Applications of Drug

information retrieval
and storage
 Systematic process of collecting and
cataloging data so that they can be located
and displayed on request.

Information
storage and Computers and data processing techniques
have made possible to access the high-speed
retrieval and large amounts of information for
government, commercial, and academic
purposes.

A branch of computer or library science

relating to storage, locating, searching and
Selecting, upon demand, relevant data on a
given subject.
Basic concept It can refer to a place like a storage
room where paper records are kept. It
of can also refer to It can refer to a place
information like a storage room where paper records
storage are kept. It can also refer to a Storage
device such as a computer hard disk, CD,
DVD, or similar device which can hold
data.a Storage device such as a
computer hard disk, CD, DVD, or similar
device which can hold data.
 Storage keeps data and information for use
in the future. Common storage mediums are:
1.Hard Drive
Types of
Information
2.Floppy Disk
storage media
3.CD & DVD

4.USB Flash Drive

Hard Drive

• It is always inside the computer.

• It stores all the programs that the computer needs to work.
Floppy Disk

• It is a portable storage medium.

• Put it into the computer save your information
CD & DVD

• It is a portable storage.
• It allows you to save information on it.
USB Flash
Drive

It holds more It is very

It is very easy data than a small device
to carry . floppy disk. than others.
 Basic • An information retrieval system is an information
system, that is a system used to store Items of
concept of information that need to be processed, searched,
retrieved, and disseminated to various user populations”
Information (Salton, 1983)

Retrieval
 • Information retrieval can be divided
into several major constitutes which
Major include:
Components of • Database
IR • Search mechanism
• Language
• Interface
Database
A system whose base, whose key
concept is simply a particular way
of handling data and Its objective
is to record and maintain
information.
Search mechanism

Information organized systematically that can be searched and

retrieved when a corresponding search mechanism is provided.

Search procedure can be categorized as basic or advance search

procedure.

Capacity of search mechanism determines what retrieval techniques will

be available to users and how information stored in databases can be
retrieved.
 Information relies on
language when being
processed, transferred or
communicated.
Language
Language can be identified as
natural language and
controlled vocabulary.
 Interface regularly considered
whether or not an information
retrieval system is user
Friendly.

Quality of interface checked by

Interface interaction mode.

Determines the ultimate success

of a system for information
retrieval.
 Online
systems

CD-ROM
Information systems
Retrieval
Systems OPAC

Web information Retrieval

Systems
Online systems
• Online information retrieval systems allow the user
to search databases located remotely with the help
of the computer and telecommunication
technology.
• Basic searching techniques
• Advanced retrieval techniques
Examples: Library of Congress, University of
Punjab Library
 CD-ROM systems are usually searched
locally and it works if the systems are not
networked.

Basic retrieval techniques are supported in

CD-ROM systems while advanced search
CD-ROM facilities are applied in limited scope.

systems The data which is stored on compact disc

(CD) can to read by any computer operating
systems and any CD-ROM drive.

Example: LISA
 Online public access
First, OPACs contains
catalogs (OPACs) are
bibliographic
traditional catalogs
information about
executed in a different
library resources.
medium.

Second, OPACs can be

Different features of
considered as an
OPACs are
extension of MARC
records.
OPAC Third, OPACs support
Examples: Library of at least field searching,
congress catalogue. keyword searching and
Boolean searching.

University of Punjab online

catalogue.
 It deals with text as well as multimedia
information resources that are linked
with other documents and there is no
target user’s community as such.

Web
information Basically web is a platform where
anyone from anywhere can publish
Retrieval virtually any information, in any
language or in any format.
Systems
Examples, Google, Alta Vista
Drugs information retrieval systems:

As a drug moves along the path from discovery to the market and into worldwide
use, data and information about the agent are created and accumulate.

When this information is published, its value and usefulness to

scientific, professional, and patient communities becomes known.

Publication of research results at each step of the path is essential. The path of
drug development and marketing offers a structure that is useful to scientists
and practioners concerned with compounds of potential therapeutic value.
1.Preclinical Drug information:
At this point a compound is recognized and then considered for potential usefulness
pharmaceutical therapeutic or researchers will be both consumers of and
contributors to the data information-knowledge cycle that characterizes science

Initially, in the synthesis and purification phase of drug development, information

about the compound's chemistry and physical properties may be both sought and
created.

Whether or not the compound has been of interest to other researchers may be
determined by searching public records of grant and contract awards and also by
searching resources that cover preliminary and early research results.
2.Phase IV Studies and Post Marketing
Drug Information:

During the Phase IV Studies and Post Marketing Drug Information stages a
thorough literature search is required to find material relevant to the clinical use of
the drug.

This will require not only searching the basic bibliographic databases such as Biological
Abstracts, EMBASE, IDIS, IPA, MEDLINE, and Science Citation Index, but also searching
the patent literature, using Patent and Trademark Office Web Patent Databases.
 • The following bibliographic databases provide
access to the full span of life-science periodical
literature, including all stages of a compound's
development comprehensive assessments
after years of clinical use.
• BIOSISBIOSIS
continue • EMBASE
• International Pharmaceutical Abstracts
• MEDLINE
• PubMed Central
• Science Citation Index
Drug
Literature:
• The concept of drug information service or drug
information center is an attempt to document
drugs by abstracting information about them.
• The information about drugs is collected from
various sources which are available.
• In 1972 Walton et al modeled the drug literature as
a pyramid with the primary literature forming the
base of the pyramid, the secondary literature
interfacing and serving as a bridge from the primary
literature to reference works (tertiary literature).
• Primary Literature:

Primary literature contains the first written accounts of original

research.

