Professional Documents
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Compilación Investigación de Recursos Minerales
Compilación Investigación de Recursos Minerales
Lapcik, V; Kohut, O;
WOS1 2018
Novak, P; Kalocajova, A
Ponomarenko, T;
WOS2 Nevskaya, M; Jonek- 2021
Kowalska, I
Zhernov, E; Nekhoda, E;
WOS4 2020
Petrova, M
Evaluating green development level of mineral resource-listed companies: Based on a dark green
assessment framework
Utilization of Mineral Waste: A Method for Expanding the Mineral Resource Base of a Mining and
Smelting Company
Assessing the policy adoption and impact of geoinformation for enhancing sustainable mining in
Africa
Selection of the set of areal units for economic regional research on the land use: a proposal for
Aggregation Problem solution
PUBLICACIÓN VOLUMEN
INZYNIERIA MINERALNA-JOURNAL OF
THE POLISH MINERAL ENGINEERING
SOCIETY
SUSTAINABILITY 13
VTH INTERNATIONAL INNOVATIVE
174
MINING SYMPOSIUM
MINING TECHNOLOGY-
TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTIONS 130
OF MINING AND METALLURGY
RESOURCES POLICY 71
METALLURGIST 64
The article focuses on mining of non-energy mineral resources with minimum environmental impacts. It issues from research
results of a project Competence Centre for Effective and Ecological Mining of Mineral Resources implemented at the Faculty
of Mining and Geology at VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Geological Survey, a company Watrad ltd., a state
enterprise Diamo, a company RPS Ostrava plc and a company Sedlecky kaolin plc. The paper starts with a partial analysis of
the existing legal norms related to mining and processing of mineral resources. Next, it analyses mineral resource mining
options free of negative environmental impacts. The fundamental tool to assess potential environmental impacts of mining
is the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for a given mineral resource. In the Czech Republic
environmental impact assessment is carried out by course of Act 100/2001 Coll. Its important amendment is Act 39/2015
Coll. claiming, inter alia, that the environmental impact assessment is rigidly connected with other permits and procedures,
such as the zoning process and building construction permits. The article describes the environmental impacts of mining of
non-energy mineral resources, including the following factors: appropriation of land, impacts on surface water, ground
water and soil, noise, influence on the landscape character, and air pollution. The paper also includes a case study
summarizing information on the environmental factors that may play a role in potential underground mining of graphite in
the deposit Cesky, Krumlov-Mestsky Vrch and the deposit Lazec-Krenov.
The depletion of non-renewable natural resources (primarily mineral and energy resources) and its assessment is a problem
that is analyzed based on the concept of sustainable development. Mineral resource depletion assessment is particularly
important for resource-based economies. It provides for assessing the impact of mineral asset disposal that results from the
suspension or termination of operations conducted by a mining company due to insurmountable circumstances. The results
of such an event will be manifested at the national, regional, and local levels and felt by mining companies, suppliers,
workers, the population of the territory, and other stakeholders. The study clarifies the attributes and essence of mineral
resource depletion, analyzes the advantages and limitations of the existing tools for assessing mineral resource depletion,
identifies depletion factors, describes a methodology for assessing mineral resource depletion, and contains a case study of
a tin deposit. The results of the study contribute to the development of the theory on the depletion of non-renewable
natural resources. They provide for assessing losses to social wellbeing that can be caused by stopping the use of profitable
mineral reserves.
The purpose of the study is to show the economic transformation impact on solving the problems of modernization of the
socio-economic sphere of the mineral resource industry cluster operating in the mining region. The object of the research is
the mineral resource industry cluster as a center of interaction between state, science, education and business for the
implementation of innovative scientific, technical and socio-economic projects. The subject of the article is socio-economic
relations concerning nature, focused in the mineral resource industry cluster of the mining region. The problems of
sustainable development and modernization of the mineral resource industry cluster of the mining region are considered in
terms of the socio-ecological-economic approach methodology, taking into account the economic transformation in the
cluster, which ensures the scientific novelty of the study. The scientific merit of the study is the determination of the impact
of the change in the types of economy on solving the problems of modernization of the socioeconomic sphere of the cluster,
based on the parity of nature and the economy in the mining region. It has been shown that clustering involving the
potential of a world-class regional scientific and educational center is an effective mechanism for such modernization. The
practical relevance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used to clarify, taking into account the proposed
approach, the state strategy of support and development of clusters, as well as regional cluster policy.
The incorporation of bulk density uncertainty for Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserves (MRMR) steps is of great
importance for successful mine planning process. In practice, most mining projects use an average density value for
eachlithological type of the deposit. However, density determinations require special attention as they directly affect the
conversion of volumes to tonnages and ore grades to metal contents. The objective of this study is to measure and minimize
the risks associated with the MRMR stages, including the density variability in mine planning. Traditional interpolation
techniques in geostatistics were used to represent density spatial distribution in a block model, similarly to those used for
grade estimation. This approach was developed and applied at a Brazilian iron ore mine. The results indicate MRMR are
underestimated if density uncertainty is not considered. Mine design changes were observed, including 5% impact on the
Life-of-mine (LOM) and 2% in Net Present Value (NPV).
Green development has become the consensus of global development. The green development status of mineral resource-
listed companies (MRLCs) has an important impact on China's future sustainable development. In this study, we introduce
health factors into research on green development, and develop a dark green evaluation index system for MRLCs from the
perspectives of economic, environmental, and health (EEH) for the first time. Based on the index data obtained by collecting
and extracting relevant information reports (i.e., social responsibility reports and sustainable development reports) of
MRLCs from 2009 to 2018, we use the combined-weight cloud model to evaluate the green development level (GDL) of
MRLCs. The results showed the following. (1) The GDL of most MRLCs was still at a low level. Among the companies that
disclosed EEH-related information, the GDL of only 6.20% of the sample companies was at an acceptable level or declarable
level. (2) The annual GDL of China's MRLCs showed an upward trend. However, due to their relatively low growth rate, they
did not attain an acceptable level during the period from 2008 to 2019. (3) Among the three-dimensional subsystems of EEH,
the evaluation level of the economic subsystem was relatively high, whereas the environmental subsystem and health
subsystem were relatively low. Further tracking and analysis of specific indicators found that the performance of MRLCs was
relatively weak in terms of energy consumption, resource utilization, pollutant emission, monitoring and protection, health
investment, and health impact. These findings have important practical significance for helping managers clarify the status
of green safety management, guiding enterprises to improve weak links, assisting with social supervision and evaluation, and
promoting the transition from light-green development to dark-green development.
As the population grows, the need for mineral resources increases, resulting in an intensification of their extraction. This
increases the amount of industrial waste and, thus, the human impact on the environment. Further accumulation and
storage of industrial waste lead to irreversible changes in the ecosystem. The only correct vector of environmental
protection is the utilization of industrial waste. Mining waste can be disposed by creating waste-free technologies that take
into account the integrated development of deposits. The creation of an additional material resource base of a mining
company by processing mineral waste will allow implementing the tasks of integrated development of deposits. The impact
of mining and metallurgical works on the ecosystem of the region is assessed. Significant conceptual issues of application of
industrial waste in the closed cycle of mining and metallurgical works are considered. It is confirmed that waste-free
production is possible with a system approach to the integrated development of mineral resources. The impact of mining
and metallurgical works on the environment is classified, with the physical and chemical principles of impact as the main
classification feature. The ecological and economic efficiency of the use of industrial waste is assessed. A concept scheme of
waste-free production is proposed, where the task of improving the efficiency of developing a mineral deposit is
accomplished by rational, integrated use of mineral resources of the Earth.
This paper assesses the extent to which mineral rich African countries enable the creation of public geoinformation for
enhancing sustainable mining in policy contexts. The paper reviews accessible works and searches databases of industry,
governments, civil society, academia, and international organizations. Focus is on 23 major producer countries of globally
relevant minerals across Africa. The paper finds a disconnect between mining sector policy regimes and the desire to achieve
sustainable development, lack of deliberate policy provision for the adoption and usage of geoinformation to enhance Free,
Prior Informed Consent and public participation in mineral resource development projects. Out of the 23, only 2 countries
(9%) have expressed the need for geoinformation in mining policies; as an input to public debate and data-driven decision
making. Only 3 countries (13%) have set parameters for buffering around environmental and social variables. Out of these 3,
only 2 have explicit parameters delineating exploration and mining areas. By not requiring public geospatial data, the
implications are existence of poor benefit sharing, poor understanding of environmental risks, and a lack of integrated land
use planning in resource-rich African countries. Hence, policy-oriented recommendations include expanding awareness on
the value of and enhancing access to geoinformation, establishing paragraphs on geoinformation in Country Mining Visions,
and strengthening local capacity for handling these data. Mineral-rich African countries must optimize benefits derivable
from emerging Earth Observation technologies and associated spatial data for measuring contributions of the mining sector
to specific SDGs. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This thought piece will argue that a central issue that deserves far more attention in the cause of improved mineral resource
management is local procurement. In most cases procurement by a mining operation is the single largest potential economic
impact in a host country, more than payments in taxes, wages and community investment combined. However, technical
assistance institutions, civil society organizations and overseas development assistance providers are not giving as much
attention to this issue relative to other mineral extraction impacts. Mining companies themselves also have an economic
interest in purchasing more goods and services closer to their sites of activity, in the form of improved relations with
stakeholders and lower supply chain costs in the long run. In addition, bilateral and multilateral aid providers and
development organizations have an important role to play to support economic development planning utilizing the
procurement spending of mining companies. While local procurement is not a silver bullet to defeat the resource curse, the
current slowdown in global mining activity provides a chance to get it right and drastically improve the development
outcomes of mining. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greening of thinking in all spheres of human activity. The
most illustrative reflection of this phenomenon is the growing interest in naturelike technologies, which are associated with
the main hopes for the settlement of the global environmental crisis, generated by a long-term antagonistic confrontation
between the technosphere and the biosphere. In considering the concept ofnaturelike technologiesas a designation of the
principal trend in modernizing the general technological paradigm, it is necessary to distinguish two specific areas depending
on whether the technologies that we use are present or absent in wildlife: first, the construction of technologies by
duplicating in the technosphere effective processes observed in wildlife (nature-reproducing technologies) and, second, the
creation of technological systems by transferring to the technosphere the effective functional structure of the circulation of
matter and energy in biological systems (convergent technologies). Regarding the ecologization of the technological
paradigm of the mineral resource complex, the methodology of creating an ecologically balanced technology as a
multiobject cluster is based on the well-known principles of homeostatics, i.e., on the phased formation of a technological
homeostat on the basis of the structure of a biological homeostat with the replacement of its essential elements with
geotechnological target analogues. The result of this transformation is the construction of a convergent mining technology
for integrated field development. Its use will ensure the development of technical systems that make it possible to limit
external environmental impacts owing to the postexploitation self-restoration of natural biota phytocoenoses.
The knowledge of the spatial development of phenomena is crucial in the case of research in economics, geological survey,
mining, earth resources and geography. In the literature one can diagnose an important methodological and implementation
gap concerning the selection of the set of areal units within the Aggregation Problem. The issue relates to determining
boundaries of areal units (regions), whose properties are described by spatial data. The boundaries of areas should be
established in such a way that a given analyzed phenomenon is influenced by the same main causes. Only in this case, the
analyzed spatial data will properly reflect the impact of main causes, the properties of phenomena and dependencies
between them. This means that determining the proper boundaries of areas is a necessary condition for receiving correct
conclusions (e.g. delimiting metropolitan areas, assessing mineral resource potential and deposits, or assessing the dynamics
of surface processes). From this perspective, the main objective of the article is presenting the proposal for solving the
Aggregation Problem, where as the case study the economic analysis of agrarian resources and structure is used. The
solution to the problem will lead to establishing the system of macroregions, where the obtained proposal of a system of
four sets of areal units is important from the point of view of spatial research. The main added value of the research and its
specific contribution to the literature is based on the fact that the proposed solution to the Aggregation Problem can be
considered as universal, which is not limited to selected scientific disciplines. The methodology presented in the article can
be effectively applied to other spatial research in the field of geology and mining, where the most appropriate research field
is the issue of locating areas with appropriate properties or areas which are affected by given analised phenomena.
RESUMEN TEMA
1. Las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental durante las etapas del proceso minero, disminuyen
los impactos sustancialmente en el tiempo. 2. Dentro de los impactos mas importantes Ingles
destaca el ruido y el impacto en el agua debido a los liquidos residuales de los procesos.
1. Propone métodos para la evaluación del agotamiento de los recursos. 2. Entrega cifras con
respecto a la sostenibilidad y mineria. 3 Se realliazó un diagrama de flujo de proceso basado
en métodos de concentración por gravedad que hacen posible producir concentrados con
Ingles
casi cualquier contenido, de la forma más avanzada y con menor impacto. 4. Las
consecuencias económicas del agotamiento (reducción de los ingresos por el uso de recursos
minerales) pueden influir significativamente en el bienestar de la generación actual.
1. Los requisitos gubernamentales para las empresas se están endureciendo en términos del
uso racional de los recursos naturales en todo el mundo.2. Es posible resolver los problemas
del desarrollo sostenible y la modernización de la esfera socioeconómica de los grupos
Ingles
industriales de recursos minerales de las regiones extractoras de recursos mediante el
desarrollo de tecnologías innovadoras, principalmente en la propia industria de recursos
minerales.
1. El modelo de densidad desarrollado para las itabiritas compactas de Serra Azul permitió
una mejor comprensión del comportamiento de este atributo a lo largo del depósito mineral, Ingles
lo que llevó a una mejor confiabilidad en las estimaciones de recursos minerales.
1. Existe una desconexión entre los regímenes de políticas del sector minero y el deseo de
lograr un desarrollo sostenible en los países africanos ricos en recursos minerales.2. Una
proliferación de marcos para evaluar el desarrollo sostenible en el sector extractivo, incluida
la sostenibilidad ambiental, ha evolucionado significativamente en los últimos 15 años. 3. la
Ingles
declaración de Nairobi sobre información espacial para el desarrollo sostenible observó que
para lograr el desarrollo sostenible, debe haber un equilibrio entre la explotación de recursos,
el conocimiento y el avance tecnológico para la toma de decisiones informada en todo
momento.
Ingles
LINK
IM 2-2018-a32.pdf (potopk.com.pl)
Impact of bulk density estimation in mine planning: Mining Technology: Vol 130, No 1 (tandfonline.com)
Evaluating green development level of mineral resource-listed companies: Based on a “dark green” assessment framework - S
Utilization of Mineral Waste: A Method for Expanding the Mineral Resource Base of a Mining and Smelting Company | Springe
Assessing the policy adoption and impact of geoinformation for enhancing sustainable mining in Africa - ScienceDirect
Local procurement in mining: A central component of tackling the resource curse - ScienceDirect
Naturelike and Convergent Technologies for Developing Lithosphere Mineral Resources | SpringerLink
4pietrzak (tuke.sk)
DOI ZONA GEOGRÁFICA DE ESTUDIO UNIVERSIDAD
Universidad Minera
de San Petersburgo,
10.3390/su13020862 Depósito de estaño de Syrymbet, Asia Central Rusia. Universidad
Técnica de Silesia,
Polonia
TF Gorbachev Kuzbass
State Technical
University, National
Research Tomsk State
10.1051/e3sconf/202017404003 Región minera Kemerovo de kuzbass, Rusia
University, Federación
Rusa. Universidad St.
