshi
p
wi
tht
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page40
Comi
ngt
oit
em 2oft
abl
e4.
5ther
espondent
swer
easkedhow t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am
changest
hecommuni
tyl
i
fe.Regar
dingt
othi
sit
em 8(
66.
66%)r
espondent
swer
e
r
epl
i
ed,t
het
opi
cwhi
chi
sgi
vi
ngf
ort
heI
FALl
ear
ner
shav
echanget
hecommuni
ty
dai
l
yli
fe,2(
16.
66%)r
espondent
swer
esay
shi
gh,and2(
16%)andr
espondent
swer
e
sai
dmedi
um.Themaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s8(
66.
66%)wer
esai
dver
yhi
gh.Thi
s
showst
hat
,thet
opi
cswhi
chwer
egi
vi
ngf
ort
heI
FALl
ear
ner
shav
echangedt
he
communi
tydai
l
yli
fe.

I
tem 3oft
abl
e4.
5abov
ether
espondent
swer
easkedt
hef
unct
ional
i
tyr
ateoft
heI
FAL
pr
ogr
am.Accor
dingl
y,outof12r
espondent
s2(
16.
66%)r
espondent
swer
erepl
i
ed
v
eryhi
gh,2(
16.
66%)r
espondent
swer
erepl
i
edhi
gh,3(
25%)r
espondent
swer
esai
d
medi
um,4(
33.
33%)r
espondent
swer
erepl
i
edl
ow and1(
8.33%)r
espondent
swer
e
sai
dver
ylow.Themaj
ori
tyr
ateofr
espondent
swassai
dlowandaf
ewr
espondent
s
wer
esai
dver
yhi
ghandhi
gh,aswel
lasv
eryl
i
ttl
erespondent
swer
esai
dver
ylow.
Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
,thef
unct
ional
i
tyofI
FALpr
ogr
am asaMet
tuwor
edawasl
ow
f
unct
ional
,duet
olackI
FALst
akehol
der
’scoor
dinat
ion.

Regar
dingi
tem 4ont
abl
e4.
5abov
e,t
her
espondent
swer
easkedt
hepar
ti
cipat
ion
r
atet
hecommuni
tyi
ntheI
FALpr
ogr
am asaMet
tuwor
eda.Concer
ningt
othi
s
quest
ions1(
8.33%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dver
yhi
gh,4(
33.
33%)r
espondent
swer
e
sai
d hi
gh,3(
25%)r
espondent
s wer
e sai
d medi
um,1(
8.33%)r
espondent
s wer
e
sai
dlowand 3(
25%)r
espondent
s wer
e sai
dver
ylow par
ti
cipat
ion r
ate ofI
FAL
l
ear
ner
s.Themaj
ori
tyofr
espondent
s4(
33.
33%)wer
esai
dthat
,thepar
ti
cipat
ionr
ate
ofI
FALl
ear
ner
swer
ehi
gh.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,manyI
FALl
ear
ner
swer
epar
ti
cipat
ing
i
ntheI
FALpr
ogr
am.But
,donotal
li
nal
lpar
ti
cipat
ingf
orusedf
rom t
hepr
ogr
am.

Tabl
e4.
6:Faci
l
itat
orspar
ti
cipat
ionl
evel
respondedbyt
hef
aci
l
itat
ors

N I
tems Respondent
s f % Tot
al
o
f %

1 Whose faci
l
itat
ors Formalt
eachers 8 66.
66 8 66.
66
mainl
ypart
ici
patewith
you f
orimplementing DA 3 25 3 25
t
he IFAL progr
am i n Healt
hextensi
on 3 25 3 25
t
hiscant
er?
Kebel
emanger 2 16.
66 2 16.
66

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page41
 Formal 12 100 12 100
faci
l
itat
ors

2 Doy outhinkthat
,the Yes 5 41.
66 5 41.
66
IFAL pr ogr
am was
successf
ul as No 7 58.
33 7 58.
33
coordi
nated? Tot
al 12 100 12 100

Asi
tcan be obser
ved f
rom t
abl
e 4.
6 abov
ethe r
espondent
swer
e asked t
he
par
ti
cipat
ionr
ateofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
ort
oimpl
ementt
hepr
ogr
am.Concer
ningt
othi
s
i
tem out of 12 r
espondent
s 8(
66.
66%) wer
erepl
i
ed f
ormalt
eacher
s wer
e
par
ti
cipat
ing i
nthepr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on,3(
25%)ofr
espondent
swer
esai
d,
dev
elopment
alagencywaspar
ti
cipat
e,3(
25%)ofr
espondent
swer
erepl
i
ed t
he
heal
thext
ensi
onpar
ti
ci
pat
ion,
2(16.
66%)r
espondent
swer
esai
dkebel
emanagerwas
par
ti
cipat
e,and 12(
100)r
espondent
swer
e sai
dfor
malf
aci
l
itat
orswer
e mai
nly
par
ti
cipat
ingt
oImpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hatal
lIFALf
aci
l
itat
ors
wer
enotpar
ti
cipat
ingt
oimpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.Mai
nlyf
ormalt
eacher
sand
I
FALf
aci
l
itat
orswer
emai
nlypar
ti
cipat
ingt
oimpl
ementt
hepr
ogr
am.Theot
her
s
wer
enotdoneasi
texpect
ed.Duet
othi
sreasont
hecoor
dinat
ionoft
hispr
ogr
am
wasnotf
ull
andi
t’
slow,
andaswel
lasi
twasunderr
isk.

Regar
dingont
heabov
etabl
etem 2,t
hemaj
ori
ty7(
58.
33%)ofr
espondent
swer
e
sai
dno,t
het
odaycoor
dinat
ionoft
odayI
FALpr
ogr
am wasnot
osuccesst
he
pr
ogr
am,
whi
l
ether
est
swer
esai
dyes,
bycoor
dinat
ionofst
akehol
der
sthi
spr
ogr
am
canf
ulf
il
l.Thi
simpl
i
est
hat
,bycoor
dinat
ivepr
act
iceoft
hispr
ogr
am hasapr
obl
em.
Thi
ssuggest
ionshowst
hat
,now pr
esentcoor
dinat
ionofst
akehol
der
swer
enot
f
ulf
il
li
ng t
hispr
ogr
am.Thi
simpl
i
es,coor
dinat
ion r
athert
han gi
vet
hispr
ogr
am
i
mpl
ement
ati
onf
oronl
yoner
esponsi
blebodywasf
ulf
il
lthi
spr
ogr
am.

