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CE439 Chapter 10 Observational Methods and NATM
CE439 Chapter 10 Observational Methods and NATM
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𝜎 = −
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• r0
• ri 𝜎 = +
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• i
𝜎 =2υ
𝜎 =0
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R 𝜎 =𝜎 − 𝜎 − 𝑝
i r
r
𝜎 =𝜎 + 𝜎 − 𝑝
𝜎
r
𝑢 =- 𝜎 −𝑝
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r)
R
i r
r
𝜎
r
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R
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Rpl i r r
r •
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• k
𝜎 =2𝜎 𝜙
𝜎 =2𝜎
• r
• 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
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r
pirr
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• pi
• pi
• r/R)2 = 0 ; r/R = (1/5)(1/2) ; r = 3 ;
• pi
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R If pi ≥ pcr
the problem is fully elastic and can be solved by Lamé’s solution
r r
The solution for the elastic region will be (r> Rpl)
Rpl i
0 0
r 𝜎 =𝜎 − 𝜎 − 𝑝
𝜎 =𝜎 + 𝜎 − 𝑝
𝑢 =- 𝜎 −𝑝
0
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1 + sin 𝜙 1 + sin 𝜓
𝜎 =𝜎 +𝐾 𝜎 𝐾 = 𝐾 =
1 − sin 𝜙 1 − sin 𝜓
2𝜎 − 𝜎 2𝑐 cos 𝜙
𝑝 = 𝜎 =
1+𝐾 1 − sin 𝜙
𝜎 is the axial stress at which failure occurs
𝜎 is the confining stress For pi ≥ pcr no failure occurs and the behaviour of the rock mass
c is the cohesion surrounding the tunnel is elastic. The inward radial elastic
𝜙 is the angle of friction of the rock mass displacement of the tunnel wall is given by:
𝜓 is the dilatancy angle of the rock mass
𝑢 = 𝜎 −𝑝
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For pi < pcr , failure occurs and the radius Rpl of the plastic zone around the tunnel is given by:
2 𝜎 + 𝑐 cot 𝜙
𝑅 =R
𝐾 +1 𝑝 + 𝑐 cot 𝜙
𝑢 = 𝐴 +𝐴 +𝐴
𝐴 =− 1 − 2𝜈 𝜎 + 𝑐 cot 𝜙
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𝑢 = 2 1−𝜐 𝜎 −𝑝 − 1 − 2𝜐 𝜎 − 𝑝
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𝑢 = 𝑢 +
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𝑘 =∑ 𝑘
𝑝 , =∑ 𝑝 ,
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pssmax
𝐴 𝜎
𝑝 =
𝑠𝑟
Kss
𝐴 𝐸 where;
𝐾 = 𝜎 is the yield strength of the steel (MPa)
𝑠𝑟 Es is the Young’s modulus of the steel (MPa)
As is the cross-sectional area of the section (m2)
sl is the set spacing along the tunnel axis (m)
ro is the radius of the tunnel (m)
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pscmax
𝜎 𝑟 −𝑡
𝑝 = 1−
2 𝑟
Ksc i
𝐸 𝑟 − 𝑟 −𝑡 where;
𝐾 = 𝜎 is the uniaxial comp. strength of the conc. of shotcrete (MPa)
2 1−𝜐 𝑟 −𝑡 𝑟 Ec is the Young’s modulus of the concrete or shotcrete (MPa)
𝜐 is the Poisson’s ratio of the concrete of shotcrete
tc is the thickness of the lining (m)
ro is the radius of the tunnel (m)
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psbmax
𝑇
𝑝 =
𝑠𝑠
Ksb i
where;
𝐸 𝜋𝑑 db is the rockbolt or cable diameter (m)
𝐾 =
4𝑙𝑠 𝑠 l is the free length of the bolt or cable (m)
Es is the Young’s modulus of the bolt or cable (MPa)
sc is the circumferential bolt spacing (m)
sl is the longitudinal bolt spacing (m)
Tbf is the ultimate bolt or cable load obtained from a pull-out test (MN)
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