Methodius de Veliko
Tarnovo, Bulgaria
Universidade Federal
10.1080/25726668.2021.1876481 mina de mineral de hierro de Brasil de Ouro Preto, Ouro
Preto, Brasil
China University of
10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102012 China Mining and
Technology, China
Universidad de Ciencia
y Tecnología de
Wrocław, Wrocław,
Polonia. Universidad
Nacional de Ciencia y
10.1007/s11015-021-01065-5 Rusia Tecnología “MISiS”,
Moscú, Rusia.
Universidad
Internacional de
Florida, Miami, EE.
UU.
Universidad de Dublin,
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118361 23 países de África Irlanda. Universidad
de Genova
Ingenieros sin
10.1016/j.exis.2017.07.001 África
froneras Canadá
academia rusa de
10.1134/S1019331620030065 No definido
ciencias, Moscú, Rusia
Universidad Nicolás
Corpénico de Toruń,
10.46544/AMS.v26i2.04 Polonia Universidad de
Warmia y Mazury en
Olsztyn, Polonia
METODOLOGÍA
Khubana, Talifhani,
SCIELO 01 Rootman, Chantal, 2022
Smith, Elroy Eugene
Sebutsoe, T.C.,
SCIELO 12 2017
Musingwini, C.
Witley, J., Minnitt,
SCIELO 14 2017
R.C.A.
TITULO
Antecedents of Shared Value: Perceptions within the South African mining industry
Mineral resource modelling using an unequal sampling pattern: An improved practice based on factorization techniques
Direct block-support simulation of grades in multi-element deposits: application to recoverable mineral resource estimation
at Sungun porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit
Journal of Contemporary
132-167"
Management
BACKGROUND: Mining has helped to shape South Africa to a greater extent than any other industry
and accounts for a significant proportion of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), foreign
exchange earnings and employment numbers. Despite mining being recognised as a 'sunset' industry
plagued by rising costs, technical difficulties, political hostility and its legacy of diseases and negative
environmental impact, South African mining is foundational to the development of all other
industries and socio-economic priorities of government and communities. Shared Value (SV) creation
is a core business practice that focuses on identifying and expanding the connections between
societal and economic progress, including environmental opportunities.
In most exploration or mining grade data-sets, the presence of outliers or extreme values represents
a significant challenge to mineral resource estimators. The most common practice is to cap the
extreme values at a predefined level. A new capping approach is presented that uses QA/QC coarse
duplicate data correlation to predict the real data coefficient of variation (i.e., error-free CV). The
cap grade is determined such that the capped data has a CV equal to the predicted CV. The
robustness of the approach with regard to original core assay length decisions, departure from
lognormality, and capping before or after compositing is assessed using simulated data-sets. Real
case studies of gold and nickel deposits are used to compare the proposed approach to the methods
most widely used in industry. The new approach is simple and objective. It provides a cap grade that
is determined automatically, based on predicted CV, and takes into account the quality of the assay
procedure as determined by coarse duplicates correlation.
Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) is the critical basis for
effective implementation of the SAMREC Code as it applies to Mineral Resources, and
implicitly to Mineral Reserves that are derived from Mineral Resources. This implementation
follows the founding principles of materiality, transparency, and competence. The SAMREC
definition of a Mineral Resource specifically includes RPEEE. SAMREC provides guidance for
all minerals on what RPEEE means, with some specific additional guidance for diamonds.
SAMREC instructs the Competent Person that RPEEE must be demonstrated through
reasoned assessment of multiple technical and non-technical parameters, and with
disclosure in reporting. A recommended chapter in a CPR includes a sub-section for RPEEE.
SAMREC definitions and guidance are presented with discussion of the factors that must be
assessed to demonstrate RPEEE. Comparison with guidance in other reporting countries and
examples of actual practice are presented.
Recoverable mineral resources assessment has become a standard geostatistical application in the
mining industry, with various geostatistical techniques currently available. This investigation aimed
to improve the prediction at the Sungun deposit and to obtain mineral resource models capable of
handling (i) the change of support from drill-hole composites to selective mining units (SMUs), (ii)
the multivariate nature of the ore control selection criteria that involves both copper and
molybdenum grades; and (iii) the local uncertainty on the true (unknown) grades. The solution
presented in this paper is to use direct block-support sequential cosimulation in order to construct a
set of alternative outcomes of the copper and molybdenum grades on block support over the
deposit, with no need for storing point-support values, hence with a considerable gain in memory
management and CPU time. The grade realizations so obtained are then processed to calculate the
uncertainty in the mineral resources that can be recovered above given cut-off grades, both globally
and on a block-by-block basis.
The primary objective of any mining business unit is to make profit by extracting, processing, and
selling minerals from a particular mineral deposit. It is important to optimize extraction of the
mineral resource given time, capital, and space constraints. Mineral extraction is often associated
with uncertainty due to variable technical and human factors. Technical factors such as grade
distribution, ground conditions, and equipment reliability influence the performance of a mining
production system (MPS). The performance of the MPS is also impacted by human factors such as
employee skills, health, and attendance. Uncertainty associated with technical and human factors
often leads to actual output differing from what was planned. Therefore an in-depth analysis of the
significant causes of deviations from the planned outcomes is relevant.
In this paper we investigate the empirical relationships between inputs and outputs in a MPS in
order to assist management in directing efforts at key production drivers. Once a MPS has been
empirically characterized, more effort and resources can be focused on the key decision-making
variables (DMVs) in order to meet the planned outcomes.
For a typical underground, tabular, narrow-reef conventional drill-and-blast platinum mine the face
advance, face length mined, number of teams, team efficiencies, and team size have a statistically
significant relationship with the centares (m2) produced, which is a key performance indicator (KPI).
The production function derived in this study can be used to align the physical, technical, and human
factors together to predict the optimal output level. The most significant production lever of the
MPS is the face advance.
Narrow tabular platinum group element deposits in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa are
typically evaluated by diamond core drilling from surface. Several short deflections are drilled from
each mother hole in order to obtain multiple intersections at a close spacing (less than 1 m).
Examination of the intersections from deflection drilling revealed the importance of these
deflections in understanding the representivity of the borehole, obtaining an estimate of the nugget
effect, and mitigating the undesirable effect of the high grade variability at the ultra-short range that
is a characteristic of these deposits. The use of deflections in estimation was investigated by means
of a number of techniques and scenarios in order to find the most appropriate way to use them in
an estimate. A significantly improved level of confidence was gained from using multiple close-
spaced intersections rather than a single borehole intersection.
RESUMEN TEMA
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1815-74402022000100006&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532021000800006&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532021000500007&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532020000900005&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532017000600011&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532017000200013&lang=es
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532017000200011&lang=es
DOI ZONA GEOGRÁFICA DE ESTUDIO
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-1627
Sudáfrica
10.17159/2411-9717/1332/2021
10.17159/2411-9717/1379/2021
10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n6a8
10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n2a11
Abdelmohsen A.
Nassani; Abdullah
2021
Mohammed Aldakhil;
Khalid Zaman
Jose-Luis Palacios a,
Guiomar Calvo b, Alicia
2018
Valero a, Antonio
Valero a
Annika Weiser; Manuel
W. Bickel a c, Klaus
2020
Kümmerer b, Daniel J.
Lang a
Krysmine, Sandillon;
2022
BRGM, Orléans,
Schrijvers, Dieuwertjea,
b;Hool, Alessandrac
Send mail to Hool
A.;Blengini, Gian
Andread;Chen, Wei-
Qiange;Dewulf,
Jof;Eggert,
2020
Roderickg;van Ellen,
Laylah;Gauss,
Rolandi;Goddin,
Jamesj;Habib,
Komalk;Hagelüken,
Christianc, l;Hirohata,
Atsufumim
Karali, Nihan
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N.;Shah, Nihar
Gaustad, Gabriellea, b
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G.;Krystofik, Marka,
2018
b;Bustamante,
Michelec;Badami,
Kedara, b
Theler, Brennan;Kauwe,
Steven K.;Chispas, 2020
Taylor D.
Lewicka, Ewa
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E.;Guzik, Katarzyna 2021
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Castillo, Emilioa, b
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Tunsu, Cristiana
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X.;Wang,
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Zheng, X. , Wang, R. ,
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Hertwich, EG
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Charpentier Poncelet,
A. , et al 2022
Helbig, C. , 2022
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N. , Sonnemann, G.,
Habert, G. 2019
Hampus André, Maria
2021
Ljunggren
Challenges and opportunities for a successful mining industry in the future [Desafíos y
oportunidades para un futuro de éxito en la industria minera]
Ecological footprints jeopardy for mineral resource extraction: Efficient use of energy, financial
development and insurance services to conserve natural resources
Trends in global mineral and metal criticality: the need for technological foresight
Bolstering supplies of critical raw materials for low-carbon technologies through circular economy
strategies
Circular economy strategies for mitigating critical material supply issues
Circular supply chains in the era of industry 4.0: A systematic literature review
Copper at the crossroads: Assessment of the interactions between low-carbon energy transition
and supply limitations
Critical natural resources: Challenging the current discourse and proposal for a holistic definition
Materials Abundance, Price, and Availability Data from the Years 1998 to 2015
On the possibilities of critical raw materials production from the eu’s primary sources
Reconciling Diverging Views on Mineral Depletion: A Modified Cumulative Availability Curve
Applied to Copper Resources
Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative study of the solvent extraction of
rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems
Responsible or reckless? A critical review of the environmental and climate assessments of mineral
supply chains
Scarce mineral resources: Extraction, consumption and limits of sustainability
The U.S.-China Supply Competition for Rare Earth Elements: a Dynamic Game View
Toward the Implementation of Circular Economy Strategies: An Overview of the Current Situation
in Mineral Processing
A post-pandemic sustainable scenario: What actions can be pursued to increase the raw materials
availability?
Climate change mitigation and sustainability: Global trend of critical rare earth elements recovery
from waste sources
Enhancing the assessment of critical resource use at the country level with the SCARCE method –
Case study of Germany
Examining the sustainability of China's nickel supply: 1950–2050
Extractable global resources and the future availability of metal stocks: “Known Unknowns” for the
foreseeable future
Forecasting the temporal stock generation and recycling potential of metals towards a sustainable
future: The case of gallium in China
Global platinum group element resources, reserves and mining – A critical assessment
Governance of the World’s Mineral Resources: Beyond the Foreseeable Future
High sensitivity of metal footprint to national GDP in part explained by capital formation
What we have learned from the past and how we should look forward
PUBLICACIÓN VOLUMEN
Resources Policy 74
Marine Policy 82
Resources Policy 59
Resources Policy 68
Mineral Economics 68
Resources 10
Resources, Conservation and
161
Recycling
One Earth 4
Extractive Industries and Society 7
Metals 11
Resources Policy 53
Resources, Conservation and
139
Recycling
Resources Policy 65
Nature Geoscience 11
Nature Sustainability 5
Journal of Environmental Chemical
10
Engineering
Resources 11
Mineral Economics
ABSTRACT
Modern models of sustainable economic growth are metal-intensive and will not be successful in the future unless a
continuous supply of mineral-derived products is ensured. Despite this being logical, there is still a significant reluctance
regarding mineral exploration and mining activities, often reflected in: (i) unfavourable public opinions
The commodity and resource markets played an important role in attaining the country's economic development via energy
efficiency, economic insurance prices and sound financial development. However, the enormous pressure of human demand
on natural capital exhausts many important rare earth's resources that demolished the global resource conservation agenda.
This study examines the stated factors in the top 10 mineral abundant economies by using their latest available data series
from 1990 to 2019. The results of the study show that ecological footprints on mineral resources confirmed the hump-
shaped relationship between them. The enormous human demand for natural capital is viewed further in the environmental
accounting system. Ecological footprints cause a greater extraction of mineral resources that jeopardize future stocks of rare
earth's resources. The panel estimates show that insurance and financial services, massive population growth, and
continued economic growth decreases mineral resource rents. In contrast, energy efficiency and trade policies increase
mineral resource rents across countries. In general, the results support the economic policies that help reduce human
demand for natural capital by efficient insurance services, sustainable economic growth, energy efficiency, and trade fair
policies. These factors required more sustainable efforts to mitigate adverse environmental externalities by adopting the
latest technology in extractive industries to prevent unsolicited mineral losses. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Critical metals, identified from supply, demand, imports, and market factors, include rare earth elements (REEs), platinum
group metals, precious metals, and other valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and uranium. Extraction of metals
from U.S. saline aqueous, emphasizing saline, sources is explored as an alternative to hardrock ore mining. Potential
aqueous sources include seawater, desalination brines, oil- and gas-produced waters, geothermal aquifers, and acid mine
drainage, among others. A feasibility assessment reveals opportunities for recovery of lithium, strontium, magnesium, and
several REEs from select sources, in quantities significant for U.S. manufacturing and for reduction of U.S. reliance on
international supply chains. This is a conservative assessment given that water quality data are lacking for a significant
number of critical metals in certain sources. The technology landscape for extraction and recovery of critical metals from
aqueous sources is explored, identifying relevant processes along with knowledge gaps. Our analysis indicates that aqueous
mining would result in much lower environmental impacts on water, air, and land than ore mining. Preliminary assessments
of the economics and energy consumption of recovery show potential for recovery of critical metals. © 2021 American
Chemical Society.