4.
4PartII
I.I
nter
viewRespondedf
rom t
heI
FALWor
edaCoor
dinat
orsandI
FAL
WoredaCommi t
tees.
4.
4.1Concerni
ngwiththestakehol
der
scoor di
nat
iontoimpl
ement
ingtheIFAL
progr
am andchal
lengestoimplement
ing.
1.Howisthecoordinat
ionwithint
hestakehol
dersduri
ngimpl
ementat
ion,pl
anni
ng
andor
gani
zedI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

Concer
ningt
othi
squest
ion,
ther
espondent
swer
esai
d,“
Asagov
ernment
alpl
anned

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page42
t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am shoul
dpar
ti
cipat
eal
lst
akehol
der
sdur
ingpl
an,i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
or
gani
zat
ionandev
aluat
ionpr
ocess.
Thoseal
lst
akehol
der
swer
e:Agr
icul
tur
alsect
or,
Heal
thsect
or,Educat
ionalsect
or,l
aborandsoci
alaf
fai
rssect
or,spor
tandy
out
h
sect
or,
chi
l
drenandwomenaf
fai
rssect
or,
micr
oent
erpr
isesect
or,
andpubl
i
cser
vice
andhumanr
esour
cesect
or. Thesest
akehol
der
swer
emai
nlypar
ti
cipat
ingonl
y
dur
ingdi
scussi
onst
ageandwhenapl
anwasdesi
gned.Thusdur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
on
andor
gani
zat
iononl
yeducat
ionalsect
orwer
ehi
ghl
ywor
ktosuccesst
hepr
ogr
am”
.
Thi
sindi
cat
es t
hat
,t
he maj
ori
ty of I
FAL i
mpl
ement
orst
akehol
der
s wer
e not
par
ti
cipat
ing i
n a pr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on. Regar
ding t
o t
his abov
e i
dea
dur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
ont
hecoor
dinat
ionofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nMet
tuwor
edawasv
ery
l
ow

2.Whowe’
repar
ti
ci
pat
ingi
nthepl
anni
ngandi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am i
n
y
ourwor
eda?

Regar
dingont
heabov
equest
ion,t
her
espondent
swer
esai
d“asagov
ernment
al
or
gani
zed,
theI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
epl
anandi
mpl
ementbycoor
dinat
ionoft
hewor
eda
I
FAL st
akehol
der
s.Those wer
e:-
Wor
edaadmi
nist
rat
ive of
fi
ce,Agr
icul
tur
alof
fi
ce,
Heal
thof
fi
cespor
tandy
out
hof
fi
ce,
chi
l
drenandwomenaf
fai
rsof
fi
ce,
publ
i
cser
vice
andhumanr
esour
ceof
fi
ce,
laborandsoci
alaf
fai
rsshoul
dwor
ktoget
herasawor
da
l
evel
.Al
soasakebel
elev
elf
ormal
teacher
s,dev
elopment
alagency
,heal
thext
ensi
on,
kebel
emanager
,andf
ormalI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsshoul
dwor
ktoget
her i
napl
anand
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALi
nor
dert
oyi
eldl
ocalcommuni
tyf
rom t
hepr
ogr
am.
Howev
er,onl
yfor
malt
eacher
sandf
ormalI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orswer
ewor
ktoget
hert
o
i
mpl
ementt
hepr
ogr
am.Atsamekebel
eheal
thext
ensi
onanddev
elopment
alagency
wer
ewor
kwi
tht
hem.Thi
spar
ti
cipat
ionoff
aci
l
itat
orswasnotcont
inues,i
twas
i
nter
rupt
ed.Wheni
tputi
nper
cent
,thei
rpar
ti
cipat
ionwasonl
y51%asourwor
eda.
Butt
hekebel
emanagerwasnotpar
ti
cipat
ing i
nthepr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on”
.
Concer
ningt
otheabov
equest
ions,manyofst
akehol
der
swer
enoti
ncl
udeddur
ing
t
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am aswant
edandgov
ernment
alpl
anned.Thi
s
i
mpl
i
est
hat
,thepar
ti
cipat
ionr
atesofI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
enotgoodandi
twasl
ow
l
evel
impl
ement
ati
on.

3.Whati
sthecont
ri
but
ionofwor
edaeducat
ionalof
fi
ceexper
tsi
nthepr
omot
ionof

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page43
I
FALpr
ogr
am t
ocoor
dinat
eal
lst
akehol
der
s?

Ascanweseenabov
equest
ionst
hisi
tem wasconcer
ningonl
ythewor
edaexper
t.
Thust
heI
FALcoor
dinat
orasMet
tuwor
edawasonl
yonei
ndi
vi
dual
.Accor
dingl
y,t
he
wor
edanon-
for
maleducat
ionandcommuni
tydev
elopmentcor
epr
ocesswast
he
l
eader of wor
eda t
echni
calcommi
tt
ee.By usi
ng t
his oppor
tuni
ty,t
he I
FAL
coor
dinat
orshoul
dcol
l
ectt
hewor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
eemember
sandaddr
ess
t
hepl
anwhi
chi
sdesi
gnedbyboar
dcommi
tt
ees.Aswel
las,
assesswhi
chpl
anwas
successf
ull
yandwhi
chwasunsuccessf
ulandgi
vef
eedbackf
ort
hef
aci
l
itat
orswi
th
t
he t
echni
calcommi
tt
ee mont
hly atonce.Then scr
een outt
he st
rengt
h and
weaknesssi
dedur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.Af
tert
hat
,remov
ethe
weakness si
de and cont
inues t
he st
rongsi
de mor
e ov
erwi
tht
he commi
tt
ee
member
s.Howev
er,
asaMet
tuwor
edat
her
eisnoi
ntegr
ati
onwi
thwor
edat
echni
cal
commi
tt
ee.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hat
,theMet
tuwor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
eeswer
enot
wor
ktoget
herf
ori
mpl
ement
ingt
hispr
ogr
am appr
opr
iat
ely
.Duet
othi
sreason,t
he
I
FALcoor
dinat
ionwasonv
erypoori
mpl
ement
ati
onl
evelatadi
str
ictl
evelandt
his
wascomesont
odecr
easet
heuseofI
FALpr
ogr
am al
somi
nimi
zet
hecoor
dinat
ion
off
aci
l
itat
orsatt
hekebel
elev
el.

4.Asy
ourwor
eda,
whatf
act
orsaf
fectcowor
kingwi
thi
nthest
akehol
der
s?

