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Seminario de Actualización con opción terminal en Ortodoncia 2022

Cámara Profesional
Catedrático: CDEO Javier Martínez

Autor: Jesús Daniel Segoviano Armendáriz

 Functions and requirements of a professional camera:

The operation of a camera is very similar to that of the human eye. The focus
element is the objective and acts as a cornea/lens, projecting a real and inverted
image of the object in question on some photosensitive material, which acts as a
retina.

The minimum requirements to be considered a useful camera for our purpose

are:

 Have 5 Mega-pixel resolution.

 Have setup program for basic parameter setting.
 Have a built-in flash and close to the lens.
 ISO sensitivity adjustment (between 100 and 200).
 Have a focus automatically.
 Have a programmable exposure
 Large enough LCD screen.
 Have Macro mode. [one]
 Elements and mechanism of a camera:

It is made up of a lens, focus mechanism, diaphragm, sensor, shutter and the

commands to use it.

Light enters through the lens and thus reaches the sensor, it is regulated by the
diaphragm and the shutter, these are controlled by the aperture and shutter speed.

The diaphragm and the shutter define the exposure, the shutter speed is measured
in seconds, and the aperture is expressed by the letter f.

The sensor is made up of cells sensitive to electromagnetism. The cells are

arranged in two dimensions, so each one of them forms the unit that makes up the
pixel.

To generate color images, filters are placed so that each cell is stimulated by a
single color.). [two]

Dental photography equipment:

It is essential to have the correct photographic equipment for clinical use.

The basic equipment consists of a camera or body, the lens, the lighting system or
flash, lip retractors, a kit of contrast agents, a white, black or blue background, and
intraoral mirrors to obtain both extraoral and intraoral photographs of the patient.
[3]
 How does a reflex camera work?

They are also called SLR, which is short for "Single Lens Reflex", bone, single lens
reflex, DSLR when they are digital.

The advantage of SLR cameras is that we can see the scene without inverting it,
when we look through the viewfinder it allows us greater precision when
composing the image. Another advantage is the interchangeable objects or
accessories.

What happens inside the camera when the shot occurs is that the mirror rises to let
the light through, then the shutter opens for a certain time. And the light passes
through the lens reaching the digital sensor. [4]

How does a mirrorless camera work?

Also known as a CSC (Compact System Camera) or MSC (Mirrorless System

Camera), it is a camera without a pentaprism (prism-shaped glass that is part of
the optical system of a SLR camera's viewfinder) and without a mirror.

This allows you to see how the picture you are going to take will look at that
moment, thanks to the screen of its digital viewfinder (something that could not be
done with a reflex camera). [5]
 DEPTH OF FIELD:

It is a characteristic of the optical system with a particular configuration, it refers to

the distance that allows it to be sharp or focused.

High depth of field in an optical system is desired in microscopy and macro

photography among other applications.

A solution to the problem of limited depth of field in an optical system would be to

take sequences of images with different focal lengths and then merge these
images into a single fully focused image. [6]

Mark the amount of focus of a photo, it is determined from an equation, which

includes: The distance of the object from the camera; The degree of opening of the
diaphragm and the shutter; Amount of light in the scene and the focal length of the
lens. [7]

Focal distance:
The focal length on the lens is measured in millimeters (mm). These can have a
single or variable focal length (zoom). The lenses included in DSLR cameras are
zoom lenses with a range of 18 to 55mm.

When you set the lens to 18mm you get a panoramic image, and setting it to 55mm
gives you the closest possible zoom that the lens provides. [8]

The shorter the distance we use, the wider the defined area will be, and vice versa,
the longer the distance, the smaller the depth of field will be. [9]
 Lightning:
Another important adaptation is regarding the lighting of the field to be
photographed, because despite having a built-in flash light, this flash is not capable
of providing adequate light, producing unwanted shadows. [10]

ISO:
ISO allows us to regulate photosensitivity. To do this, the following general rule
applies: it tells us that the lowest possible ISO value corresponds to the nominal
sensitivity and is the one that provides the best image quality. The ISO is only
increased if the amount of light is insufficient, the ISO should be set as low as
possible. [eleven]

DIAPHRAGM:
The diaphragm is a variable aperture hole inside the lens. The size of the opening
varies, to make it grow or decrease, in situations of excess light we will use small
diaphragm openings. And in low light situations we will use wide apertures to get
more light. [12]

Contrast:

The ratio of the brightest or lightest optical densities to the darkest parts of a
photographic image. [13]
 white balance:

It is defined by comparing its color within the light spectrum with that of the light
that would be emitted by a black body heated to a certain temperature. It is a
theoretical body, which does not absorb or reflect any light frequency, it is capable
of radiating light as its temperature increases. At each temperature to which said
body is heated, it will emit a certain wavelength (color) that will have a maximum
energy. [14]

SPARKLE:

Attribute of a visual sensation whereby an area appears to show more or less light.

FLASH:

Electron flash is used in clinical photography, it guarantees color reproduction and

easy handling.

This means that the size of the different photodiodes is between 4 and 5 µ. These
microstructures require a suitable objective, capable of providing sufficient
definition to take advantage of this capacity. [fifteen]

In dental photography the flash is used to illuminate the oral cavity and the
patient's face. When choosing a flash kit you should consider the type, wireless
option, and optional accessories. There are two types: the ring flash and the twin
flash. [16]

LIGHT DIFFURATION:

This can be used both from the spectrum visible to the human eye and from
infrared and ultraviolet light. Within the range of light visible to the human eye there
are two subcategories; the first is natural light, provided by the sun, the moon and
the stars. The second is artificial light, for its part, it is granted to us from the soft
flame of a candle to the large reflectors. [17]

CLINICAL PHOTOGRAPHY:

It is a very helpful visual resource for dentists and colleagues; If knowledge and
techniques are applied, photographic cameras that meet the necessary
requirements are used, and a correct interpretation, handling, and documentation
is carried out, the information obtained will be very valuable. [18]

PHOTOGRAPHY IN ORTHODONTICS:

Standardization is essential to maintain a high-quality clinical photograph, which makes it

necessary to follow a certain photographic sequence and parameters in order to standardize a
complete photographic series. Clinical photography in orthodontics is an essential tool for the
clinician, since it allows an adequate diagnosis, communication with the patient, treatment
registration and sharing of cases with colleagues or, if the case warrants it, being able to make a
publication. [19]

The use of digital photography is increasingly common within medical areas, since
it is used as a recording medium for different purposes. Its great advantages lie in
its speed, ease of obtaining and low cost, without forgetting its invariability over
time. [twenty]

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES:

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hemispheric photography in forest sciences. Wood and forests, (2014). 20(1), 109-
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photography. CEU San Pablo University, Ceu.es. April 13, 2022.

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perception, UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR, 2020-2021.
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Catholic University of Sao Paulo.

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9: Peña Martín Aideé, Basic elements of a photograph. UAEM University Center.

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