Metal shortage and supply risk are two major challenges to the sustainable development of human society. Human
socioeconomic activities are significant underlying drivers of metal depletion. Previous studies have quantified metal
extraction and scarcity (i.e., from the consumption-based viewpoint). However, the role of primary suppliers in enabling
downstream metal extraction and metal scarcity through global supply chains (i.e., from the income-based viewpoint)
remains unknown. This study used an environmentally-extended multi-regional input-output model, combined with reserve-
side scarcity indicators, to evaluate the scarcity-weighted metal extraction enabled by primary suppliers through global
supply chains. We compared the income-based results with results from the production- and consumption-based
perspectives and uncovered major primary suppliers, sectors, metals, and trade pairs driving scarcity-weighted metal
extraction. Here we show that China, Peru, and Ireland had the highest income-based scarce metal extraction in 2014. Some
resource-abundant nations (e.g., Russia and Australia) played a more important role as primary suppliers than direct
producers and final consumers. Critical sectors causing significant income-based scarce metal extraction include the “Trade”,
“Business services”, and “Oil” in addition to the mining sector. For metals, income-based results are more significant for
metals with lower scarce extraction, such as Al, Fe, and Ni. Moreover, Rest of Southeast Asia-China was the most important
producer-supplier pair probably due to the Belt and Road Initiative. The results of this study provide more information on
metal scarcity for global metal resource management, and the policy implications of the income-based results could
complement production- and demand-side measures. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Commercial interest in deep sea minerals in the area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction has rapidly increased in recent
years. The International Seabed Authority has already given out 26 exploration contracts and it is currently in the process of
developing the Mining Code for eventual exploitation of the mineral resources. Priority issues have so far been feasibility
and profitability of this emerging industry, while relatively little consideration has been given as to how, and to an even
lesser extent, whether deep seabed mining should proceed. This article makes a case that the global community should
question and scrutinize the underlying assumption that deep seabed mining is going benefit humankind as a whole before
commercializing the common heritage of humankind. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Latin America has always been a region of great interest not only for its rich-multicultural heritage, and diverse flora and
fauna, but also for its natural resources that have become valuable commodities worldwide. In this paper an exergy-based
analysis is used to investigate the cost of mineral depletion. By applying exergy replacement costs (ERC), a concept based on
the Second Law of Thermodynamics, ERC determines the cost in exergy terms to recover minerals to its prior conditions with
the current best available techniques when they have been completely dispersed after their usage. Such an assessment is a
robust tool when evaluating natural resources in a country or region. We show that by using the above-mentioned
methodology, it is possible to objectively quantify the loss of mineral wealth in Latin America associated to mineral
extraction. Our study shows that the loss of mineral wealth in 2013 in the region was not compensated in comparison to the
revenues obtained for the sale of minerals. Therefore, to establish a sustainable future scenario for the production of
minerals in Latin America, a new framework for trading and management of fuel and non-fuel minerals is necessary. © 2018
Elsevier Ltd
There is urgent need to change the way we make use of non-renewable resources, especially metals, to sustain their
availability for vital technologies associated with achieving change towards sustainability, but also to minimize negative
impacts and to achieve a fair distribution of the wealth and burdens associated with their production and use. Especially
public actors (state governments and administrations) have recently formulated strategies as a means to guide action
fostering these goals. Yet, these strategies are very different in their character, which makes it difficult to compare them and
learn how to best design strategies for a given context to contribute to the necessary change. To approach this question, we
analyzed 37 national mineral resource-related strategy documents worldwide concerning their contextual conditions,
motivation, and objectives. Following the general inputs for transition strategies (current and target state, transition
strategy), we identified four clusters of strategy documents that share similarities in their approaches and support the
development of specific recommendations for future strategy design in terms of both content and process. Designing
strategies with a clear structure that interlinks a systems-based description of the current state, a clear vision (oriented at
sustainability principles) and a sufficiently differentiated but at the same time flexible transition pathway improves their
potential to contribute to more sustainable metal production and use. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
There is urgent need to change the way we make use of non-renewable resources, especially metals, to sustain their
availability for vital technologies associated with achieving change towards sustainability, but also to minimize negative
impacts and to achieve a fair distribution of the wealth and burdens associated with their production and use. Especially
public actors (state governments and administrations) have recently formulated strategies as a means to guide action
fostering these goals. Yet, these strategies are very different in their character, which makes it difficult to compare them and
learn how to best design strategies for a given context to contribute to the necessary change. To approach this question, we
analyzed 37 national mineral resource-related strategy documents worldwide concerning their contextual conditions,
motivation, and objectives. Following the general inputs for transition strategies (current and target state, transition
strategy), we identified four clusters of strategy documents that share similarities in their approaches and support the
development of specific recommendations for future strategy design in terms of both content and process. Designing
strategies with a clear structure that interlinks a systems-based description of the current state, a clear vision (oriented at
sustainability principles) and a sufficiently differentiated but at the same time flexible transition pathway improves their
potential to contribute to more sustainable metal production and use.
Resource depletion and environmental degradation have fueled a burgeoning discipline of anthropogenic circularity since
the 2010s. It generally consists of waste reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and recovery. Circular economy and “zero-waste”
cities are sweeping the globe in their current practices to address the world’s grand concerns linked to resources, the
environment, and industry. Meanwhile, metal criticality and carbon neutrality, which have become increasingly popular in
recent years, denote the material’s feature and state, respectively. The goal of this article is to determine how circularity,
criticality, and neutrality are related. Upscale anthropogenic circularity has the potential to expand the metal supply and, as
a result, reduce metal criticality. China barely accomplished 15 % of its potential emission reduction by recycling iron,
copper, and aluminum. Anthropogenic circularity has a lot of room to achieve a win-win objective, which is to reduce metal
criticality while also achieving carbon neutrality in a near closed-loop cycle. Major barriers or challenges for conducting
anthropogenic circularity are deriving from the inadequacy of life-cycle insight governance and the emergence of
anthropogenic circularity discipline. Material flow analysis and life cycle assessment are the central methodologies to
identify the hidden problems. Mineral processing and smelting, as well as end-of-life management, are indicated as critical
priority areas for enhancing anthropogenic circularity. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2023, The Author(s).
Critical materials (CMs) are a group of elements that have been determined to be important for the modern economy, but
which may face current or potential supply limitations. Some examples of metals that have received the CM designation
include the rare earth elements, indium, gallium, and lithium. The last decade has seen a major push for the development of
new and improved technologies for the recovery and purification of CMs from various traditional and non-traditional
resources in an effort to diversify supply. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one broad category of these experimental extraction
technologies. SPE involves the application of a solid material to preferentially retain in the solid phase one or more specific
components of an aqueous solution, leaving the other components behind in the aqueous phase. A wide range of different
sorbents has been used for SPE, and many offer significant potential advantages, including low cost, low environmental
impact, and high customizability. Hierarchically porous silica monoliths are one example of a cutting-edge sorbent that
provides a durable, high surface area foundation that can be functionalized with a variety of targeted ligands for the
selective extraction of specific CMs. Despite impressive recent advances in SPE, there remain areas for improvement that are
common across the discipline. To demonstrate the practical viability of these innovative CM recovery systems, future SPE
studies would benefit from devoting additional focus to the scalability of their material, as well as from focusing on real-
world feedstocks and conducting techno-economic analyses and environmental impact studies. © 2022 The Royal Society of
Chemistry
The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the likelihood of a supply disruption of a
material and the vulnerability of a system (e.g. a national economy, technology, or company) to this disruption. Inconclusive
outcomes of various studies suggest that criticality assessments would benefit from the identification of best practices. To
prepare the field for such guidance, this paper aims to clarify the mechanisms that affect methodological choices which
influence the results of a study. This is achieved via literature review and round table discussions among international
experts. The paper demonstrates that criticality studies are divergent in the system under study, the anticipated risk, the
purpose of the study, and material selection. These differences in goal and scope naturally result in different choices
regarding indicator selection, the required level of aggregation as well as the subsequent choice of aggregation method, and
the need for a threshold value. However, this link is often weak, which suggests a lack of understanding of cause-and-effect
mechanisms of indicators and outcomes. Data availability is a key factor that limits the evaluation of criticality. Furthermore,
data quality, including both data uncertainty and data representativeness, is rarely addressed in the interpretation and
communication of results. Clear guidance in the formulation of goals and scopes of criticality studies, the selection of
adequate indicators and aggregation methods, and the interpretation of the outcomes, are important initial steps in
improving the quality of criticality assessments. © 2019 The Authors
Global scenarios in line with Paris Agreement climate goals would increase deployment of low-carbon technologies that
contain significant amounts of critical raw materials (CRMs). However, most climate policies and decarbonization pathways
typically do not identify the role CRM supply could play in slowing or limiting the scale-up of low-carbon technologies.
Circular economy strategies can help secure the supply chain for many CRMs. While it is technically possible to recover all
CRMs, current recovery is limited by the lack of a strong economic driver or policy that could provide economic incentives,
support a cost-competitive secondary material market, and encourage the use of recycled materials. In this perspective, we
investigate the potential of two circular-economy strategies, end-of-life collection and recycling. Our results show that
enhanced collection and recycling could enable secondary materials to meet 37%–91% of demand for CRMs in low-carbon
technologies in 2050, depending on the technology type and characteristics (e.g., shorter lifetime of battery energy storage
systems). However, progress is required in building robust collection frameworks, developing cost-competitive and highly
efficient recycling technologies, and designing recycling-friendly products. © 2022
Raw materials deemed critical are defined as having potential issues in their supply, limited substitutes, and applications of
importance, namely in clean energy, defense, healthcare, and electronics. Disruptions in supply of critical materials can have
serious negative repercussions for firms, consumers, and economies. One potential set of mitigation strategies for firms
dealing with criticality issues is the implementation of circular economy principles in their supply chain, operations, and end-
of-life management. This work conducts a literature review combined with case study analysis to examine how certain firms
assess and monitor their vulnerability to critical material supply chain issues and provides specific business examples for
integrating circularity strategies. Results indicate the potential for risk reduction that could be gained from implementation
of these strategies
The literature already discussed about how the synergic implementation of Circular Economy (CE) and Industry 4.0 (I4.0)
paradigms in industrial contexts could enable improvements in Supply Chain (SC) efficiency and competitiveness. However,
the experts concentrated on a single topic of circular supply chain (CSC), CE, and I4.0, lacking a systemic approach to the
integrated context. To this aim, the paper proposes a systematic literature review investigating and systematizing the
knowledge around the circular SC domain enabled by CE and I4.0 and, simultaneously, highlighting the major trends. Starting
from six dimensions of analysis (Type of contribution, LC phases, I4.0 technologies, Triple Bottom Line (TBL) layers, CE
strategies, and SC typologies), CSC-related articles have been classified basing on five thematic categories (I4.0 enabling
technologies, Performance tools and indicators, Challenges and barriers, Business models and strategies, Best practices).
Results allowed to provide some peculiarities of each category. From a sustainability side, they confirmed a predominance of
economic and environmental aspects over social ones, together with a life cycle perspective. From an I4.0 side, they shown a
prevalence and a synergic implementation of internet of things, big data analytics, and cloud technologies. From a CE
strategy side, reuse-recycle-remanufacturing, waste management, material and energy efficiency have been identified as
prevalent topics. The paper contributes in building an integrated knowledge of the threefold CE, CSC and I4.0 research
context. In addition, it proposes a theoretical framework useful to gradually guide practitioners in approaching the CSC
transition. Depending on different CSC aspects, managers could easily raise their knowledge about practices, methodologies,
and technological solutions helpful to support their CSC activities. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
This article aims to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy transition and to determine whether copper could
become critical due to the high copper content of low-carbon technologies compared to conventional technologies. In
assessing copper availability through to 2050, we rely on our linear programming world energy-transport model, TIAM-
IFPEN. We examine two climate scenarios (2 °C and 4 °C) with two mobility shape, implemented with a recycling chain. The
penetration of low-carbon technologies in the transport and energy sectors (electric vehicles and low-carbon power
generation technologies) is likely to significantly increase copper demand by 2050. To investigate how tension over copper
resources can be reduced in the energy transition context, we consider two public policy drivers: sustainable mobility and
recycling practices. Results show that in the most stringent scenario, the cumulative primary copper demand between 2010
and 2050 is found to be 89.4% of the copper resources known in 2010. They also pinpoint the importance of China and Chile
in the future evolution of the copper market. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Studies on critical natural resources have grown in number over the last decade out of
concern for resource availability and its potential impacts. Nonetheless, only a handful of studies
explicitly define criticality for natural resources. Through a systematic literature review, we identified
four main perspectives in the descriptions of critical natural resources: (1) economic importance is
overemphasized at the expense of sociocultural and ecosystem support functions of natural resources;
(2) a Western perspective dominates the research discourse; (3) apart from the field of economics,
the debate lacks input from social sciences; and (4), non-renewable resources are overrepresented
compared to renewables. Based on the current discourse and its apparent inclinations, we propose a
new definition of criticality for natural resources aligned with risk theory. We argue for the need to
balance out the perspectives described above to provide decision-makers with impartial information
for the sustainable management of natural resources.
Materials researchers are paying ever more attention to sustainability, criticality, availability, and other industrial ecology
metrics and concepts as they develop new materials. Previous reports for these metrics have typically been either for a few
specific compositions or for a single year. In this work, we present a new curated dataset which reports the global elemental
production on a per country basis from the years 1998 to 2015 alongside elemental prices over this same time period. The
data are taken from United States Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook entries. In addition to the raw data, analysis of the
Herfindahl–Hirschman Index has been carried out and is reported alongside market share of each element for each year in
the range provided. Lastly, we present a few possible scenarios for data utility such as exploring trends over the time period,
correlating volatility with availability, or examining abrupt changes in the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and how these may or
may not relate to geopolitical events such as wars in mineral producing countries. © 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials
Society.
Sufficient supplies of critical raw materials (CRMs) for rapidly developing technologies, e.g., Li-ion batteries, wind turbines,
photovoltaics, digitization, etc., have become one of the main economic challenges for the EU. Due to growing import
dependency and associated risk of supply disruptions of these raw materials from third countries, there is a need to
encourage their domestic production. This is an important starting point for EU value chains crucial for the sustainable
economic growth of the whole Union. This contribution has evaluated the possibilities of CRMs supply from the EU’s primary
sources. A three-step approach, including an assessment of CRMs’ importance for the EU’s economic growth, their
significance in at least two of the three strategic industrial sectors (i.e., renewable energy, e-mobility, defense and
aerospace), and their potential availability from EU mineral deposits, has been applied. Results of the analysis have shown
that, of 29 critical mineral raw materials (according to the 2020 EC list), the potential to develop manufacturing from the
Union mineral deposits exists for 11 CRMs, i.e., cobalt, graphite (natural), HREE, LREE, lithium, magnesium, niobium, PGMs,
silicon metal, titanium, and tungsten, while some other CRMs, namely gallium, germanium, indium, and vanadium can be
recovered as by-products. Measures to mitigate EU import dependency have been also proposed. © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Mineral depletion is a perennial concern in natural resources management. Despite a multiplicity of perspectives, most
analyses fall largely into one of two groups. Studies in the first group take the fixed quantity of any material in the earth as
the starting point for analysis, focus primarily on physical stocks and flows of mineral resources, and assess when society will
run out of a resource or when production and use will peak (the fixed-stock viewpoint). Studies in the second group start by
noting the heterogeneous nature of mineral resources and our incomplete knowledge of the quantity and quality of
minerals in the earth, focus on the dynamic nature of mineral availability, and assess the ability of society to adjust to
mineral depletion at existing mines though mineral exploration and mine development, technological innovation, and
substitution (the opportunity-cost viewpoint). This paper seeks to reconcile these diverging perspectives by developing a
modified cumulative availability curve (CAC) – which combines physical stocks and flows (from the fixed-stock perspective)
with geologic stock uncertainty, different demand scenarios and extraction costs (from the opportunity-cost perspective).