Accor
dingl
y,t
her
espondent
srepl
i
edt
hat
,“
thef
act
orst
hataf
fect
ingcowor
kingas
ourwor
eda:
-Lackofgi
veat
tent
ionf
rom al
lst
akehol
der
s,l
ackofr
aisi
ngenough
budgetf
rom t
hegov
ernment
,duet
othepr
ogr
am dependentont
heot
hersect
or.
Lack ofl
ear
ning and mat
eri
als suppl
y,l
ack ofmoder
nized r
esear
ch on t
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,al
lsect
orswer
enotputi
nthei
rannualpl
anf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
onof
t
hispr
ogr
am,
communi
tywer
enotr
eal
l
yoni
tsuse,
manyst
akehol
der
ssect
orsseen
asanaddi
ti
onalwor
kthi
spr
ogr
am,si
tuat
ionunchangeabl
eoft
hispr
ogr
am asi
t’
s
desi
gnat
ed”
.Thi
sindi
cat
es,abov
eideasshowst
hat
,thi
spr
ogr
am hav
en'
tat
tent
ion
f
rom t
hegov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionatt
hedi
ff
erentst
ages.Then,t
hispr
obl
em was
mi
nimi
zi
ng t
he ut
il
izat
ion of I
FAL pr
ogr
am and t
rack f
or coor
dinat
ion and
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hest
akehol
der
s.

5.Whatr
oledi
dyouror
gani
zat
ionpl
ayi
nthepr
ocessofwi
thi
ntheal
lst
akehol
der
s
f
ori
mpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page44
Regar
dingont
heabov
equest
ion,
thewor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
eesandeducat
ional
I
FALcoor
dinat
orr
epl
i
edt
hei
rresponset
heyhav
edi
ff
erenceper
spect
ivesont
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.Theysai
dthat
,“t
her
oleofwor
daeducat
ional
sect
or was or
gani
ze t
he wor
eda t
echni
calcommi
tt
ees,empl
oyee t
he I
FAL
f
aci
l
itat
ors,or
gani
ze t
he pr
ogr
am by usi
ng t
he f
ormalt
eacher
s and f
ormal
educat
ionalsuper
visor
.The ot
hersect
ors wer
e or
gani
zi
ng t
he pr
ogr
am dur
ing
i
mpl
ement
ati
onand or
gani
zet
hei
rsect
orsf
rom t
hepl
anni
ng up t
heev
aluat
ion
pr
ocess f
orchange t
he communi
tyawar
eness and pr
act
ice.Howev
er,wi
thout
educat
ionalexper
tsandeducat
ionalsect
orsas,wedealabov
ethepar
ti
cipat
ionof
ot
hersect
orwassl
ackdur
ingt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
on”
.Accor
dingl
y,onl
ytheeducat
ional
sect
orsext
remel
ypl
ayi
tsr
oleasmuchaspossi
ble.Dependont
hisquest
ion,t
he
educat
ionalof
fi
cedesi
gni
tsownst
rat
egyandwor
kwi
thI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsandf
ormal
t
eacher
stheadul
teducat
ionr
atei
n2009ECon22%wer
edev
elopedt
o49%2010EC.
Besi
des,t
heabov
epoi
ntsot
herst
akehol
der
swer
enotwor
kont
heI
FALpr
act
iceas
i
t’
sdesi
gned.Thi
sshowst
hat
,theeducat
ionalsect
orswer
epl
aygoodr
olet
oinv
est
t
hispr
ogr
am byi
tsef
for
tasaMet
tuwor
edaandt
heot
herst
akehol
der
swer
enot
wor
k wi
tht
hem.Thi
sis const
rai
nt on t
he coor
dinat
ion of I
FAL pr
ogr
am
i
mpl
ement
ati
onast
heMet
tuwor
eda.

6.Whatmaj
orchal
l
engest
hataf
fectcoor
dinat
ethest
akehol
der
stoi
mpl
ementt
he
I
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

Accor
dingl
y,t
hemaj
orchal
l
engest
hataf
fect
ingcowor
kingwi
thal
lst
akehol
der
s:-
sl
ack at
tent
ion f
rom t
he al
llev
els ofgov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionall
eaderor
admi
nist
rat
or.Duet
othi
sreasoncommuni
ti
eswer
enotunwi
l
li
ngnessont
hebenef
it
oft
hispr
ogr
am,f
aci
l
itat
orst
hosewhor
ecr
uitf
ort
heI
FALpr
ogr
am wer
eteachi
ng
t
he f
ormal educat
ion cl
ass,i
nadequat
e andi
ragogi
cal t
rai
ning pr
ovi
ded f
or
f
aci
l
itat
ors,
lackofgov
ernment
alcommi
tmentandcur
rentf
ormat
iver
esear
chont
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.Al
so now day
stheywer
edi
dn’
tlear
ning i
nthecol
l
egedur
ing
summer
y,l
ossofmoni
tor
ingandf
oll
owupf
rom al
lst
akehol
der
s,aswel
last
heend
r
epor
tonl
yconcer
nonnumberr
athert
hant
hepr
act
icalwor
k.I
ssuer
elat
edwi
tht
he
f
aci
l
itat
or’
spr
obl
emwaswi
thoutt
aki
ngt
hepedagogi
calmet
hodsentf
ort
eachi
ng.
Concer
ningont
hisr
esponses,t
heseal
lpr
obl
emswer
enotonl
ythest
akehol
der
’s
l
i
mit
ati
on.Thi
s was r
elat
ed wi
tht
he communi
ty’
sawar
eness and gov
ernment
al

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page45
body
’spar
ti
cipat
ion.Duet
otheabov
eli
mit
ati
onst
heI
FALpr
ogr
am coor
dinat
ionwas
v
eryl
owasaMet
tuwor
eda.

7.Whaty
ougi
vesol
uti
ont
osol
vet
hatpr
obl
em asI
FALcoor
dinat
orsandI
FAL
t
echni
cal
commi
tt
ee?

Regar
dingont
heabov
eit
em,
respondent
swer
eputt
hei
rper
cept
ionasasol
uti
onf
or
t
he abov
eli
sted chal
l
enges.Those sol
uti
ons wer
e,change t
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am
moni
tor
ing and ev
aluat
ionpr
ocedur
e,changet
hear
rangementoft
echni
caland
bor
ed commi
tt
eeatal
llev
el,outt
hej
ob checkl
i
stbymont
hlyand ev
aluat
ethe
i
mpl
ement
ati
onpl
anni
ngwi
tht
het
echni
calcommi
tt
eesandi
mpl
ement
ers.Desi
gn
t
rai
ning pr
ogr
am on t
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on met
hod wi
th many
st
akehol
der
sanduni
ver
sit
ies.Aswel
las,desi
gnt
hemoni
tor
ingpr
ogr
am wi
tht
he
f
aci
l
itat
orsbyt
womont
hsandi
dent
if
ytheweaknesssi
deandst
rongsi
de.Att
he
end,
changet
heweaknesssi
dei
ntost
rongbyr
epl
yi
ngwor
koni
tandcont
inuest
he
st
rongone.