In terms of size, the primary literature is probably larger than either the
secondary or tertiary literature.

It is the original information presented by the author without any

evaluation by the second party, for example, articles published in journals,
dissertations, conferences, etc.
• Secondary Literature:
In this original information
is modified, condensed,
commented upon by other
persons like review articles,
abstracts, text books, etc.
These include - Indexing
and Abstracting services,
Evaluated Secondary
Resources and Internet search
engines.
• Tertiary Literature:
In this information is gathered from primary and secondary sources and arranged in such a manner to
give coupled information.

The tertiary literature is a distillation and evaluation of data and information first presented in such
primary literature sources as research reports, meeting presentations, and journal articles.

But just as characteristic, the tertiary is the most accessible, easiest to use, and perhaps the most used of
all information resources Information searches generally start with a perusal of books, reviews, and
handbooks.

These include - Aggregated and linked references such as MICROMEDEX Systems and StatRef.
 Save time, space,
money.

Save effort, person-hours and greater

efficiency

Advantages of
Online Computerized services offer Term Searching of Fields,
Computerized Controlled vocabulary and Indexes.

Literature Online Computerized services offer Search Commands for Creating

Retrieval: search sets, Boolean operation, Word searching and Search limiting.

Online Computerized databases offer Computerized greater Precision

Qualitatively different kinds of searches are possible.

 Easier to assess quality of information found More cues:
authorship, institutional affiliation, reputation,
references,…

Processing of search results: Sort, rank, report, export,

integration with Intranet/portal,...
Advantages of
Computer ized Highly Focused information that is actionable

Literature
They offer evidence for their claims.
Retrieval:
Provides great reading with a wealth of knowledge

Broadened perspective
 Most articles contained in journals include graphs,
tables, images & photographs, videos, etc., which help
illustrate the information being portrayed

Advantages of
Unlike in the print copies days when you could only
Computerized access information physically in libraries, academic
Literature Ret journals online come with the option of free downloads
which allow you to save material to your PC or
rieval: Smartphone

Online journals are like encyclopedias, offering

information in large quantities to scholars. There's a
wide variety of databases to source information from,
but it's so much easier to access this information online
because all you need is a computer and internet.
 Academic journals include real life case
studies which are excellent sources of in-
depth information and knowledge.
Advantages of
Computerized L
iterature Retrie
val: Academic journals online come with
several research options, which helps
widen
your scope. They allow you to explore both
quantitative and qualitative research,
for optimum results. With both, you can
analyze statistical data, opinions, verbal
data, etc.
 To call up data that has been stored in
RETRIEVAL USE OF computer system.

COMPUTERIZED
RETRIEVAL:
When a user queries a database (a structured
set of data held in a computer, especially one
that is accessible in various ways) the data are
retrieved into the computer first and than
transmitted to the screen.
USE OF COMPUTERIZED RETRIEVAL:

Today computers provide us with powerful tools for drug information handling for
collection, organization, classification, retrieval and distribution.

Computers have been used since the late 1960s for the storage of large databases such as
library catalogues and bibliographic references.

Development of optical storage media such as CD-ROM has given us the possibility of
storing large quantities of text, graphics, pictures, and sound at a low cost.

These new optical memories can function as distributed stores for. Encyclopedias,
databases, books etc. This has stimulated the development of local information systems.
 Computer based information
retrieval involves an interactive
dialogue between the enquirer and
databases.

COMPUTERIZED The computer matches any input

search in terms against its files, and
INFORMATION then displays any resulting
RETRIEVAL: matches.

These can then be printed out or

downloaded by the searcher.
 These three aspects of computerized
information retrieval:
• library catalogues : it is a listing of all Items within
a library. In pre-computer times, library books
were indexed in card catalogues which were
cabinets
ASPECTS OF of drawers of index cards: author cards, title
COMPUTERIZED cards, and subject cards.
INFORMATION • Online Databases: it is a database accessible from
local network or the internet or stored locally on
RETRIEVAL(ICR): an individual computer such as CD. Online
databases are hosted on websites, made available
as software as a service products accessible via a
web browser.
• Databases on CD-ROM: It is a pre-pressed optical
compact disc that contains data. Computers can
read but not to write or erase. CD-ROM ie, type
od read only memory.
 There are number of types of databases:
• 1.Library catalogues: catalogues covering the
holdings (books, reports, journals,
conference proceedings, etc) of one or more
TYPES OF library
• 2.Bibliographic databases: containing
DATABAS bibliographic references, with or without
ES: abstract.
• 3.Reference databases: for example, current
research projects, handbooks, encyclopedias,
product suppliers, etc.
• 4.Factual databases or data bank: containing
information, often in numerical form, which can
be used directly, e.g. Chemical structures, tables,
terminology.5.Full-text Databases: contains the
complete version of text of given publications.
 Information from the. Primary sources has been
collected together and organized under subject
headings and authors in reference databases.
These can be accessed in a number of ways:
• Searching online from a database mounted on a host computer
from IRS (information retrieval service). This requires a
ACCESS TO password.
• By means of searchable compact disk CD-ROM database.
DATABASES: • Online information retrieval from databases is the acquisition of
information from a distant computer via a terminal or PC,
involving dialogue between enquirer and computer.
• From a database with WWW interface mounted either locally or
available from a remote server.
Today CD-ROMs often are mounted on a server so
in reality the user will not be able to notice any
difference between using online databases or a CD-
ROM.