When applied to copper resources, the modified CAC suggests that copper demand is likely to be satisfied from known
deposits until about 2075. Thereafter, society's ability to discover and develop previously unknown deposits and improve the
efficiency of their production - as well as efforts at substitution and improving recycling and re-use of copper - will
importantly influence whether copper demand is satisfied and at what copper price. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Our society heavily depends on the availability of raw materials. Technology metals such as rare earth elements (REEs) are
vital in many applications. Because their virgin mining and production is constrained by a multitude of factors, future
exploitation of secondary sources is strongly considered. Tailings from past and present mining activities are important
sources of REEs and other critical raw materials, e.g., tungsten and phosphate. The possibility of processing such tailings was
thoroughly investigated in the ENVIREE European Project (2015–2018). In this paper, we assess the use of solvent extraction
to recover REEs from tailings originating from New Kankberg (Sweden) and Covas (Portugal). Extraction of REEs from
common mineral acid solutions was carried out using solvating (Cyanex 923 and TODGA) and acidic extractants (DEHPA and
Cyanex 572). Extraction was studied in the presence of high amounts of phosphate, iron and copper in solution. This was to
identify bottlenecks in the separation process and ways to mitigate them. While copper and phosphate didn't pose
significant issues, iron was co-extracted with the REEs in several systems, e.g., DEHPA – sulfuric acid. Co-extraction was
reduced by using a blended DEHPA – Cyanex 923 organic phase. At the same time, the extraction efficiency of REEs
improved. Control of the contact time between the aqueous and organic phase, and selective stripping were also used to
effectively mitigate the extraction of iron. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
This paper critically reviews and identifies gaps in the methodologies used to analyze the environmental impacts of mineral
and metal global supply chains. Of specific focus are assessments of the extraction and production of minerals and metals
needed for a low-carbon energy future. Current trends and projections suggest that the future low-carbon energy system
will have greater material needs than the current one. Thus, it is important to better understand the full impacts of
increased resource extraction to help ensure a sustainable and just transition. This review reveals that existing
methodologies are currently insufficient in capturing the full suite of environmental, social, and governance concerns. The
copper supply chain is used as a case study to highlight areas that require refined or augmented methodologies, with an in-
depth examination of the corporate practices of Freeport-McMoRan, Vale, and BHP. Together, this review of existing
methodologies and examples from the copper supply chain highlight the incomplete and variable nature of environmental
and climate reporting within the mining industry. Areas for future work are defined with the goal of advancing accounting
frameworks for the mining industry and the associated supply chain. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
The interests of the current and future generations concerning the access to and the use of geologically scarce mineral
resources diverge. This article explores whether this apparent irreconcilability can be resolved. It is investigated how far the
extraction rate of thirteen scarce raw materials can be reduced while simultaneously increasing the services they provide
worldwide to the level prevailing in developed countries in 2020. The scarce raw materials considered are antimony,
bismuth, boron, chromium, copper, gold, indium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, tin, tungsten, and zinc. Indicative estimates of
how long these mineral resources will be available for humanity are calculated, assuming (1)the world population stabilizes
at ten billion people, (2) the global service level of these resources attains that prevailing in developed countries in 2020 and
(3) maximum resource-saving measures are taken. The conclusion is that immediate implementation of the most stringent
resource-saving measures could extend the estimated exhaustion periods of most of the scarcest raw materials by an
average factor of approximately four, even while simultaneously increasing the global service level of these resources by a
factor four as well. Without sufficient and adequate resource saving measures it will be difficult or impossible for a
substantial part of the future world population to attain the service level of mineral resources prevailing in developed
countries at this moment. Moreover, without such measures, the period of time that future citizens of rich countries can
continue enjoying the current service level of some of the scarcest mineral resources in their countries, will be severely
limited. © 2021
As inputs to virtually all supply chains (SCs), mineral resources drive the modern economy. However, despite the substantial
sustainability impact of the initial stages of mineral SCs, these remain largely outside the scope of sustainable supply chain
management (SSCM). This paper aims to map the intersection of the literature on sustainability in mineral SCs and SSCM,
thus bridging the current gap, and to propose research directions for future work. The paper presents a structured content-
analysis based literature review of 67 peer-reviewed, English-language journal papers listed in the Web of Science database.
These have been identified via a keyword search for SC-, mineral- and mining-specific terms. The content analysis is based
on the work of Beske and Seuring (2014), which is abductively complemented with mineral SC-specific practices to build a
comprehensive SSCM for minerals framework. Furthermore a contingency analysis is conducted to reveal association
patterns between the used constructs. As main contribution, we propose the addition of a Government interventions
category as well as mineral-specific practices to the Risk and Pro-activity management categories of the framework. These
are identified as essential practices for improving the sustainability in mineral SCs. Moreover, a cascaded mineral SC design is
proposed adopting literature based propositions. It complements the traditional downstream buyer-supplier concept in
SSCM by adding a second buyer-supplier relationship led by an upstream focal firm for enhanced sustainability
management. This design integrates mineral extraction and refinement into a comprehensive SSCM approach and proposes
practices for its realization. The resulting approach thus offers the potential for supreme sustainability performance in
mineral SCs. Finally, research directions for future studies on this issue are formulated. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
The accelerating pace of resource consumption threatens long-term availability of critical materials: those resources that
play an essential role in modern society but are vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. Established resource management
strategies have struggled to reduce the risks of metal criticality, and the demand for these materials continues to grow.
Circular economy offers a new paradigm for addressing metal criticality through solutions that enable material and product
reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. However, products containing critical materials are rarely designed to be upgraded,
reused, or disassembled at end of life to access the valuable materials contained within. Here, we explore the potential for
design interventions across the technology life cycle that can enable circular economy solutions and minimize risks of
material criticality. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.Accelerating resource consumption has led to new risks to long-term availability of
many “critical materials” that play an essential role in modern technologies. Circular economy offers potential solutions to
alleviate these risks by decoupling economic growth from resource depletion through material and product reuse,
remanufacturing, and recycling. This perspective builds on past literature on criticality and circularity to outline a path for
mitigating critical material risks through design interventions mapped across the technology life cycle. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
It is a fundamental objective to transition towards a low-carbon economy worldwide which is supported by an international
legal agreement – the 2015 Paris Agreement. In order to achieve this ambition, there is a need for new and more mineral
extraction which is necessary for the technology for this low-carbon transition. These minerals are known as critical minerals
and this article examines the role of justice needed in their development. The literature to-date lacks any holistic yet focused
examination of the key elements of justice in the development of this industry. This conceptual article makes an original
contribution that utilises an interdisciplinary perspective, legal geography, and explores key issues of justice that include
distributive, procedural, restorative, recognition and cosmopolitan. The research identifies the key questions that need to be
resolved under each element of justice and the unfortunate limited timeframes for action. Critical justice areas include
taxation, environmental impact assessments, waste management, social license to operate, and cross-border actions.
Resolving these issues will directly address societal issues of inequality and ensure a just transition to a low-carbon
economy. Already there is a global race for critical minerals, and justice needs a stronger role in its development based on
evidence to-date. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Rare earth elements govern today’s high-tech world and are deemed to be essential for the attainment of sustainable
development goals. Since the 1990s, these elements have been predominantly supplied by one single actor, China. However,
due to the increasing relevance of their availability, the United States, who imports 80% of its rare earths from China,
recently announced its plan to (re-)enter the rare earths supply market. This paper analyzes the strategic interactions among
these two countries in open-loop and Markovian strategy spaces. Particular interest is devoted to the impact of
heterogeneous supply concepts on (1) the theoretical optimal timing for the United States (U.S.) to enter the non-renewable
resource market
Mining resources have played a leading role in the development of humanity, and the demand for these raw materials is
expected to increase in the foreseeable future. In addition, new technologies also require the extraction of new critical
materials. These trends pose various challenges as there is a limited supply of natural resources, and standard mining and
mineral processing practices are associated with significant environmental impacts, such as waste generation, energy and
water consumption, and CO2 emissions. The circular economy (CE) has recently gained attention as a model to address such
a complex scenario. This work analyzes the current efforts toward the application of CE in mineral processing. Although
advances have been made, this review shows that the most significant material flows and environmental impacts occur near
the production sites, which currently limits the closure of loops. Besides, mining industries are conservative regarding the
adoption of new technologies or processing strategies, which is another hindrance to the implementation of the CE. Thus,
and with few exceptions, while some sectors are already facing advanced stages of CE (namely, CE 3.0), the mineral
processing field struggles to advance from the basic CE requirements (i.e, CE 1.0 to CE 2.0). © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group,
LLC.
On January 30, 2020, COVID-19 outbreak, detected for the first time in Wuhan (China), was declared by WHO a Public Health
Emergency. In a strongly connected world, the consequent slowdown of the Chinese economy contributed to disrupt the
global supply chains of several products. In a post-pandemic scenario, the expected rapid increase in demand of critical raw
materials (associated with the transition to more green energy sources), coupled with the problems that some mining
activities are relegated only in certain countries and regions, must be considered in a sustainable perspective. This work
analyses the literature about (critical) raw materials and COVID-19, not only to present the impact of the pandemic on their
supply, but also to propose some actions that should be pursued in a post-pandemic renaissance scenario, to increase raw
materials availability, with great attention to most critical ones, in the frame of circular economy principles. The post-
pandemic possibilities are evaluated and suitable actions are suggested to secure the raw materials availability for the
foreseen increase of investments in crucial and strategic sectors, in accord with the UN Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). The proposed actions can be summarized as policy, strategy, economy, and technology activities. © 2021 Elsevier
Inc.
An increasing global demand for new products and emerging technologies that use rare earth elements (REEs) while global
consumption of rare earth elements (REEs) has registered a steady and significant increase, their supply has drastically
diminished. Rare earth elements (REEs) are found in most everyday applications because of their unique chemical and
physical properties. Currently, critical rare metals are highly demanded and growing fast in green technologies. Recycling of
mineral waste sources for the recovery of critical rare metals are one of the alternative resource for this critical rare metals
crisis. Various mineral waste sources such as mine residues and coal ash are rich sources of rare earth elements. This paper
mainly concerns the case studies of sustainable critical rare earth elements role in various fields and managing the supply
chain risks of rare earths. This study sought to identify the information needed to determine whether there might be a
potential for commercial extraction of the rare earth elements from waste sources. ©The Mining and Materials Processing
Institute of Japan
The increasing demand for Li‐ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to
the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered
critical/strategic due to the risk of interrup-tion of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption
for the transpor-tation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of
spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are
necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing
the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange
resins, and precipita-tion), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nano-
technology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li‐ion batteries is
discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability
Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12. © 2021 by the authors. Li-censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Functional materials are crucial to meet today's societal challenges and needs, such as the transition towards low carbon
energy production to reduce climate change, renewable energies and green economy, clean mobility and improved
communication. In order to fulfill specific functions, many of these materials require a variety of specific metallic elements
whose total reserves in primary deposits on the planet are limited in quantity and unevenly distributed, respectively require
significant efforts for exploration and investments in their exploitation. Furthermore, the extraction and processing of the
corresponding metallic minerals can be sometimes related to a high environmental burden as well as frequently negative
social impacts. While in contrast to fossil fuels mineral materials can be principally recycled and hence kept as resources,
closing the materials loop especially for many specialty metals today is often hampered by dissipation as well as by physical
and economic challenges. These metallic elements are also listed under “critical raw materials” which have been receiving
increased attention in scientific and policy-related debates over the last decade and years. In this paper, we introduce the
topic of materials criticality for the special issue of Sustainable Materials and Technologies and observe how the criticality of
raw materials is perceived and handled within Materials Science. For this, we (i) present examples of critical raw materials in
advanced technologies, (ii) summarize some definitions of criticality, (iii) outline the topic of critical raw materials in the
Material Scientist community by highlighting relevant outcomes of a survey on critical raw materials for materials scientists,
and (iv) conduct a literature research on “Critical Raw Materials” and “Criticality” in search engines commonly used by
materials scientists. The results show that material scientists seem frequently not concerned with the criticality of raw
materials in their work, and that the relevant terms appear for a broader scientific community mainly in the fields of
environmental science, chemistry-related processing and environmental and resource management. The paper presents and
discusses these results and suggests to advance the implementation of the concept of materials criticality in materials
research and development. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
Due to the scarcity of resources, and the need for preserving the resources for the future generation, there has been
significant growth in research and development in a sustainable market-focused manufacturing system, in particular with
the view of product recovery, waste elimination, and landfill legislation. It has extended the responsibility of manufacturing
organizations to include the recovery and safe disposal of their product, process, and supply chain waste, as well as, the
adoption of a sustainable quick response manufacturing system, to produce sustainable customized products. A more
compatible manufacturing system and strategy are required to meet these business goals. It is observed through literature
that an integrated sustainable green lean six sigma agile manufacturing system (ISGLSAMS) provides a strong platform to
meet all these business, societal and ecological needs under a single umbrella. However, many organizations opt for this
strategy voluntarily and many do not. It is observed through a literature survey that through this strategy organizations
improve their financial, market, social, environmental, operational, and sustainable performance. The main objective of this
review is to identify the various drivers for the adoption of an ISGLSAMS, so that governments, stakeholders, and
policymakers may plan the strategy for motivating the organizations for the ISGLSAMS. The review also discusses the key
enablers and characteristics of ISGLSAMS, product, and strategy. The review also highlights the key characteristics, and
clauses of each driver, and research areas for the drivers for the adoption of ISGLSAMS. The review also shows a
performance measurement or performance benchmark framework for ISGLSAMS. © 2022 The Authors
The demand for many resources has increased significantly over the last decades due to their growing importance for
industrial and technological development. Thus, various methods were developed to assess availability constraints of
resources in relation to their vulnerability within countries and/or sectors (criticality). However, these methods display
several short-comings. Thus, the aim of the introduced approach is, to enhance the assessment of critical resource use on
country level with the SCARCE method, by considering the two dimensions criticality (with the sub dimensions availability
and vulnerability) and societal acceptance (with the sub dimensions compliance with social standards and compliance with
environmental standards). For five of the 12 introduced categories measuring availability constraints the country specific
import mix is used to determine availability constraints of resources individually for the country under consideration. These
results can further be compared with global constraints (which are calculated based on global production data) to determine
if the country under consideration performs worse or better than the global average. To measure social aspects the
categories small scale mining, geopolitical risk and human rights abuse are introduced. Environmental aspects are
considered within the categories sensitivity of the local biodiversity, climate change and water scarcity. Additionally, next to
metals also fossil fuels are included allowing a direct comparison of both abiotic resources. The SCARCE method is applied
for the case study of Germany for which criticality results are presented and their plausibility is validated. It is shown that for
Germany tungsten is the raw material showing high risks in all considered dimensions excluding the sub dimension
vulnerability. Its high availability constraints are defined by the categories political stability, primary material use and price
fluctuations. Further, due to the countries tungsten is imported from (e.g. Bolivia), its compliance with social and
environmental standards is low. To enhance the applicability of the SCARCE method, indicator results are provided for 40
resources to assess their availability constraints as well as their compliance with social and environmental standards. © 2017
Elsevier Ltd
Rapid economic growth and accelerating urbanization in the past three decades have accelerated the exhaustion of China's
mineral resources. China is the world's largest consumer and importer of nickel resources; therefore, a growing domestic
demand will increase China's import dependence and in turn make it potentially vulnerable to supply shortages. One
hundred years from 1950 to 2050 were examined for China's nickel utilization. Identified domestic nickel resources can only
sustain China's industries until 2017, but nickel will reach peak utilization around the year of 2020–2022. Given the 5%
annual increase in applications and the growing importation of minerals in China, the carrying duration of nickel resources
until 2020 will require a nickel-recycling rate of more than 90%. To sustain China's nickel utilization, future strategies should
foster three solutions: maintaining a high level of imports, adjusting the landscape of nickel applications, and shifting from
virgin mining of geological minerals to urban mining of anthropogenic resources.