Chapt
erFi
ve

5Summar
y,Concl
usi
onandRecommendat
ion
I
nthi
schapt
ert
hesummaryoft hemajorf
indi
ngsoft
hest udy
,concl
usi
onand

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page46
r
ecommendat
ionhav
ebeenpr
esent
ed.

5.
1.Summar
y
Theov
eral
lobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywasanal
yzedt
hechal
l
engesofcoor
dinat
ioni
nthe
i
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
onMet
tudi
str
ict
.Toat
tai
n
t
hisobj
ect
ive,
thest
udyat
tempt
edt
ogi
veanswer
stot
hef
oll
owi
ngbasi
cquest
ions.
1,
whatf
act
oraf
fect
scowor
kingwi
thi
nIFALst
akehol
der
s?

2,whi
chor
gani
zat
ionalsetuppr
omot
eef
fect
ivei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
n
met
tudi
str
ict
?

3,what ar
ethe chal
l
enges t
hat af
fect t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on of coor
dinat
ed
st
akehol
der
sonI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nmet
tudi
str
ict
?

Accor
dingl
y,descr
ipt
ivesur
veyst
udymet
hodwasempl
oyedi
nthi
sst
udyandt
he
r
elat
edl
i
ter
atur
ewasr
evi
ewed.Bot
hquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
ivedat
awer
egat
her
ed
t
hroughquest
ionnai
re,i
nter
viewandf
ocusgr
oupdi
scussi
on.Ther
espondent
swho
compl
etedt
hequest
ionnai
reswer
e23l
ear
ner
s,12f
aci
l
itat
ors,1coor
dinat
orand2
wor
edat
echni
calcommi
tt
ees.Thedat
awer
ecol
l
ect
edf
rom l
ear
ner
sandf
aci
l
itat
ors
usi
ngquest
ionnai
resf
oreachgr
oup.I
nter
view wasal
sousedt
ogat
herdat
afr
om
I
FAL coor
dinat
ors and Wor
edat
echni
cal commi
tt
ees. Besi
des, f
ocus gr
oup
di
scussi
onwasusedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
ionf
orI
FALpr
ogr
am l
ear
ner
s.Thedat
a
obt
ained wer
eanal
yzed usi
ng f
requency
,per
cent
ageand wor
ds.Based on t
he
anal
ysi
soft
hedat
a,t
hef
oll
owi
ngf
indi
ngswer
eobt
ainedf
rom t
hest
udy
.

5.
2.MajorFindi
ngs
1.Concer
ningthefunct
ional
i
tyl
evelofI
FALpr
ogr
am t
hemaj
ori
tyof35(
55.
41%)
r
espondent
swer
eshowsi
tsf
unct
ional
i
ty.

2.Concer
ning t
he par
ti
cipat
ion ofdi
ff
erentst
akehol
der
sint
he pl
anni
ng and
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am maj
ori
ty34(
87.
17%)r
espondent
swer
eonl
ythe
educat
ional
sect
orswasmai
nlypar
ti
cipat
ingt
hispr
ogr
am.

3.Concer
ningwi
thpar
ti
cipat
ionl
evelofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am
f
aci
l
itat
orst
hemaj
ori
ty39(
100%)
,respondent
swer
erepl
i
edonl
yfor
malt
eacher
s
and I
FAL f
ormalf
aci
l
itat
ors wer
e par
ti
cipat
ing t
oimpl
ement t
his pr
ogr
am.
Accor
dingl
ythepar
ti
ci
pat
ionr
ateofot
herf
aci
l
itat
orswasv
eryl
owandt
hispr
ogr
am

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page47
wasnoti
ntegr
ated.

4.Concer
ningwi
tht
hef
act
orsaf
fect
ingt
hecoor
dinat
ionofst
akehol
der
swasal
lin
t
hisent
ir
epr
ogr
am wasnott
aki
ngat
tent
ionf
rom t
hegov
ernment
albodi
es,aswel
l
asl
ackofcommi
tmentf
rom wor
edaadmi
nist
rat
iveandpoor
communi
tyawar
eness.
5.Regar
dingt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALt
hemaj
ori
tyoft
her
espondent
sgi
vet
hei
r
r
esponset
hatt
henumberofl
ear
ner
scomet
oIFAL,t
heachi
evementofI
FAL
obj
ect
ives,l
evelofcommuni
tyi
nvol
vementi
nIFAL,numberoff
aci
l
itat
orswho
dev
otedt
hei
rti
mef
orI
FALandt
hel
evelEv
aluat
ionandmoni
tor
ingsy
stem of
coor
dinat
edsect
orswasl
ow.

6.Regar
dingt
hechal
l
engest
hatencount
eredt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FAL,pr
ogr
am
t
hemaj
ori
tyoft
her
espondent
sagr
eedt
hatt
her
eisl
ackofat
tent
ionf
rom t
he
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionall
eader
s,i
nadequat
efor
mat
iver
esear
chconcer
ningwi
th
t
hispr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
ons,
dependencyoft
hispr
ogr
am ont
heot
her
ssect
ors,
l
ackofbudget
,lackofawar
enessofcommuni
ty,l
ackofst
akehol
der
scoor
dinat
ion,
i
nconv
eni
entt
imet
abl
e,l
ackoff
aci
l
iti
es,l
ackofi
ncent
ivesf
orf
aci
l
itat
ors,l
ackof
pr
eser
vest
rai
ningf
orf
aci
l
itat
ors,l
ackofcommi
tmentoff
aci
l
itat
orsandl
ackof
mot
ivat
ionoff
aci
l
itat
orswer
echal
l
engest
hatencount
eredi
nthei
mpl
ement
ati
onof
I
FALpr
ogr
am.
7.Wi
thr
espectt
opossi
bleway
spr
ovi
dedt
oimpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALt
he
maj
ori
tyoft
he r
espondent
sagr
eed aspr
ovi
ding i
ncent
ivesf
orf
aci
l
itat
orsand
coor
dinat
ors,i
mpr
ovi
ng t
he assessment
s and moni
tor
ing pr
ocess,suppl
yi
ng
suf
fi
cientf
aci
l
iti
es,al
l
ocat
ingbudget
,pr
epar
inggui
del
i
nef
orcoor
dinat
edsect
orsat
cent
erandcr
eat
ingl
ear
ner
sawar
enesswer
ethepossi
bleway
stoi
mpr
ovet
he
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.