The primary purpose of this article is to suggest that estimates of extractable global resources (EGRs) of metals made using
current methodologies are so uncertain as to render them generally unfit for guiding policy with regard to resource
depletion and governance. This situation is unlikely to change much for the foreseeable future, as the expensive
geochemical sampling programs required to define metal ore deposits are driven by the short to medium term operational
considerations of mining companies, with the determination of EGR being of little to no concern. Furthermore, it is shown
that even if it became possible to estimate EGRs quite accurately, this in the absence of a detailed understanding of the
post-mining disposition of metal stocks, and the feasible recovery and recycling rates for those stocks over the long term,
would leave us little better positioned to determine the long-term availability of metals. Given this, trying to design policies
for international governance of the extraction of metal ores, on the premise of extending their availability to future
generations, is unlikely to be a productive investment of research effort. Meeting the challenge of maintaining metal
supplies for future generations will be better served by continuing to improve our understanding the impacts of ever-
increasing mining activity on natural systems, how improved mining practices might reduce this, and by following the fate of
metals post-mining, and the implications for metals recoverability and recycling potential. © 2020
Gallium is one such co-product mineral, being used for consumer electronics and contemporary renewable energy
applications. China is the top producer of gallium and supplies over 70% of global demand. However, supply uncertainty of
primary gallium is increasing due to a shortage of reserves. Thus, development of recycling technologies to complement
primary production should be prioritized, with more country-specific attention due to its low investment cost and short-term
feasibility. In this study, possible end-of-life (EoL) gallium waste generation in China until 2050 was forecasted using linear
regression and constructed a scenario analysis based on population and annual demand growth parameters. Similarly,
cumulative domestic demand was estimated using 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% recycling rates to investigate the effect
of recycling on sustainability of gallium resources. Based on the used method, study results were different
The platinum group elements (PGEs) are used in many technologies and products in modern society, especially auto-
catalysts, chemical process catalysts and specialty alloys, yet supply is dominated by South Africa. This leads PGEs to be
assessed as ‘critical metals’ signalling concern about the likelihood and consequences of social, environmental and economic
impacts from disruptions to supply. In order to better understand the global PGE situation, this paper presents a
comprehensive global assessment of PGE reserves and resources and the key mining trends which can affect supply. The
data shows that global PGE resources have increased from 90,733 t PGEs in 2010 to 105,682 t PGEs in 2015, a 16.4%
increase – despite global production of 2243 t PGEs over this period. This suggests that the key issues facing the PGE sector
are not geological or resource depletion, but clearly social, economic and environmental in nature – as highlighted by recent
social issues in South Africa and volatile global economic conditions. Concerns over PGE supply reliability and the
implications of any supply disruption will therefore continue to see the PGEs labelled as critical metals – but certainly not
due to resource depletion. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
Governance of the World’s Mineral Resources: Beyond the Foreseeable Future provides in-depth information on the
geological scarcity of mineral resources. The book demonstrates the urgent need to implement sustainable utilization of
mineral resources, in order to ensure that these resources will be sufficiently available for future generations too. The
availability of resources, especially for modern technologies, is an increasingly important issue. Some key mineral resources
are so geologically scarce that their availability for future generations may not only become substantially less, but also much
less affordable than for the current generation unless timely measures are taken. This book provides detailed data and
calculations of the availability of mineral resources. The book elaborates on whether and how it is possible to keep providing
sufficient mineral resources to a growing world population, and for how long. The book details also how and for how much
time it will be possible for all countries, worldwide, to achieve and maintain service delivery of raw materials to their
population at levels equivalent to those in developed countries in 2020. Governance of the World’s Mineral Resources:
Beyond the Foreseeable Future is therefore an important source of knowledge for postgraduates, academics and
researchers in the fields of environmental science, sustainability, and geology, as well as anyone in the field of mining and
economics who need to account for sustainable provision of mineral resources. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Global metal ore extraction tripled between 1970 and 2010 as metals are widely used in new infrastructure and advanced
technology. Meanwhile, the energy and environmental costs of metal mining increase as lower ore grades are being
exploited. The domestic use of metals has been found to reach a plateau when gross domestic product reaches US$15,000
per person. Here we present a quantification of the annual metal footprint (that is, the amount of metal ore extracted to
satisfy the final demand of a country, including metals used abroad to produce goods that are then imported, and excluding
metals used domestically to produce exports) for 43 large economies during 1995-2013. We use a panel analysis to assess
short-term drivers of changes in metal footprint, and find that a 1% rise in gross domestic product raises the metal footprint
by as much as 1.9% in the same year. Further, every percentage point increase in gross capital formation as a share of gross
domestic product increased the metal footprint by 2% when controlling for gross domestic product. Other socioeconomic
variables did not significantly influence the metal footprint. Finding ways to break the strong coupling of economic
development and investment with metal ore extraction may be required to ensure resource access and a low-carbon future.
© 2018 The Author(s).
The consumption of most metals continues to rise following ever-increasing population growth, affluence and technological
development. Sustainability considerations urge greater resource efficiency and retention of metals in the economy. We
model the fate of a yearly cohort of 61 extracted metals over time and identify where losses are expected to occur through a
life-cycle lens. We find that ferrous metals have the longest lifetimes, with 150 years on average, followed by precious, non-
ferrous and specialty metals with 61, 50 and 12 years on average, respectively. Production losses are the largest for 15 of the
studied metals whereas use losses are the largest for barium, mercury and strontium. Losses to waste management and
recycling are the largest for 43 metals, suggesting the need to improve design for better sorting and recycling and to ensure
longer-lasting products, in combination with improving waste-management practices. Compared with the United Nations
Environmental Programme’s recycling statistics, our results show the importance of taking a life-cycle perspective to
estimate losses of metals to develop effective circular economy strategies. We provide the dataset and model used in a
machine-readable format to allow further research on metal cycles. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to
Springer Nature Limited.
Society's hunger for commodities is leading to an increased consumption of minerals considered critical or strategic. A range
of minerals containing elements such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical and more
important for strategic uses than others. In this paper we describe these as strategically important critical minerals (SICMs).
However, their continuous depletion from primary sources coupled with supply risks due to geopolitical issues and
geographical segregation is a major concern. As a consequence, recovering these valuable elements from non-conventional
sources such as abandoned mine tailings has recently gained increased worldwide attention. In some part this is due to the
fact that the potentially recoverable amount of these elements in abandoned mine tailings is often higher than the
concentration in some primary ores. A review of the scientific literature reveals the use of modern recovery techniques such
as tailored made hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical processes can lead to effective recovery of these elements
from low grade sources such as mine tailings. However, there remain some technical, economic and environmental
challenges associated with recovering SICMs from mine tailings. This review critically analyzes these challenges and discusses
the opportunities available for recovering SICMs from abandoned mine tailings using conventional hydrometallurgical
techniques as well as bioleaching methods, which can offer significant advantages in reprocessing. This paper also concludes
by providing an outlook of an integrated approach to the reprocessing of mine tailings where the recovery of SICMs as well
as clean water production should be the combined overall reprocessing and recovery goal, helping to realize the full
economic potential of the tailings. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The paper aims to examine sector policies for securing mineral resources for future generations in ways that are
economically, environmentally and socially responsible, guided by the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and carbon
neutrality by 2050. This study proposes a roadmap for responsible mineral production, looking at drivers and goals, trends in
resource demand and supply, technological and responsibility issues as well as current solutions. We conclude that while
adopting the principles of a circular economy by minimizing waste, improving design for recovery, recycling alone will not be
sufficient to meet the demand for an increasingly complex range of metals, and consequently primary mining will be needed
for the foreseeable future. Various authors have proposed top-down approaches for sustainable mineral sourcing and co-
ordination of global supply, but there is no evidence of these being taken up. Instead, to accelerate the transition towards
sustainable, responsible and low-carbon mineral production, we suggest there is a role for ‘material stewardship’ defined
and implemented through the actions of various players in the life cycle or value chain of specific minerals and metals. That
bottom-up process has begun, though there is as yet no common definition of the term. © 2022 by the authors.
In recent literature, the concept of criticality aspires to provide a multifaceted risk assessment of resource supply shortage.
However, most existing methodologies for the criticality assessment of raw materials are restricted to a fixed temporal and
spatial reference system. They provide a snapshot in time of the equilibrium between supply and demand/economic
importance and do not account for temporal changes of their indicators. The static character of criticality assessments limits
the use of criticality methodologies to short-term policy making of raw materials. In the current paper, we argue for an
enhancement of the criticality framework to account for three key dynamic characteristics, namely changes of social,
technical, and economic features
Regarding mineral resources, there is ambiguity around concepts such as scarcity, rarity, criticality and depletion and
associated assessment methods. This paper investigates three method groups: life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), criticality
assessment and life cycle sustainability impact assessment methods. The aim is to clarify how these method groups and
concepts relate and their potential roles in a comprehensive mineral resource availability assessment. The study finds that
their modeling approaches and practical implementations are sometimes misaligned with what they aim to assess. This
results in similarities between methods from different method groups. Some LCIA-methods include elements which belong
to criticality assessment, which could explain some of the ambiguity. A reason for misalignment is a lack of distinction
between mineral resource stocks, funds and flows. The lack thereof also results in invalid impact pathway cause-effect
chains and imprecise terminology allowing for misunderstandings in the “resource debate”. Distinguishing between mineral
resource stocks, funds and flows resolves misalignments within methods and between method groups and, in turn,
ambiguity around concepts such as scarcity, rarity, criticality and depletion. It follows that long-term scopes need to include
assessments of depletion of ecospheric stocks. Methods focusing on factors which represent or can influence magnitude and
location of technospheric flows are suitable for short term scopes. Different types of technospheric funds, such as resources
in active use, end of life products and landfills, can be relevant in short, medium and long-term scopes. Altogether,
assessments of stocks, funds and flows are complementary parts of a comprehensive mineral resource availability
assessment. © 2021
From the vantage point of more than 50 years’ work in the raw material field, as well as working in the private sector, in the
German federal ministry of economics, at a geological survey, and engaged in teaching and supervising research at a
university, I draw a number of conclusions about the following aspects of the fields: development of long-term prices, the
long-term supply situation, especially the expectation of an imminent peaking of supply, the frequent and mistaken
prediction of shortfalls in supply, our understanding of reserves and resources, and the cyclic nature of success in
exploration. I am solely dealing with geological aspects, not taking into account political inferences and supply disruptions.
This is followed by an attempt to look into the future of raw materials demand within the framework of the accelerating
green energy transition. These conclusions are:Conclusion 1: When two amplifying effects overlap, long-term price trends
can be broken.Conclusion 2: All growth rates flatten eventually. Never extrapolate high growth rates too far! However,
growth rates are learning curves that move in waves and can steepen again. In general, the higher the production the lower
the growth rates, even in exceptional cases.Conclusion 3: It is unclear, whether we have already reached the stage when
growth rates of the major metals have flattened, but sooner or later it will come.Conclusion 4: Sooner or later we shall see
demand peaking for primary metals of all commodities (in contrast to peak supply) because the share of secondary metals
will grow and the consumption per capita reaches saturation levels.Conclusion 5: The reserve/ production ratio (R/P-ratio) is
only a snapshot of a dynamically evolving reserve/resources system. The learning effects during exploration so far are in step
with ever-increasing consumption. Serious limits to reserves are nowhere to be seen.Conclusion 6: Rapid changes in
production rates may be accompanied by significant decreases in R/P-ratios and it would appear justified to suspect that
advances in exploration cannot always keep pace with consumption. However, as long as the R/P-ratios do not fall below 50
for stratabound deposits and 25 for other deposits and exploration activities continue apace as normal there is no reason to
worry about future supply bottlenecks.Conclusion 7: The R/P-ratios are useless as indicators for lifetime
RESUMEN
Agotamiento de minerales en enfasis tierras raras. Este estudio examina los factores declarados
en las 10 principales economías abundantes en minerales utilizando su última serie de datos
disponible de 1990 a 2019. Los resultados del estudio muestran que las huellas ecológicas en los
recursos minerales confirmaron la relación en forma de joroba entre ellos. La enorme demanda
humana de capital natural se ve más adelante en el sistema de contabilidad ambiental. Las
huellas ecológicas provocan una mayor extracción de recursos minerales que ponen en peligro
futuros stocks de recursos de tierras raras.
Investiga el costo del agotamiento del mineral. Al aplicar los costos de reposición de energía
(ERC), un concepto basado en la Segunda Ley de la Termodinámica, ERC determina el costo en
términos de energía para recuperar minerales a sus condiciones anteriores con las mejores
técnicas disponibles en la actualidad cuando se han dispersado por completo después de su uso.
El diseño de estrategias con una estructura clara que vincule una descripción basada en sistemas
del estado actual, una visión clara (orientada a los principios de sostenibilidad) y un camino de
transición suficientemente diferenciado pero al mismo tiempo flexible mejora su potencial para
contribuir a una producción de metales más sostenible y usar
El desarrollo futuro de las industrisa dependen de los recursos minerales, por lo que la literatura
puede funcionar sensibilizando en temas de sustentabilidad y cifras
Explica el condepto de los recursos naturales críticos atribuye ciertos recursos a ser más críticos
que otros y proporciona una guía de gestión para ellos
Extracción sustentable de materiales criticos
Evaluar el impacto del cobre en la transición energética considerando si este puede volverse
crítico respecto a las tecnologías a base de carbón.
Explica el condepto de los recursos naturales críticos atribuye ciertos recursos a ser más críticos
que otros y proporciona una guía de gestión para ellos
Consideración del diseño en las soluciones de economía circular para materiales criticos
Importancia de la justicia en la transición energetica
entrega información del impacto que tienen los metales en el PIB de una nación, y el vinculo que
existe entre desarrollo economico y la inversion con la extracción de metales
El consumo de la mayoría de los metales continúa aumentando después del crecimiento cada
vez mayor de la población, la riqueza y el desarrollo tecnológico. Las consideraciones de
sostenibilidad instan a una mayor eficiencia de los recursos y la retención de metales en la
economía. Modelamos el destino de una cohorte anual de 61 metales extraídos a lo largo del
tiempo e identificamos dónde se espera que ocurran las pérdidas a través de una lente de ciclo
de vida. Encontramos que los metales ferrosos tienen la vida útil más larga, con 150 años en
promedio, seguidos por los metales preciosos, no ferrosos y especiales con 61, 50 y 12 años en
promedio, respectivamente. Las pérdidas de producción son mayores para 15 de los metales
estudiados, mientras que las pérdidas de uso son mayores para el bario, el mercurio y el
estroncio. Las pérdidas por gestión de residuos y reciclaje son mayores para 43 metales, lo que
sugiere la necesidad de mejorar el diseño para una mejor clasificación y reciclaje y para
garantizar productos más duraderos, en combinación con la mejora de las prácticas de gestión
de residuos. En comparación con las estadísticas de reciclaje del Programa de las Naciones
Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, nuestros resultados muestran la importancia de adoptar una
perspectiva de ciclo de vida para estimar las pérdidas de metales para desarrollar estrategias
efectivas de economía circular. Proporcionamos el conjunto de datos y el modelo utilizado en un
formato legible por máquina para permitir una mayor investigación sobre los ciclos del metal. ©
2022, El autor (es), bajo licencia exclusiva de Springer Nature Limited.