5.
3.Concl
usions
Basedont hemajorf
indi
ngs,t
hef
oll
owi
ngconcl
usi
onswer
edr
awn.Themaj
or
obj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udywasanal
yzedt
hechal
l
engesofcoor
dinat
ioni
nthei
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
onMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thepar
ti
cipat
ionof
educat
ionsect
orsf
rom t
heI
FALst
akehol
der
sint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am
washi
ghwhi
l
ethepar
ti
ci
pat
ionofot
herst
akehol
der
sint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FAL
wasl
ow.Besi
des,t
hewaybywhi
chI
FALpr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
onwast
hrough
wor
edaeducat
ionalsect
orsandt
heot
herway
swer
eusedr
arel
y.Asar
esul
t,t
he

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page48
par
ti
cipat
ionofdi
ff
erentst
akehol
der
sint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am was
notsat
isf
act
oryandi
thasbeenpr
epar
edusi
ngeducat
ionalsect
ors.Ther
efor
e,t
her
e
wasagapi
npar
ti
ci
pat
ingst
akehol
der
sint
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am.The
I
FALpr
ogr
am wasi
mpl
ement
edandor
gani
zedt
hroughonl
yfor
malt
eacher
sand
f
ormalI
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors.
Duet
othi
sreasont
hepar
ti
cipant
swer
enotgai
not
herski
l
ls
whi
chwasusedf
ordev
elopi
ngt
hei
rot
herl
i
feski
l
lswi
thoutwr
it
ing,r
eadi
ngand
numer
icski
l
lsonl
y.
Ther
efor
e,t
her
eisaski
l
lgapf
rom t
hepar
ti
cipant
sforusi
ngmanydi
ff
erentski
l
ls
f
rom I
FALpr
ogr
am.Thel
evelofI
FALi
mpl
ement
er’
sst
akehol
der
s,t
heext
entt
o
whi
chI
FALobj
ect
ivesachi
eved,t
hel
evelofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orspar
ti
cipat
ions,number
off
aci
l
itat
orshav
eint
erest
stoi
mpl
ement
,lev
elofwor
edaor
gani
zat
ionat
tent
ions
wasv
eryl
ow.Ther
efor
e,t
hisshowst
hatt
hecoor
dinat
ionofI
FALst
akehol
der
s
oni
mpl
ement
the pr
ogr
am was l
ow. The f
aci
l
itat
or r
elat
ed chal
l
enges t
hat
encount
ered t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on I
FAL pr
ogr
am wer
e l
ack of pr
eser
ves
t
rai
ningandr
agogy f
orf
aci
l
itat
ors,l
ack ofcommi
tmentoff
aci
l
itat
ors,l
ack of
mot
ivat
ionoff
aci
l
itat
orsf
rom st
akehol
der
s.Ont
heot
herhand,t
her
ewer
eot
her
chal
l
engessuchas:l
ackofbudget
,lackofawar
enessofcommuni
ty,l
osesof
gov
ernment
alat
tent
ions,l
ackofmoder
nizer
esear
chconcer
ningwi
tht
hepr
ogr
am
i
mpl
ement
ati
onsandl
ackoff
aci
l
iti
es.Ther
efor
e,t
her
ewer
edi
ff
erentchal
l
enges
t
hatexi
stdur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
onofI
FALpr
ogr
am concer
ningwi
thl
oseofI
FAL
st
akehol
der
scoor
dinat
ion.Toov
ercomet
heabov
echal
l
engesment
ionedgi
vi
ng
at
tent
ionsf
orf
aci
l
itat
orsand coor
dinat
ors,changet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
on ofI
FAL
pr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ers/
stakehol
der
sor
gani
zat
ion,gi
vet
hispr
ogr
am f
oronl
yone
r
esponsi
blebodyasowner
shi
pimpl
ement
ers,f
rom t
op l
evelt
o bot
tom gi
vea
r
esponsi
blebodywhosuccesst
hepr
ogr
am,
suppl
yi
ngsuf
fi
cientf
aci
l
iti
es,
all
ocat
ing
budget
,pr
epar
inggui
del
i
nef
orcoor
dinat
edsect
orsatcent
erandcr
eat
ingl
ear
ner
s
awar
enesswer
ethepossi
bleway
stoi
mpr
ovet
hecoor
dinat
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
onof
I
FALpr
ogr
am.

5.
4.Recommendations
Basedontheprecedingf
indi
ngsandconcl
usi
onst
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ecommendat
ions
wer
efor
war
ded.
1.I
nthepr
ocessofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on,
allst
akehol
der
s(I
FALf
aci
l
itat
ors,
coor
dinat
ors,super
visor
sandl
ear
ner
s)shoul
dpar
ti
cipat
einor
dert
osust
aint
he

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page49
 i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am wi
thcommonunder
standi
ngamongal
l
par
ti
cipant
s.
2.
All
faci
l
itat
orsshoul
dpar
ti
cipat
eont
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am.
3.Rear
rangedt
hecoor
dinat
ionofal
lst
akehol
der
sli
ke,educat
ionalof
fi
ce,
heal
th,
agr
icul
tur
e,l
aborandsoci
alaf
fai
rs,y
out
handspor
tshoul
dmodi
fyt
hei
ndi
genous
oneandf
ormul
atenew st
rat
egi
eswhi
chwer
eencompassal
lst
akehol
der
sand
i
nvol
vedl
ocal
communi
ti
es.

4.Regi
onaleducat
ionbur
eauandwor
edaeducat
ionof
fi
cei
ncoor
dinat
ionwi
th
heal
th,agr
icul
tur
e,l
aborandsoci
alaf
fai
rsandy
out
handSpor
tsect
orsshoul
d
suppl
ythenecessar
yfaci
l
iti
esf
orI
FALi
mpl
ement
ati
on.Ther
efor
e,I
FALcent
ersasa
si
teofser
vicedel
i
ver
ycanhav
eful
lfaci
l
iti
est
hatcanhel
pitf
oref
fect
iveser
vice.
5.Gi
vet
hispr
ogr
am f
oronl
yoner
esponsi
blebodyasowner
shi
pimpl
ement
ersatal
l
l
evel
.Fr
om mi
nist
ryl
evelt
ocent
eri
sbet
tert
oimpl
ementandev
aluat
etheI
FAL
act
ivi
ti
esatt
hel
owerl
evel
.Wor
edaeducat
ionof
fi
cewi
thot
hersect
or(
Heal
th,
Agr
icul
tur
e,et
c)shoul
dfol
l
owandmaket
henecessar
ysuppor
tforeachact
ivi
ti
esof
I
FALwhi
char
eper
for
medatt
heI
FALcent
er.
6. The gov
ernment
s shoul
d al
l
ocat
efunds f
rom t
he annual budget f
or
i
mpl
ement
ati
on and f
ort
aki
ng r
esponsi
bil
i
ty ofal
lst
akehol
der
sforpr
ogr
am
i
mpl
ement
ers.
7.Changet
hemoni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ionmet
hodsofI
FALpr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on
and r
einf
orci
ng t
he I
FAL pr
ogr
am f
aci
l
itat
ors by ot
herbenef
it
s.Ther
efor
e,as
f
aci
l
itat
orsexpect
edt
opl
ayv
erydeci
siv
erol
esf
ort
her
eal
i
zat
ionofI
FALpr
ogr
am,
mi
nist
ryofeducat
iont
oget
herwi
thot
herst
akehol
der
s(NGOsandpr
ivat
esect
ors
whogi
vesomet
rai
ningf
ort
hem)hav
etomot
ivat
eandr
einf
orcet
hem byot
herf
ir
ing
benef
it
s.
8.Enhanci
ngt
heawar
enessoft
heent
ir
esoci
etyonI
FALshoul
dgetpr
ior
it
yinI
FAL
i
mpl
ement
ati
onact
ivi
ty.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page50
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.Cr
ossNat
ionalEncount
ersi
nAdul
tEducat
ion.Addi
sAbaba:
Et
hiopi
a:

Oxenham,J.
,Di
all
o,A.
,Kat
ahoi
re,A.
,Pet
kov
a-Mwangi
,A.andSal
l
,O.2002.Ski
l
ls
andl
i
ter
acyt
rai
ningf
orbet
terl
i
vel
i
hoods:ar
evi
ewofappr
oachesand
exper
iences,
Washi
ngt
on:
TheWor
ldBank

Papen,
V.2005.
Adul
tLi
ter
acyasSoci
alPr
act
ice.NewYor
k:RoutLedge.

Pl
unket
, W. and At
tner R. 1986.
Int
roduct
ion t
o Management Second
Edi
ti
on.
Bost
on,
Mass.
:KentPubl
i
shi
ng.

Robi
nson,P.2005.“
TheSoci
alBenef
it
sofLi
ter
acy
”in EFA Gl
obalMoni
tor
ing
Repor
t2006.

SAI
DE (
Sout
hAf
ri
canI
nst
it
utef
orDi
stanceEducat
ion)2000.Suppor
ti
ngDi
stance
Lear
ner
s:A Tut
or’
s Gui
de:Educat
ionalMedi
a Agency
.Mi
nist
ryof
Educat
ionAddi
sAbaba,
Ethi
opi
a.

SamuelAsnake.2007.“
Funct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acy(
FAL)Pr
ogr
amsf
ort
heRur
alPoor
i
nDi
ff
erentRegi
ons”i
nSandhaasB.(
Edi
ti
on)Adul
tEducat
ionand
Dev
elopment
.Addi
sAbaba,
Ethi
opi
a:DVVI
nter
nat
ional
,450-
460.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page53
Sandhaas,B.2008.“
Trai
ningofFAL-
Per
sonnel
”inFocusonAdul
tandNon-
For
mal
Educat
ioni
nEt
hiopi
a-NEWSLETTERNo.
22/
23,
15-
25

UNESCO,
2005.EFAGl
obal
Moni
tor
ingr
epor
t2006:
Educat
ionf
orofALL.Par
is:

Zel
ekeWol
demeskel
.2009.“
Adul
tEducat
ioni
nEt
hiopi
a”i
nSandhaasB.(
Edi
ti
on)
.
Cr
ossNat
ionalEncount
ersi
nAdul
tEducat
ion.Addi
sAbaba,Et
hiopi
a:
DVVI
nter
nat
ional
,81-
109.

Appendi
xA

Met
tuUni
ver
sit
y

I
nst
it
uteOfEducat
ionandPr
ofessi
onalDev
elopmentSt
udi
es

Depar
tmentofAdul
tEducat
ionAndCommuni
tyDev
elopment

Quest
ionnai
rest
obef
il
ledbyi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acyl
ear
ner
s.

Thequest
ionnai
rei
sdesi
gnedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iononchal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
u
AbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thequest
ionnai
rewi
l
lhel
ptoconductt
her
esear
ch
successf
ull
yandt
her
esul
twi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am.Ther
efor
e,y
ouar
eki
ndl
yrequest
edt
ogi
veus
appr
opr
iat
e and genui
ne i
nfor
mat
ion based on y
our per
sonalf
eel
i
ngs and
under
standi
ng.Yourdat
awi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialandi
twi
l
lbeusedf
orr
esear
ch
pr
oposeonl
y.Dat
awi
l
lber
eadonl
ybyr
esear
cher
.

Thanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ory
ourcooper
ati
on!

Gener
alI
nst
ruct
ion

1.Donotwr
it
eyourname.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page54
2.Puta“
√”mar
kint
heboxf
orr
esponsest
haty
out
hinki
sappr
opr
iat
eforcl
ose-
endedi
tems.

3.Wr
it
eyourr
esponsesont
hespacepr
ovi
dedf
oropen-
endedquest
ions.

1.Per
sonalI
nfor
mat
ion

1.Lev
el_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

2.Sex:
A.Mal
e B.Femal
e

3.Age:
A.14andbel
ow14y
ear
sol
d B.15-
20y
ear
sol
dC.21-
30
D.31-
35 E.
36-
40 F.41andabov
e.68

I
.Concer
ningwi
tht
heI
FALPr
ogr
am Funct
ional
i
ty.
1.I
stheI
FALpr
ogr
am f
unct
ional
?
A.y
es B.no
2.I
fyouranswerf
orquest
ionnumber1i
syes,
howdoy
our
atei
tsf
unct
ional
i
tyl
evel
?
A.v
eryhi
gh B.Hi
gh C.medi
um D.l
ow E.v
eryl
ow
3.Howt
opi
csofy
oul
ear
ningr
elat
edwi
thy
ourdai
l
yli
fe?
A.Ver
yGoodB.GoodC.Undeci
dedD.l
owE.Ver
yLow
4.Whosef
aci
l
itat
orsmai
nlypar
ti
cipat
ewi
thy
ouf
ori
mpl
ement
ingt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am
i
nthi
scent
er?
A.For
malt
eacher
’sB.Dev
elopment
alagencyC.For
malf
aci
l
itat
orsD.heal
th
ext
ensi
ons
E.kebel
emanager
I
I.Par
ti
cipat
ion l
evelofSt
akehol
der
s Coor
dinat
ion i
nImpl
ement
ati
on ofI
FAL
Pr
ogr
am I
mpl
ement
ers
Not
e:VH=v
eryhi
gh,
H=hi
gh,
M=medi
um,
L=l
ow,
VL=v
eryl
ow
No Parti
cipati
on l evel in IFAL i mplementation VH H M L VL
program
1 Whataboutpar ti
cipationrat
eofdev elopment al
agencyf orgiv
ingtheeducat i
onforyou?
2 Whataboutpar ti
cipati
onrateofformalteachers
forgivi
ngt heeducat i
onforyou?
3 What about par t
ici
pati
on r at
e of heal th
extensionforgivi
ngt heeducati
onforyou?
4 Whataboutpar ti
cipati
onrateofkebelemanager

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page55
 forgiv
ingt
heeducationforyou?
5 Whataboutpar t
ici
pati
onr at
eoffaci
l
itat
orsf
or
givi
ngtheeducat
ionforyou?