El hambre de la sociedad por los productos básicos está llevando a un mayor consumo de
minerales considerados críticos o estratégicos. Una gama de minerales que contienen elementos
como litio (Li), cobalto (Co), elementos de tierras raras (REE) se consideran críticos y más
importantes para usos estratégicos que otros. En este documento los describimos como
minerales críticos de importancia estratégica (SICM). Sin embargo, su continuo agotamiento de
las fuentes primarias, junto con los riesgos de suministro debido a problemas geopolíticos y
segregación geográfica, es una preocupación importante. Como consecuencia, la recuperación
de estos elementos valiosos de fuentes no convencionales, como los relaves mineros
abandonados, ha ganado recientemente una mayor atención mundial. En parte, esto se debe al
hecho de que la cantidad potencialmente recuperable de estos elementos en los relaves mineros
abandonados es a menudo mayor que la concentración en algunos minerales primarios. Una
revisión de la literatura científica revela que el uso de técnicas modernas de recuperación, como
los procesos hidrometalúrgicos y biohidrometalúrgicos hechos a medida, puede conducir a la
recuperación efectiva de estos elementos de fuentes de baja ley, como los relaves mineros. Sin
embargo, persisten algunos desafíos técnicos, económicos y ambientales asociados con la
recuperación de SICM de relaves mineros. Esta revisión analiza críticamente estos desafíos y
discute las oportunidades disponibles para recuperar SICM de relaves mineros abandonados
utilizando técnicas hidrometalúrgicas convencionales, así como métodos de biolixiviación, que
pueden ofrecer ventajas significativas en el reprocesamiento. Este documento también concluye
proporcionando una perspectiva de un enfoque integrado para el reprocesamiento de relaves
mineros donde la recuperación de SICM, así como la producción de agua limpia debe ser el
objetivo general combinado de reprocesamiento y recuperación, ayudando a realizar todo el
potencial económico de los relaves. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. Todos los derechos reservados.
el artículo trata sobre la visión actual que tienen los procesos exploratorios en cuanto a reservas
y recursos, y la aplicación de los mismos dentro del proceso económico, oferta, demada, los
estudios que se hacen para predecir y por ende concluir en la factibilidad de la extracción de los
recursos. la asociación de las tasas de crecimiento con la producción, el comportamiento que se
crea a partir del incremento de la producción. las consecuencias que se produciran en cuanto a
la oferta y la demanda cuando se llegue al tope de la demanda de minerales. el estudio de la
relación reserva/producción que sirven como indicadores de de alerta a los problemas de
suministro que se avecina. accion para contrarrestar la escasez del suminostro a futuro
TEMA HALLAZGO
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DOI ZONA GEOGRÁFICA UNIVERSIDAD
Universidade de Lisboa,
Portugal
portugal
10.21701/bolgeomin.130.1.007
10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102271
Universidad de
Clemson, Instituto de
fuentes acuosas salinas de EE.
Tecnológia de Georgia,
UU
Universidad de Arizona,
Estados Unidos
10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03005
Universidad Normal de
Beijing, Universidad de
Análisis a nivel global tecnología Guangdong,
Universidad del
Noreste, China
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133435
10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.010
Escuela Politécnica
Nacional, Ecuador y
America latina
Universidad de
Zaragoza, España
10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.06.007
Instituto de Ética e
Investigación
Transdisciplinaria sobre
Sostenibilidad
10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101770 Europa, África y Asia (IETSR),Instituto de
Química Sostenible y
Ambiental (ISEC),
Instituto Wuppertal,
Alemania
Universidad de
10.1007/s11783-023-1623-2 China
Tsinghua, China
No aplica por ser Estudio de Universidad de
10.1039/d2gc00347c
caso hipotético Viena,Austria
universidad Burdeos,
Francia. Academia de
Ciencias de
No aplica, ya que se estudian China,China. Academia
10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104617
diversas metodologías de Ciencias de China,
Bélgica. Universidad
Tecnológica de Delft,
Países Bajos.
Laboratorio Nacional
10.1016/j.erss.2022.102534 Estados Unidos Lawrence Berkeley,
Estados Unidos
Instituto de Tecnología
de Rochester e Instituto
10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.002 Caso de estudio en China de Tecnología de
Massachusetts,
Estados Unidos
10.1016/j.cie.2022.108268
Universidad de Utah,
10.1007/s40192-020-00173-5 Estados Unidos
Estados Unidos
Academia Polaca de
10.3390/RESOURCES10050050 no aplica, análisis global
Ciencias,Polonia
Escuela de Minas de
Colorado, Estados
no aplica, estudio de
10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104896 Unidos. Comisión
metodologías
Chilena del Cobre
(COCHILCO),Chile
Universidad
Tecnológica de
New Kankberg (Suecia) y
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.312 Chalmers, Suecia.
Covas (Portugal)
Servicio Geológico
Francés, Francia
Instituto Payne de
Políticas Públicas,
Escuela de Negocios de
la Universidad de
10.1088/1748-9326/ab9f8c Estados unidos Sussex, Centro de
Transporte y Logística,
Instituto de Tecnología
de Massachusetts,
Estados Unidos
no aplica, estudio de caso Universidad de
10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105511
hipotético global Utrecht,Países Bajos
Universidad de Kassel,
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.049 No aplica
Alemania
Instituto de Tecnología
de Rochester,
Universidad de Yale,
10.1016/j.oneear.2021.02.014 no aplica
Universidad de
Pittsburgh, Estados
Unidos
Universidad de Dundee,
10.1016/j.exis.2020.06.018 No aplica
Reino Unido
Universidad de
10.1007/s10666-022-09819-4 China y estados unidos Luxemburgo,
Luxemburgo
Universidad de
Antofagasta, Chile.
10.1080/08827508.2021.1946690 no aplica, análisis global
Universidad Aalto,
Alemania
Universidad de Sao
Paulo, Brasil.
10.3390/met11121999 Brasil y Suiza
Universidad Técnica de
Aquisgrán, Alemania
Escuela Politécnica
10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00074 Europa Federal de Lausana,
Fundación ESM, Suiza
no aplica, revisión Universidad Técnica de
10.1016/j.clet.2022.100449
bibliográfica Rajasthan, India
Universidad técnica de
10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.07.003 Caso de estudio en Alemania
Berlín, Alemania
Universidad de
Tsinghua, China.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.011 China Universidad de
Michigan, Estados
unidos
Universidad de
Tsinghua, Universidad
de Ciencia y Tecnología
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.413 China
de Macao, China.
Universidad de Yale,
Estados unidos
Universidad RMIT,
Australia. Universidad
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.350 sudafrica
de Nevada Las Vegas,
Estados unidos
no aplica, análisis global autor: teo heckens
10.1016/B978-0-12-823886-8.01001-0
10.1038/s41561-018-0091-y
Universidad de
Burdeos, Francia.
no aplica, análisis global
Universidad de
según la tendencia de
Augsburg, Universidad
metales
de Bayreuth, Alemania.
BRGM, Francia
10.1038/s41893-022-00895-8
relaves mineros en Kiruna, Universidad RMIT,
Suecia CSIRO, Australia
10.1016/j.jece.2022.107622
Unión Internacional de
Ciencias Geológicas,
Estados Unidos China. Escuela de
negocios en Talence,
Francia
10.3390/resources11080078
Cátedra de
Construcción
Sostenible, Suiza.
No aplica Universidad de
Burdeos, Francia.
Universidad de Yale,
Estados Unidos
10.1111/jiec.12834
Universidad
no aplica, análisis de
10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105396 Tecnológica de
metodologías
Chalmer, Suecia
Total 691 96 60
BBDD AUTOR AÑO TITULO PUBLICACIÓN VOLUMEN
SCIELO 01 Khubana, Ta 2022 Antecedents
Journal of Cont 132-167"
l resource modelling
SCIELOOrynbassar,
02using an unequal
D., Madani,
Journal
sampling
2021
of
N.the pattern:
SouthernAn
African
improved
Institute
practice
of Mining
385-396"
based and
on factorization
Metallurgy techniques
SCIELO 03 Dutaut, R.V 2021 A new grade
Journal of the Sou 193-200"
SCIELO 05 Lock, N. 2020 RPEEE (Reas
Journal of the Sou 497-504"
SCIELO 11 Hosseini, S 2017 Direct blocJournal of the Sou 577-585"
SCIELO 12 Sebutsoe, T 2017 CharacterizJournal of the Sou 199-206"
SCIELO 14 Witley, J., 2017 Using shortJournal of the Sou 179-187"
Brewer, Aaron
SCOPUS 1 Mudd, Gavin 2022 A perspectiGreen Chemistry
M.a 24
Send mail to Brewer A.;Florek, Justyna;Kleitz, Freddy
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SCOPUS 2 2018 Global platScience of the To 622-623
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SCOPUS 3 Send mailC.to, Werner
Helbig, 2022 T.T.
ResourcingResources 11
SCOPUS 4 Wellmer, F 2022 What we haMineral Economics
SCOPUS 5 Krysmine, 2022 Trends in gMineral Economic 68
Schrijvers, Dieuwertjea, b;Hool, Alessandrac
SCOPUS 6 2020 A review ofResources, Conser 155
Send mail to Hool A.;Blengini, Gian Andread;Chen, Wei-Qiange;Dewulf, Jof;Eggert, Roderickg;van Ellen, Laylah;G
Karali, Nihan
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SCOPUS 9 2021 E.;Guzik,
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Katarzyna 10
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Emilioa, b K.;Galos, Krzysztof
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SCOPUS 11 Shuronjit Kumar
2022Sarker,Nawshad
Recovery ofJournal
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of Enviro Bhuiyan,Warren
10 Bruckard,Biplob Kumar Pramanik
SCOPUS 12 Henckens, 2021 GovernanceGovernance of The 1
SCOPUS 13 2022 Losses
Charpentier Poncelet, and
A. , et alNature Sustainabil 5
SCOPUS 14 Ioannidou, 2019 The future Journal of Industr 23
SCOPUS 15 Hampus And 2021 Towards com Resources, Conser 167
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SCOPUS 16 2019 Recovery ofJournal of Cleane 218
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SCOPUS 20 2021 The role ofOne Earth 4
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SCOPUS 21 2022B.;Poncin,
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SCOPUS 23 2021 A post-pand Environmental Re 202
Cornelio A.;Bontempi, Elza
SCOPUS 24 Heffron, Ra 2020 The role of Extractive Industr 7
SCOPUS 25 Marie K. Sc 2018 Critical na Resources 7
SCOPUS 26 Botelho Junior,
Nam, Seong Amilton
2017 Barbosaa
Climate cha14th International Symposium o
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SCOPUS 27 2021 S.;Friedrich,
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SCOPUS 30 António Ma 2019 Challenges Boletin Geologico 130
SCOPUS 31 Serife E. C 2021 Recovery ofACS Sustainable C 9
SCOPUS 32 Yumeng Li a 2022 Scarcity-weJournal of Cleane 371
SCOPUS 33 Jose-Luis P 2018 The cost ofResources Policy 59
SCOPUS 34 Annika Weis 2020 Towards a Resources Policy 68
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SCOPUS 40 Zeng, Xianla 2018 Examining tResources, Conser 139
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WOS129 Trubetskoi 2020 Naturelike HERALD OF THE R 90
WOS139 Pietrzak, M 2021 Selection oACTA MONTANIST 26
WOS2 Ponomarenk 2021 Mineral ResSUSTAINABILITY 13
WOS20 Wang, YJ; C 2021 Evaluating RESOURCES POLIC 71
WOS21 Rybak, J; G 2021 Utilizatio METALLURGIST 64
WOS31 Moomen, AW2019 Assessing tJOURNAL OF CLE 241
WOS4 Zhernov, E 2020 Economic TVTH INTERNATIO 174
WOS40 Geipel, J 2017 Local procuEXTRACTIVE INDU 4
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mining has helped to shape South Africa to a greater extent than any
This work addresses the problem of geostatistical simulation of cross-correlated
In most exploration or mining grade data-sets, the presence of outliers or extreme values represents a significant challenge to
Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (RPEEE) is the crit
Recoverable mineral resources assessment has become a standard geostatistical app
The primary objective of any mining business unit is to make profit by extracting, processing, and selling minerals from a partic
In this paper we investigate the empirical relationships between inputs and outputs in a MPS in order to assist management in
For a typical underground, tabular, narrow-reef conventional drill-and-blast platinum mine the face advance, face length mine
Narrow tabular platinum group element deposits in the Bushveld Complex of South Af
Critical materials (CMs) are a group of elements that have been determined to be
The platinum group elements (PGEs) are used in many technologies and products in
The paper aims to examine sector policies for securing mineral resources for futu
From the vantage point of more than 50 years’ work in the raw material field, as
There is urgent need to change the way we make use of non-renewable resources, esp
The assessment of the criticality of raw materials allows the identification of the
Global scenarios in line with Paris Agreement climate goals would increase deploy
Materials researchers are paying ever more attention to sustainability, criticalit
Sufficient supplies of critical raw materials (CRMs) for rapidly developing techn
Mineral depletion is a perennial concern in natural resources management. Despite
Society's hunger for commodities is leading to an increased consumption of minera
Governance of the World’s Mineral Resources: Beyond the Foreseeable Future provid
The consumption of most metals continues to rise following ever-increasing popula
In recent literature, the concept of criticality aspires to provide a multifacete
Regarding mineral resources, there is ambiguity around concepts such as scarcity,
Our society heavily depends on the availability of raw materials. Technology meta
This paper critically reviews and identifies gaps in the methodologies used to an
The interests of the current and future generations concerning the access to and t
As inputs to virtually all supply chains (SCs), mineral resources drive the moder
The accelerating pace of resource consumption threatens long-term availability of
Rare earth elements govern today’s high-tech world and are deemed to be essential
Studies on critical have
Mining resources natural resources
played haverole
a leading grown in development
in the number over the last decade
of humanity, out
and t of
concern for resource availability and its potential impacts. Nonetheless, only a handful of studies
explicitly
On January define criticality
30, 2020, for natural
COVID-19 resources.
outbreak, Through
detected a systematic
for the first time inliterature
Wuhan (Chireview, we identified
four main perspectives in the descriptions of critical natural resources: (1) economic importance is
It is a fundamental
overemphasized at objective
the expenseto transition towards
of sociocultural anda low-carbon economy
ecosystem support worldwide
functions of natural resources;
(2) a Western perspective dominates the research discourse; (3) apart from the field of economics,
the debate lacks input from social sciences; and (4), non-renewable resources are overrepresented
compared to renewables.
An increasing global demand Based
for on
newthe currentand
products discourse andtechnologies
emerging its apparent inclinations,
that use ra we propose a
new definition of criticality for natural resources aligned with risk theory. We argue for the need to
The increasing
balance out thedemand for Li‐ion
perspectives batteries
described for electric
above to providevehicles sheds light upon
decision-makers with impartial information
for the sustainable management of natural resources.
The commodity and resource markets played an important role in attaining the cou
This article aims to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy tran
Modern models of sustainable economic growth are metal-intensive and will not be su
Critical metals, identified from supply, demand, imports, and market factors, inc
Metal shortage and supply risk are two major challenges to the sustainable devel
Latin America has always been a region of great interest not only for its rich-mu
There is urgent need to change the way we make use of non-renewable resources, esp
Resource depletion and environmental degradation have fueled a burgeoning discipli
Raw materials deemed critical are defined as having potential issues in their suppl
Functional materials are crucial to meet today's societal challenges and needs, such as the transition towards low carbon ener
Due to the scarcity of resources, and the need for preserving the resources for the future generation, there has been significan
The demand for many resources has increased significantly over the last decades due to their growing importance for industri
Rapid economic growth and accelerating urbanization in the past three decades have accelerated the exhaustion of China's m
The primary purpose of this article is to suggest that estimates of extractable global resources (EGRs) of metals made using cu
Gallium is one such co-product mineral, being used for consumer electronics and contemporary renewable energy application
The article focuses on mining of non-energy mineral resources with minimum envir
The incorporation of bulk density uncertainty for Mineral Resource and Mineral Re
Recent changes in public consciousness have inevitably led to the greening of thi
The knowledge of the spatial development of phenomena is crucial in the case of r
The depletion of non-renewable natural resources (primarily mineral and energy re
Green development has become the consensus of global development. The green deve
As the population grows, the need for mineral resources increases, resulting in a
This paper assesses the extent to which mineral rich African countries enable the
The purpose of the study is to show the economic transformation impact on solving
This thought piece will argue that a central issue that deserves far more attenti
RESUMEN TEMA
Investiga específicamente un modelo hipotético de sostenibilidad
Impacto en que
la sostenibilidad
posiblemente esté influenciado por seis variables indep
El siguiente trabajo presenta una metodología de trab Consecuencias de la explotac
Se propone un enfoque de análsisi de datos, que se com
Consecuencias de la explotac
Normativas y ejemplos internacionales en apoyo a la dLegislación y/o normativa
Utilizar la cosimulación secuencial directa de soporte Consecuencias de la explotac
Análisis de la dismunición del desempeño en los proc Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Ventajas de la perforacipon por deflexión en el CompleConsecuencias de la explotac
Extracción sustentable de materiales criticos Consecuencias de la explotac
consecuencia del impacto social y económico en el sumin
Consecuencias de la explotac
Se revisan las politicas actuales en cuanto al manejo d Consecuencias de la explotac
el artículo trata sobre la visión actual que tienen los Consecuencias de la explotac
El desarrollo futuro de las industrisa dependen de los rEfectos en el desarrollo tecn
Concepto de criticidad de materias primas minerales Efectos en el desarrollo tecn
Reforzar el suministro de materias primas críticas para Efectos en el desarrollo tecn
disponibilidad, efectos, precio y abundancia; afectan Efectos en el desarrollo tecn
Posibilidades de producción de materias primas críticas a partir
Efectos en el desarrollo tecn
de fuentes primarias de la UE
Los enfoques para evaluar la amenaza del agotamientoEfectos
de en el desarrollo tecn
El hambre de la sociedad por los productos básicos es Efectos en el desarrollo tecnológico
brinda información detallada sobre la escases de recurImpacto en la sostenibilidad
El consumo de la mayoría de los metales continúa aumen
Impacto en la sostenibilidad
la mayoria de los metodos de evaluación de riesgos en Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Trata de aclarar los terminos de rareza, criticidad y a Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Metdología de extración de REE en relaves, como altern
Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Impactos ambientales de la extracción de recursos mine
Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Evaluación extractivista ante de la disponibilidad de Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Análisis de la gestión sostenible de la cadena de sumin Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Consideración del diseño en las soluciones de economía
Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Análisis de minerales criticos y el monopolio en China pImpacto en la sostenibilidad
Análisis del panorama actual de l procesamiento minera
Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Menciona estrategias para abordar el aumento de dispimpacto en la sostenibilidad
Importancia de la justicia en la transición energetica Legislación y/o normativa
Explica el condepto de los recursos naturales críticos Recursos minerales criticos
Demanda de tierras raras (REE) y su consumo mundial Recursos minerales criticos
El cobalto (Co) es un elemento esencial de la vida mod Recursos minerales criticos
Agotamiento de minerales en enfasis tierras raras. Est situación actual respecto a lo
Evaluar el impacto del cobre en la transición energétic Uso de cobre en la transición
Garantizar el uso continuo de derivados de minerales de forma sostenible
Identificación de metales críticos, a partir de factores de oferta y demanda, impor
Este estudio utilizó un modelo de insumo-producto multirregional ambientalmente e
Investiga el costo del agotamiento del mineral. Al aplicar los costos de reposició
El diseño de estrategias con una estructura clara que vincule una descripción basada
Explica el condepto de los recursos naturales críticos atribuye ciertos recursos a se
Economía circular como medida preventiva para la falta de marerias primas
nd needs, such as the transition towards low carbon energy production to reduce climate change, renewable energies and green economy
urces for the future generation, there has been significant growth in research and development in a sustainable market-focused man
ast decades due to their growing importance for industrial and technological development. Thus, various methods were developed to asse
e decades have accelerated the exhaustion of China's mineral resources. China is the world's largest consumer and importer of nickel re
actable global resources (EGRs) of metals made using current methodologies are so uncertain as to render them generally unfit for g
tronics and contemporary renewable energy applications. China is the top producer of gallium and supplies over 70% of global demand.
Este artículo trata sobre el análisis parcial de la no Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Incorporación de la incertidumbre de densidad aparente
Consecuencias de la explotac
Tecnologia ecologicamente equilibrada Efectos en el desarrollo tecn
La investigación espacial es la base para resolver importantes problemas de investiga
El articulo trata sobre el agotamiento de los recursos Impacto en la sostenibilidad
Desarrollo sostenible de la economía en factores ambieImpacto en la sostenibilidad
Desarrollo integrado de yacimientos para el uso de resiConsecuencias de la explotac
Creacion de geoinformación para mejorar la mineria sotLegislación y/o normativa
solucion a la metodologia de expotacion para realizar Legislación y/o normativa
Mejor gestion de los recursos minerales Impacto en la sostenibilidad
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iónico y precipitación) y tecnologías emergentes: líquidos iónicos, solventes eutéctico
aud,
', centrado
Riyadh,principalmente
Arabia Saudita.en
Universidad
los recursos
deminerales
Haripur, Pakistán
influenciados por varios antecedentes esenciales, que incluyen huellas ecológicas, de
ajas
Asuntos
en carbono
Internacionales
en comparación
y Estratégicos
con las(IRIS),
tecnologías
Universidad
convencionales.
de París Nanterre,
Por medioFrancia
de este modelo se propone analizar la criticidad dinámica
Universidade
CUANTITATIVO,
de Lisboa,
utiliza
portugal
Análisis estático y dinámico de Criticidad
tuto
ón de
defactibilidad
Tecnológia para
de Georgia,
la extracción
Universidad
y recuperación
de Arizona,
de metales
Estados críticos
Unidos de fuentes acuosas, identificando procesos relevantes junto con la
o, Universidad
con indicadores
de tecnología
de escasezGuangdong,
del lado de Universidad
la reserva, para
del evaluar
Noreste,laChina
extracción de metales ponderada por escasez habilitada por proveedor
nica
sadoNacional,
en la Segunda
Ecuador
Leyyde
Universidad
la Termodinámica,
de Zaragoza,
ERC España
determina el costo en términos de exergía para recuperar minerales a sus condiciones a
as
stenibilidad
estrategias(IETSR),Instituto
de transición (estado
de Química
actualSostenible
y objetivo,y estrategia
Ambiental de
(ISEC),
transición),
Institutoidentificamos
Wuppertal, Alemania
cuatro grupos de documentos de estrategia q
ómo relaciona
Universidad
la circularidad,
de Tsinghua,laChina
criticidad y la neutralidad, analizando el flujo de materiales y la evaluación del ciclo de vida
alúan
ochester
y monitorean
e Institutosu
devulnerabilidad
Tecnología de aMassachusetts,
los problemas críticos
Estadosde
Unidos
la cadena de suministro de materiales y proporciona ejemplos comerciale
olitécnica Federal de Lausana,
Analisis de
Fundación
metodologías
ESM, de
Suiza
criticidad
bliográfica
Universidad
paraTécnica
identificar
de Rajasthan,
los diversos
India
impulsores para la adopción de una ISGLSAMS, además analiza los habilitadores clave y las caracterí
Universidad técnica
Utilización
de Berlín,
de metodologia
Alemania cuantitativa SCARE
Tsinghua,
cuantitativa
China.
y geoestadística,
Universidad debasada
Michigan,
en método
Estados
deunidos
paso de tiempo, que utiliza análisis de regresión lineal.
método abundancia
CSIRO, Australia
de la corteza. Además análisis a profundidad de 3 trabajos, Henckens et al. (2014) , Henckens et al. (2016) y Hencken
dón
delineal
Ciencia
construyendo
y Tecnologíaun
deanálisis
Macao,deChina.
escenario
Universidad
basadode
enYale,
parámetros
Estadosdeunidos
crecimiento de la demanda anual y de la población.
Universidad TécniCUALITATIVA. Se realiza un análisis parcial de las normas legales existentes relacionadas con la extracción y
Universidade FederCUANTITATIVO. Se miden y minimizan los riesgos asociados con las etapas de Recursos Minerales y Reserva
academia rusa de cCUALITATIVA, la metodología de creación de una tecnología ecológicamente equilibrada como un grupo mu
Universidad NicoláCUANTITATIVA, se crea una metodología con el fin de ofrecer una solución para el Problema de Agregación
Universidad Minera
CUANTITATIVA. La metodología consta de dos pasos: Paso 1. Evaluación del agotamiento específico utilizan
China University o CUANTITATIVA. Se incluyen factores de salud en la investigación sobre desarrollo verde y construyen un sist
Universidad de CieCUALITATIVO y CUANTITATIVO. Evalúa el impacto de las obras mineras y metalúrgicas en el ecosistema de l
Universidad de Dub
Cualitativo. Revisión de legislación de 23 paises de áfrica productores de minerales, buscando la creación de
TF Gorbachev Kuzba
CUALITATIVA. Los problemas de desarrollo sostenible y modernización del clúster industrial de recursos min
Ingenieros sin fro CUALITATIVA, basada en mejorar la gestión de los recursos minerales y lograr que las políticas y prácticas se
gerentes dentro de la industria minera completó cuestionarios autoadministrados para registrar sus percepciones de Valor Compartido (S
cruzada mediante enfoques de factorización en el caso de que el patrón de muestreo sea desigual. Se presenta una solución, basada en u
ados gruesos QA/QC para predecir el coeficiente de variación de los datos reales (es decir,CV sin errores). El grado máximo se determina d
es y ejemplos de la práctica real dela aplicación de Las Perspectivas Razonables para la Extracción Económica Eventual (RPEEE) como base
encial con soporte de bloque, donde se utiliza la cosimulación secuencial directa de soporte de bloque para construir un conjunto de resul
entre entradas y salidas en un Sistema de Producción Minera (MPS) para ayudar a la gerencia a dirigir los esfuerzos hacia los impulsores cla
n la estimación y aplicación de desviaciones cortas de perforación en la evaluación de los recursos minerales
n el medio ambiente. La Perspectiva discute brevemente el estado del campo, incluidas las ventajas actuales de SPE, así como algunos des
o individual para el año 2015, así como datos de producción minera y tendencias clave a lo largo del tiempo.
ulsadas por el mercado
aluaciones (objetivo, alcance) y luego en los métodos de evaluación en sí mismos (indicadores, agregación, presentación).
disponibilidad de materias primas, con gran atención a las más críticas, en el marco de los principios de la economía circular.
o ambiental, gestión de residuos, licencia social para operar y acciones transfronterizas.
a haber un potencial para la extracción comercial de elementos de tierras raras de fuentes de desechos
cos, solventes eutécticos profundos, fluidos supercríticos, nanotecnología y biohidrometalurgia.
en huellas ecológicas, desarrollo financiero, prima de seguro, crecimiento demográfico, crecimiento económico, eficiencia energética y libe
ar la criticidad dinámica del cobre hasta 2050 en función de los recursos conocidos actuales, la minería urbana y la disponibilidad de recur
ores clave y las características de ISGLSAMS, el producto y la estrategia. La metodología de revisión incluye apuntar a bases de datos de pu
de SPE, así como algunos desafíos que enfrenta su adopción generalizada a escala industrial.
resentación).
tratégicos.
costo de oportunidad). perspectiva).
onomía circular.
puntar a bases de datos de publicaciones relevantes y buscar usando una amplia gama de palabras clave y frases relacionadas con ISGLSAM
extracción de recursos minerales libres de impactos ambientales negativos. La herramienta fundamental para evaluar los impactos ambien
mina. Se utilizaron técnicas tradicionales de interpolación en geoestadística para representar la distribución espacial de la densidad en un m
la formación por etapas de un homeóstato tecnológico sobre la base de la estructura de un homeóstato biológico con el reemplazo de su
o de un sistema de cuatro conjuntos de unidades de área, que aquí se señala como una contribución para llenar el vacío metodológico y d
sando la ecuación de precio neto. La elección del modelo depende de la fuente de financiación de las operaciones de prospección y explor
ómica, ambiental y de salud (EEH). Con base en los datos de índice obtenidos al recopilar y extraer informes de información relevante de M
iduos industriales en el ciclo cerrado de las obras minerometalúrgicas.
e el depósito. sin necesidad de almacenar valores de soporte de puntos, por lo tanto, con una ganancia considerable en la gestión de me
ases relacionadas con ISGLSAMS.
a evaluar los impactos ambientales potenciales de la minería es la implementación del proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA)
spacial de la densidad en un modelo de bloques, de forma similar a las que se utilizan para la estimación de leyes.
lógico con el reemplazo de sus elementos esenciales con análogos de objetivos geotecnológicos.
nar el vacío metodológico y de implementación
ones de prospección y exploración(modelo 3). Paso 2. Evaluar el agotamiento total de los activos minerales según el período de suspensió
de información relevante de MRLC de 2009 a 2018 (es decir, informes de responsabilidad social e informes de desarrollo sostenible), utiliza
alidad logarítmica y la limitación antes o después de la composición se evalúa utilizando conjuntos de datos simulados.
según el período de suspensión o terminación de las operaciones mineras utilizando el modelo del Banco Mundial (Modelo 1) o el valor pr
e desarrollo sostenible), utilizan el modelo de nube de peso combinado para evaluar el GDL de MRLC. También exploran y analizan el GDL d
ndial (Modelo 1) o el valor presente de los ingresos futuros (Modelo 2). Cuando las operaciones se detienen temporalmente, se realiza la
n exploran y analizan el GDL de MRLC, las perspectivas del estado general, los cambios dinámicos y los enlaces débiles, y proponen contra
temporalmente, se realiza la sumatoria discreta de la renta por unidad según el Modelo 1 para el período de la parada. Si las operaciones
es débiles, y proponen contramedidas para mejorar y fortalecer el trabajo relacionado, que espera guiar la mejora del GDL de MRLC.
e la parada. Si las operaciones se detienen definitivamente, se aplica el Modelo 2 con una suma continua de renta por unidad.
ejora del GDL de MRLC.
enta por unidad.
BBDD AUTOR AÑO ZONA GEOGRÁFICA DE ES
Brewer, Aaron
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3. El
algoritmo de muestras de Gibbs tiene el enfoque práctivo para el
análisis de datos faltantes, e ilustran una buena práctica para el
modelados de los recursos y el calculo de recuperación en comparación
con los enfoques tradicionales donde se desestimaba la información
faltante o deficiente. impacto en la sostenibilidad
1. En la estimación de recursos a menudo se pueden cometer errores
en base a la obtención de valores extremos de leyes tanto superior
como inferior y que pueden extrapolarse a puntos del yacimiento que
no corresponde, se han propuesto varios metodos en el pasado que se
usan de forma rutinaria en la industria pero son basados en reglas
empíricas e interpretaciones graficas bastante subjetivas en funcionde
la distribución acumulativa de las muestras. 2. se
han propuesto numerosos métodos para abordar la determinación del
valor limite en donde se propone el uso de la correlación de los
duplicados duplicados gruesos para determinar el valor, el uso de
duplicados ahora es obligatorio deacuerdo a las pautas y rutina QA/QC
en la industria minera, con esto es posible determinar el coeficiente de
la variación de las calificaciones verdaderas a partir de valores
originales y duplicados.