6.Dot
hinkt
hatcoor
dinat
iveI
FALpr
ogr
am i
schangi
ngy
ourdai
l
yli
fe?
A.y
es B.no
7.I
fyouranswerf
orquest
ionnumber6i
syeshow?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
8.Af
tery
oul
ear
ntt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am howy
ourl
i
fei
schangepl
easeexpl
ain

Appendi
xB

Met
tuUni
ver
sit
y

I
nst
it
uteOfEducat
ionandPr
ofessi
onalDev
elopmentSt
udi
es

Depar
tmentOfAdul
tEducat
ionandCommuni
tyDev
elopment

Quest
ionnai
rest
obef
il
ledbyI
ntegr
atedFunct
ionalAdul
tLi
ter
acy
Faci
li
tat
ors.

Thequest
ionnai
rei
sdesi
gnedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iononchal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
u
AbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thequest
ionnai
rewi
l
lhel
ptoconductt
her
esear
ch
successf
ull
yandt
her
esul
twi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am.Ther
efor
e,y
ouar
eki
ndl
yrequest
edt
ogi
veus
appr
opr
iat
e and genui
ne i
nfor
mat
ion based on y
our per
sonalf
eel
i
ngs and
under
standi
ng.Yourdat
awi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialandi
twi
l
lbeusedf
orr
esear
ch
pr
oposeonl
y.Dat
awi
l
lber
eadonl
ybyr
esear
cher
.

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page56
Thanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ory
ourcooper
ati
on!

Gener
alI
nst
ruct
ion

1.Donotwr
it
eyourname.

2.Puta“
√”mar
kint
heboxf
orr
esponsest
haty
out
hinki
sappr
opr
iat
eforcl
ose-
endedi
tems.

3.Wr
it
eyourr
esponsesont
hespacepr
ovi
dedf
oropen-
endedquest
ions.

4.Formul
ti
plechoi
cequest
ionsunderl
i
nel
ett
erwhi
chi
sri
ghtasy
out
hink.

1.Per
sonalI
nfor
mat
ion

2.
Educat
ional
backgr
ound

a.10compl
eted b.12compl
eted c.cer
ti
fi
cat
e d.di
ploma e.degr
ee

3.Cur
rentj
ob A.empl
oyedf
aci
l
itat
orB.v
olunt
eerf
aci
l
itat
or’
s C.heal
thext
ensi
on

D.dev
elopment
alagency E.f
ormalt
eacher
’s F.kebel
emanager
s G.ot
her
_
___
___

4.Sex:
A.Mal
e B.Femal
e

I
.Concer
ningwi
tht
heI
FALPr
ogr
am Funct
ional
i
ty.
1.I
stheI
FALpr
ogr
am f
unct
ional
?
A.y
es B.no
2.I
fyouranswernumber1i
syes,
howdoy
our
atei
tsf
unct
ional
i
tyl
evel
?
A.v
eryhi
gh B.Hi
gh C.medi
um D.l
ow E.v
eryl
ow
3.Howmucht
het
opi
csy
ougi
vi
ngf
ort
hel
ear
ner
srel
atedwi
tht
hei
rdai
l
yli
fe?
A.Ver
yGood B.Good C.Undeci
ded D.l
ow E.Ver
yLow
4.Whosef
aci
l
itat
orsmai
nlypar
ti
cipat
ewi
thy
out
oimpl
ement
ingt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am
i
nthi
scent
er?
A.For
malt
eacher
’s B.Dev
elopment
alagency C.For
malf
aci
l
itat
or’
s
D.heal
thext
ensi
ons E.kebel
emanager
5.Doy
out
hinkI
FALpr
ogr
am canchanget
hecommuni
tyl
i
fe?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page57
 A.y
es B.no
6.I
fyouranswerf
orquest
ionnumber5i
syesi
nwhatway
?
A.v
eryhi
gh B.hi
gh C.undeci
ded D.l
ow E.v
eryl
ow.
7.Howt
hecommuni
ti
espar
ti
cipat
eint
heI
FALpr
ogr
am?
A.v
erygood B.good C.medi
um D.l
ow E.v
eryl
ow F.t
her
eisno
par
ti
cipat
ion.
8.Whatar
ethechal
l
engeswi
thcoor
dinat
ionofI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsf
ori
mpl
ement
ing
t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am asy
ourcent
ers?Cany
oul
i
stt
hosepr
obl
ems?
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
9.As y
ourcent
erwhatf
act
ors af
fectco wor
king wi
thi
nthe st
akehol
der
s?
_
___
___
___
___
10.Theabov
echal
l
engeshav
einf
luenceonI
FALpr
ogr
am i
mpl
ement
ati
on?Li
stt
hei
r
i
nfl
uences_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
11.Dot
heI
FALf
aci
l
itat
orsshowkeeni
nter
est
stof
aci
l
itat
ethepr
ogr
am?
A.y
es B.No
12.I
fyouranswert
oquest
ionnumber10abov
eis“
no”whyt
hef
aci
l
itat
or’
sint
erest
s
ar
elow?
N I
tems Yes No
o
1 Lackofi
nt er
estsfortheprofession
2 Lackofawar eness
3 NoPayment
4 Lowrel
ationshipwithstakeholders
5 Lackofsuppor tf
rom thestakeholder
s

Appendi
xC

Met
tuUni
ver
sit
y

I
nst
it
uteOfEducat
ionandPr
ofessi
onalDev
elopmentSt
udi
es

Depar
tmentOfAdul
tEducat
ionandCommuni
tyDev
elopment

Semi
-st
ruct
uredI
nter
viewGui
def
orI
FALcoor
dinat
ors/
wor
edaexper
ts.

Thequest
ionnai
rei
sdesi
gnedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iononchal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
u
AbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thequest
ionnai
rewi
l
lhel
ptoconductt
her
esear
ch

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page58
successf
ull
yandt
her
esul
twi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am.Ther
efor
e,y
ouar
eki
ndl
yrequest
edt
ogi
veour
appr
opr
iat
e and genui
ne i
nfor
mat
ion based on y
our per
sonalf
eel
i
ngs and
under
standi
ngs.Yourdat
awi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialandi
twi
l
lbeusedf
orr
esear
ch
pr
oposeonl
y.Dat
awi
l
lber
eadonl
ybyr
esear
cher
.

Thanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ory
ourcooper
ati
on!

Gui
dingQuest
ions

I
. Per
sonali
nfor
mat
ion

1.Wor
kpl
ace_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

2.Sex A.Mal
e B.f
emal
e

3.Age_
___
___
___
_

4.Educat
ional
lev
el_
___
___
___
___
___
___

5.Fi
eldofst
udy_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

6.Cur
rentj
ob_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

I
I. Gener
alI
nfor
mat
ion

1.Howi
sthecoor
dinat
ionwi
thi
nthest
akehol
der
sdur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
on,
planed
andor
gani
zedI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

2.Whoar
epar
ti
ci
pat
ingi
nthepl
anni
ngandi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am i
n
y
ourwor
eda?

3.Whati
sthecont
ri
but
ionofwor
edaeducat
ional
off
iceexper
tsi
nthepr
omot
ionof
I
FALpr
ogr
am t
ocoor
dinat
eal
lst
akehol
der
s?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page59
4.Asy
ourcent
er,
whatf
act
orsaf
fectcowor
kingwi
thi
nthest
akehol
der
s?

5.Whatr
oledi
dyouror
gani
zat
ionpl
ayi
nthepr
ocessofwi
thi
ntheal
lst
akehol
der
s
f
ori
mpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am?

6.Whatmaj
orchal
l
engest
hataf
fectcoor
dinat
ethest
akehol
der
stoi
mpl
ementt
he
I
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

7.Andwhaty
ougi
vesol
uti
ont
osol
vet
hatpr
obl
em asI
FALcoor
dinat
ors?

Appendi
xD

Met
tuUni
ver
sit
y

I
nst
it
uteofEducat
ionandPr
ofessi
onalDev
elopmentSt
udi
es

Depar
tmentOfAdul
tEducat
ionandCommuni
tyDev
elopment

Semi
-st
ruct
uredI
nter
viewGui
def
orI
FALWor
edaTechni
calCommi
tt
ee.

Thequest
ionnai
rei
sdesi
gnedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iononchal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
u

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page60
AbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thequest
ionnai
rewi
l
lhel
ptoconductt
her
esear
ch
successf
ull
yandt
her
esul
twi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am.Ther
efor
e,y
ouar
eki
ndl
yrequest
edt
ogi
veour
appr
opr
iat
e and genui
ne i
nfor
mat
ion based on y
our per
sonalf
eel
i
ngs and
under
standi
ngs.Yourdat
awi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialandi
twi
l
lbeusedf
orr
esear
ch
pr
oposeonl
y.Dat
awi
l
lber
eadonl
ybyr
esear
cher
.

Thanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ory
ourcooper
ati
on!

Gui
dingQuest
ions

I
. Per
sonali
nfor
mat
ion

1.Wor
kpl
ace_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

2.Sex A.Mal
e B.f
emal
e

3.Age_
___
___
___
_

4.Educat
ional
lev
el_
___
___
___
___
___
___

5.Fi
eldofst
udy_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

6.Cur
rentj
ob_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

I
I. Gener
alI
nfor
mat
ion

1.Howi
sthecoor
dinat
ionwi
thi
nthest
akehol
der
sdur
ingi
mpl
ement
ati
on,
pl
anedandor
gani
zedI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

2.Whoar
epar
ti
ci
pat
ingi
nthepl
anni
ngandi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heI
FALpr
ogr
am
i
nyourwor
eda?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page61
 3.Whati
sthecont
ri
but
ionofwor
edaeducat
ional
off
iceexper
tsi
nthe
pr
omot
ionofI
FALpr
ogr
am t
ocoor
dinat
eal
lst
akehol
der
s?

4.Asy
ourcent
er,
whatf
act
orsaf
fectcowor
kingwi
thi
nthest
akehol
der
s?

5.Whatr
oledi
dyouror
gani
zat
ionpl
ayi
nthepr
ocessofwi
thi
ntheal
l
st
akehol
der
sfori
mpl
ementt
heI
FALpr
ogr
am?

6.Whatmaj
orchal
l
engest
hataf
fectcoor
dinat
ethest
akehol
der
stoi
mpl
ement
t
heI
FALpr
ogr
am i
nyourwor
eda?

7.Andwhaty
ougi
vesol
uti
ont
osol
vet
hatpr
obl
em asI
FALcoor
dinat
ors?

Appendi
xE

Met
tuUni
ver
sit
y

I
nst
it
uteOfEducat
ionandPr
ofessi
onalDev
elopmentSt
udi
es

Depar
tmentofAdul
tEducat
ionandCommuni
tyDev
elopment

Focusgr
oupdi
scussi
onhel
dwi
thi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acyl
ear
ner
s.

Thequest
ionnai
rei
sdesi
gnedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
iononchal
l
engesofst
akehol
der
’s

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page62
coor
dinat
ioni
nimpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
atedf
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am i
nIl
l
u
AbbaBor
azoneMet
tudi
str
ict
.Thequest
ionnai
rewi
l
lhel
ptoconductt
her
esear
ch
successf
ull
yandt
her
esul
twi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
ovet
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofi
ntegr
ated
f
unct
ionaladul
tli
ter
acypr
ogr
am.Ther
efor
e,y
ouar
eki
ndl
yrequest
edt
ogi
veour
appr
opr
iat
e and genui
ne i
nfor
mat
ion based on y
our per
sonalf
eel
i
ngs and
under
standi
ngs.Yourdat
awi
l
lbekeptconf
ident
ialandi
twi
l
lbeusedf
orr
esear
ch
pr
oposeonl
y.Dat
awi
l
lber
eadonl
ybyr
esear
cher
.

Thanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ory
oucooper
ati
on!

1.Per
sonalI
nfor
mat
ion

1.Nameoft
hecent
er_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

2.Lev
el_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

3.Sex:
A.Mal
e B.Femal
e

1.Doy
out
hinkt
hatcowor
kingwi
thal
lst
akehol
der
sonI
FALpr
ogr
am i
schanget
he
l
i
feoft
hel
ear
ner
?

2.Doy
out
hinkt
hatl
ear
ningbydi
ff
erentpr
ofessi
onal
faci
l
itat
orsi
sgood?How?

3.Howt
heI
ntegr
ati
onofdi
ff
erentcont
ent
sinI
FALpr
ogr
am i
schangi
ngy
ourdai
l
y
l
i
fe?

Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page63
Tesf
ayeKumsaSeni
orRepor
t2018Page64