3. Incorpora la idea de que cuanto mayor sea el coeficiente de
correlación entre ensayos duplicados, mayor será el nivel de confianza
del valor del ensayo y, en consecuencia, mayor debe ser el valor
máximo. impacto en la sostenibilidad
Direct block Journal of the Southern Afr577-585" Recoverable mineral resources assessm
The primary objective of any mining business unit is to make profit by extra
In this paper we investigate the empirical relationships between inputs and
Characterizi Journal of the Southern Afr199-206" For a typical underground, tabular, narrow-reef conventional drill-and-blas
Using short Journal of the Southern Afr179-187" Narrow tabular platinum group element
Bolstering suEnergy Research and Social 88 Global scenarios in line with Paris A
On the possib
Resources 10 Sufficient supplies of critical raw m
Reconciling Resources, Conservation a 161 Mineral depletion is a perennial conc
Towards compr
Resources, Conservation a 167 Regarding mineral resources, there i
Recovery of cJournal of Cleaner Product 218 Our society heavily depends on the av
Sustainable Journal of Cleaner Product 151 As inputs to virtually all supply cha
Toward the IMineral Processing and Ext 43 Mining resources have played a leadin
A post-pandeEnvironmental Research 202 On January 30, 2020, COVID-19 outbrea
Climate chan14th International Symposium on East An increasing global demand for new p
Cobalt recove
Metals 11 The increasing demand for Li‐ion batt
Challenges an
Boletin Geologico y Minero 130 Modern models of sustainable economic
Scarcity-wei Journal of Cleaner Product 371 Metal shortage and supply risk are t
The cost of Resources Policy 59 Latin America has always been a regio
Towards a mo
Resources Policy 68 There is urgent need to change the wa
Win-Win: Anth
Frontiers of Environmental 17 Resource depletion and environmental
Circular econResources, Conservation a 135 Raw materials deemed critical are def
Critical raw Sustainable Materials and 17 Functional materials are crucial to meet today's societal challenges and ne
Enhancing thResources Policy 53 The demand for many resources has inc
Examining thResources, Conservation a 139 Rapid economic growth and acceleratin
Assessing thJOURNAL OF CLEANER PR 241 This paper assesses the extent to whi
Economic TraVTH INTERNATIONAL INN 174 The purpose of the study is to show t
Posibilidades de producción de
materias primas críticas a partir
de fuentes primarias de la UE Inglés https:/ 10.3390Academia Polaca de Cienci
Los enfoques para evaluar la amenaza
del agotamiento de los minerales se
dividen en dos categorías: enfoques
de "stock fijo" y "costo de
oportunidad", donde aún es difícil
llegar a un consenso incluso en
definiciones básicas Inglés https:/ 10.1016/Escuela de Minas de Colo
potencialmente recuperable de estos
elementos en los relaves mineros
abandonados es a menudo mayor que
la concentración en algunos minerales
primarios. Una revisión de la literatura
científica revela que el uso de técnicas
modernas de recuperación, como los
procesos hidrometalúrgicos y
biohidrometalúrgicos hechos a
medida, puede conducir a la
recuperación efectiva de estos
elementos de fuentes de baja ley,
como los relaves mineros. Sin
embargo, persisten algunos desafíos
técnicos, económicos y ambientales
asociados con la recuperación de SICM
de relaves mineros. Esta revisión
analiza críticamente estos desafíos y
discute las oportunidades disponibles
para recuperar SICM de relaves
mineros abandonados utilizando
técnicas hidrometalúrgicas
convencionales, así como métodos de
biolixiviación, que pueden ofrecer
ventajas significativas en el
reprocesamiento. Este documento
también concluye proporcionando una
perspectiva de un enfoque integrado
para el reprocesamiento de relaves
mineros donde la recuperación de
SICM, así como la producción de agua
limpia debe ser el objetivo general
combinado de reprocesamiento y
recuperación, ayudando a realizar
todo el potencial económico de los
relaves. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. Todos los
derechos reservados. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128941946&doi=1
10.1016/Universidad RMIT, CSIRO,
brinda información detallada sobre la
escases de recursos minerales, la
necesidad de implementar un plan
para asegurar que los recursos esten
disponibles para las futuras
generaciones y los mas escasos incluso
para las la generación actual. Inglés https:/ 10.1016autor: teo heckens
extraídos a lo largo del tiempo e
identificamos dónde se espera que
ocurran las pérdidas a través de una
lente de ciclo de vida. Encontramos
que los metales ferrosos tienen la vida
útil más larga, con 150 años en
promedio, seguidos por los metales
preciosos, no ferrosos y especiales con
61, 50 y 12 años en promedio,
respectivamente. Las pérdidas de
producción son mayores para 15 de
los metales estudiados, mientras que
las pérdidas de uso son mayores para
el bario, el mercurio y el estroncio. Las
pérdidas por gestión de residuos y
reciclaje son mayores para 43 metales,
lo que sugiere la necesidad de mejorar
el diseño para una mejor clasificación
y reciclaje y para garantizar productos
más duraderos, en combinación con la
mejora de las prácticas de gestión de
residuos. En comparación con las
estadísticas de reciclaje del Programa
de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio
Ambiente, nuestros resultados
muestran la importancia de adoptar
una perspectiva de ciclo de vida para
estimar las pérdidas de metales para
desarrollar estrategias efectivas de
economía circular. Proporcionamos el
conjunto de datos y el modelo
utilizado en un formato legible por
máquina para permitir una mayor
investigación sobre los ciclos del
metal. © 2022, El autor (es), bajo
licencia exclusiva de Springer Nature
Limited. Ingles https:/ 10.1038Universidad de Burdeos, F
la mayoria de los metodos de
evaluación de riesgos en la escasez de
suministros, es basada en sistemas
acotados en el tiempo, no se toma en
cuenta el dinamismo de las variables
que afectan directamente este
proceso en el tiempo. En el trabajo
presentado se presentan propuestas
aplicadas a usar parámetros dinamicos
que afectan los indicadores de
criticidad, extracción, social,
económica, técnica, política, dinámica
del merdcado y ambiente Inglés https:/ 10.1111/Cátedra de Construcción So
Importancia de la justicia en la
transición energetica Inglés https:/ 10.1016/Universidad de Dundee, R
crucial to meet today's societal challenges and needInglés https:/ 10.1016Escuela Politécnica Feder
Desarrollo de un sistema de
produccion sostenible, con miras a la
recuperación de productos y
eliminación de residuos.Se revisan las
caracteristicas e impacto de un
sistema integrado (ISGLSAMS) de
producción ágil Inglés https:/ 10.1016/Universidad Técnica de Rajasthan, India
Incorporación de la incertidumbre de
densidad aparente en calculos de
planificacion de mina Ingles Impact o10.1080Universidade Federal de Ou
Tecnologia ecologicamente
equilibrada Ingles Natureli10.1134academia rusa de ciencias
CUANTITAVA, a partir de
encuestas a personas que se
encuentran empleados como
gerentes dentro de la industria
minera completó cuestionarios
autoadministrados para registrar
sus percepciones de Valor
Compartido (SV). Se probó el
impacto de seis variables
independientes o antecedentes
sobre el valor compartido.
CUANTITATIVA, basada en la
simulación geoestadística de
variables con correlación cruzada
mediante enfoques de
factorización en el caso de que el
patrón de muestreo sea desigual.
Se presenta una solución, basada
en un algoritmo de muestreo de
Co-Gibbs, mediante el cual se
pueden imputar los valores
faltantes
CUANTITATIVO, con enfoque de
limitación que utiliza la
correlación de datos duplicados
gruesos QA/QC para predecir el
coeficiente de variación de los
datos reales (es decir,CV sin
errores). El grado máximo se
determina de tal manera que los
datos limitados tengan un CV
igual al CV predicho. La solidez
del enfoque con respecto a las
decisiones de longitud del ensayo
central original, la desviación de
la normalidad logarítmica y la
limitación antes o después de la
composición se evalúa utilizando
conjuntos de datos simulados.
CUALITATIVA, análisis
comparativo de dos casos de
estudios otros países informantes
y ejemplos de la práctica real dela
aplicación de Las Perspectivas
Razonables para la Extracción
Económica Eventual (RPEEE)
como base decisiva para la
implementación efectiva del
Código SAMREC
CUANTITATIVA, metodología
basada en el Principio de
cosimulación gaussiana
secuencial con soporte de
bloque, donde se utiliza la
cosimulación secuencial directa
de soporte de bloque para
construir un conjunto de
resultados alternativos de las
leyes de cobre y molibdeno en
soporte de bloque sobre el
depósito. sin necesidad de
almacenar valores de soporte de
puntos, por lo tanto, con una
ganancia considerable en la
gestión de memoria y tiempo de
CPU.
CUANTITATIVA, uso de análisis
geoestadísto que involucra
correlaciones empíricas entre
entradas y salidas en un Sistema
de Producción Minera (MPS) para
ayudar a la gerencia a dirigir los
esfuerzos hacia los impulsores
clave de la producción
CUANTITATIVO, analisis
geoestadístico de múltiples
intersecciones de deflexiones en
la estimación y aplicación de
desviaciones cortas de
perforación en la evaluación de
los recursos minerales
La metodología se basa en el
estudio de la extracción en fase
sólida (SPE), un tipo de técnica de
purificación hidrometalúrgica que
se encuentra en el centro de una
importante investigación de
Materiales críticos ( CM) en la
actualidad, especialmente en el
contexto de los recursos de CM
no tradicionales y los sistemas de
recuperación respetuosos con el
medio ambiente. La Perspectiva
discute brevemente el estado del
campo, incluidas las ventajas
actuales de SPE, así como algunos
desafíos que enfrenta su
adopción generalizada a escala
industrial.
Metodología CUANTATIIVA
(ESTADISTICA) el método de
Pearson. Para la utilización de
esta metodología fue necesario
compilar conjuntos de datos
detallados sobre reservas de
mineral y recursos minerales
adicionales informados sobre la
base de un proyecto individual
para el año 2015, así como datos
de producción minera y
tendencias clave a lo largo del
tiempo.
Utilización "ROADMAPPING" el
cual es un método de análisis del
desarrollo tecnológico. Permite
identificar, evaluar y seleccionar
alternativas de desarrollo
tecnológico impulsadas por el
mercado
análisis cuantitativo de relación
reserva-producción (relación R/P)
a lo largo de 50 años de trabajo
de campo
Analisis de demanda,
evaluaciones de criticidad y
análisis de tendencia
Metodología, basada en analizar
y aclarar las razones subyacentes
de por quéLos desarrolladores
del método de criticidad han
tomado diferentes decisiones
que han resultado en diferentes
metodologías. Se centra
especialmente en cómo se
enmarcan las diferentes
evaluaciones (objetivo, alcance) y
luego en los métodos de
evaluación en sí mismos
(indicadores, agregación,
presentación).
CUANTITATIVO, Modelo de
disipación MyTrace
metodología cualitativa, busca
mejor y complementar el
concepto de criticidad y
catalogarlo por factores
metodología basada en un
analisis cualitativo. El documento
evalúa el impacto del ciclo de
vida (LCIA), evaluación de la
criticidad y métodos de
evaluación del impacto de la
sostenibilidad del ciclo de vida.
estudio comparativo de la
extracción por solventes de
tierras raras utilizando sistemas
de extracción ácidos, solvatantes
y mixtos, para los relaves de New
Kankberg (Suecia) y Covas
(Portugal)
CUANTITATIVA, se explora el
panorama tecnológico para
complementar la evaluación de
factibilidad para la extracción y
recuperación de metales críticos
de fuentes acuosas, identificando
procesos relevantes junto con
lagunas de conocimiento.
La metododología, se basa en un
modelo de insumo-producto
multirregional ambientalmente
extendido, combinado con
indicadores de escasez del lado
de la reserva, para evaluar la
extracción de metales ponderada
por escasez habilitada por
proveedores primarios a través
de cadenas de suministro
globales.
La metodología, consiste en un
análisis basado en la exergía para
investigar el costo del
agotamiento del mineral. Al
aplicar los costos de reposición
de exergía (ERC), un concepto
basado en la Segunda Ley de la
Termodinámica, ERC determina
el costo en términos de exergía
para recuperar minerales a sus
condiciones anteriores con las
mejores técnicas disponibles en
la actualidad cuando se han
dispersado por completo después
de su uso.
CUALITATIVA, consiste en un
análisis de 37 estrategias
nacionales relacionadas con los
recursos minerales en todo el
mundo en relación con sus
condiciones contextuales,
motivación, y objetivos Siguiendo
los aportes generales para las
estrategias de transición (estado
actual y objetivo, estrategia de
transición), identificamos cuatro
grupos de documentos de
estrategia que comparten
similitudes en sus enfoques y
respaldan el desarrollo de
recomendaciones específicas
para el diseño de estrategias
futuras en términos de contenido
y proceso.
Análisis de la Circularidad
Antropogénica y cómo relaciona
la circularidad, la criticidad y la
neutralidad, analizando el flujo
de materiales y la evaluación del
ciclo de vida
revisión de la literatura
combinada con el análisis de
estudios de casos para examinar
cómo ciertas empresas evalúan y
monitorean su vulnerabilidad a
los problemas críticos de la
cadena de suministro de
materiales y proporciona
ejemplos comerciales específicos
para integrar estrategias de
circularidad
Analisis de metodologías de
criticidad
Utilización de metodologia
cuantitativa SCARE
Utilización de metodología
cuantitativa y geoestadística,
basada en método de paso de
tiempo, que utiliza análisis de
regresión lineal.
CUANTITATIVO. Se miden y
minimizan los riesgos asociados
con las etapas de Recursos
Minerales y Reservas Minerales
(MRMR), incluida la variabilidad
de la densidad en la planificación
de la mina. Se utilizaron técnicas
tradicionales de interpolación en
geoestadística para representar
la distribución espacial de la
densidad en un modelo de
bloques, de forma similar a las
que se utilizan para la estimación
de leyes.
CUALITATIVA, la metodología de
creación de una tecnología
ecológicamente equilibrada
como un grupo multiobjeto se
basa en los bien conocidos
principios de la homeostática, es
decir, sobre la formación por
etapas de un homeóstato
tecnológico sobre la base de la
estructura de un homeóstato
biológico con el reemplazo de sus
elementos esenciales con
análogos de objetivos
geotecnológicos.
CUALITATIVO y CUANTITATIVO.
Evalúa el impacto de las obras
mineras y metalúrgicas en el
ecosistema de la
región,considerando aspectos
conceptuales significativos de la
aplicación de los residuos
industriales en el ciclo cerrado de
las obras minerometalúrgicas. commodities.
Cualitativo. Revisión de
legislación de 23 paises de áfrica
productores de minerales,
buscando la creación de
geoinformación pública para
mejorar la minería sostenible en
contextos políticos.
CUALITATIVA. Los problemas de
desarrollo sostenible y
modernización del clúster
industrial de recursos minerales
de la región minera son
considerados en términos de la
metodología de enfoque socio-
ecológico-económico, teniendo
en cuenta la transformación
económica en el clúster.