IT Workshop Lab Manual

Objective:

The IT Workshop for engineers is a 6 training lab course spread over 90

hours. The modules include training on PC Hardware, Internet, World Wide Web
and Productivity tools including Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Publisher.

PC Hardware introduces the students to a personal computer and its basic

peripherals, the process of assembling a PC, installation of System Software MS-
Windows, Linux and the required device drivers. In addition hardware and software
level troubleshooting process, tips and tricks would be covered.

Internet & WWW module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC on
to the internet from home and workplace effectively usage of the internet. Usage of
web browsers, e-mails, news groups and discussion forums would be covered. In
addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal computer from
getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would be
introduced.

-
Parts of Computer System

The computer system is made up of following external devices:

 CPU Cabinet

 Monitor

 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Printer/scanner [if attached]

Disassembling and Assembling the Computer System

Disassembling the computer system

Detach the power cable:

The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device
detachment. Make sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully
shut down the system and then start detaching the external devices from the
computer system. It includes removing the power cable from electricity
switchboard, then remove the cable from SMPS (switch mode power supply) from
the back of the CPU Cabinet. Do not start the disassembling without detaching the
power cable from the computer system. Now remove the remaining external
devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or scanner from the back of CPU
cabinet.

Remove the Cover:

The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo the screws on the
back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off. The screwdrivers
as per the type of screw are required to do the task.

Remove the adapter cards:

Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it
would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the
screw if any, that holds the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back,
and gently rock it lengthwise to release it.
detach internal cables | Source

uninstall internal cards

Remove the drives:

Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in
your computer system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blue-ray drives, floppy disk drives
(almost absolute now a day). They usually have a power connector and a data cable
attached from the device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard.
CD/DVD/Blue Ray drive may have an analog cable connected to the sound card for
direct audio output.

The power may be attached using one of two connectors, a Molex connector or a
Berg connector for the drive. The Molex connector may require to be wiggled
slightly from side to side and apply gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector
may just pull out or it may have a small tab which has to be lifted with a
screwdriver.

Now Pull data cables off from the drive as well as motherboard connector. The hard
disk drive and CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA cables.
The IDE cables need better care while being removed as it may cause the damage to
drive connector pins. Gently wiggle the cable sideways and remove it. The SATA
cables can be removed easily by pressing the tab and pulling the connector straight
back.

Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay.
 remove CD/DVD drives

Remove the memory module:

Memory modules are mounted on the motherboard as the chips that can be
damaged by manual force if applied improperly. Be careful and handle the chip only
by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs are removed in a different way:

 SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs while holding the SIMM chips in the
socket. Tilt the SIMM chip away from the tabs until a 45% angle. It will now lift
out of the socket. Put SIMM in a safe place.

 DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs
down and away from the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the
edges and place it safely. Do not let the chips get dust at all.
remove processor

Remove the power supply:

The power supply is attached into tower cabinet at the top back end of the tower.
Make sure the power connector is detached from the switchboard. Start removing
the power connector connected to motherboard including CPU fan power
connector, cabinet fan, the front panel of cabinet power buttons and all the
remaining drives if not detached yet.

Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the SMPS can be
detached from the tower cabinet.

Remove the motherboard:

Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure u memorize
the connectors for assembling the computer if required, as that may require
connecting the connectors at its place. Remove the screws from the back of the
motherboard and you will be able to detach it from the cabinet. Now remove the
CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can be
removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which
can be removed by the plastic tab which can be pulled back one stretching it side
way.
Assembling the computer system

The assembling of the computer system is exactly the opposite of disassembling

operation. Before starting assembling the computer system, make sure you have the
screws and a screwdriver for those.

The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the
processor on the processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you
don't need to apply any force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are
usually used to prevent any damage to the processor pins. Once the processor is
mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU fan is also
attached on top of the heat sink.

Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are
fixed from behind of the motherboard.

Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The
power connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to
be connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the
back end grill of the cabinet and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.
Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the
Hard disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure
once screwed there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, Hard disk or Floppy
disk drives.

Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive
socket and another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA
hard disk drive or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE
data cable. Do the proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement.

It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the
RAM to its socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side
tab are fixed into the RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit.

Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The
selection of right socket or slot is required as per the type of socket.

Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.

Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse
and keyboard at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect
the power cable to the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric
board.
Installing Windows 10
Step 1: This is the first screen you will see if you install Windows 10 using a
bootable USB flash drive or DVD. Here’s where you choose the OS’ language, time
and currency format, and input method.

Step 2: It's pretty obvious what you need to click here. Like Windows 8.x, you can
also choose to repair your computer. If you choose the repair option, you will end
up at a Troubleshoot screen where you can choose to reset your PC and re-install
windows (you can either keep or remove your files), or access more advanced
troubleshooting options. For the latter, there are options for doing a system restore
(if you’ve a restore point on your PC), image recovery, running commands in
command prompt, and letting Windows fix any startup problems. You can also get
to the advanced startup options after installation via the new Settings app in
Windows 10.

Step 3: Traditionally, your Windows product key can be found on your online order
info, in the confirmation email for your purchase, or on the DVD packaging. That
said, this is more for a clean install. If your device has been successfully upgraded to
Windows 10, and you choose to wipe your device and do a clean install later, the
device will reactivate without the need of a Windows 8.x product key.

Step 4: Accept the license terms. After you read them, of course.

Step 5: Next, you’ll be presented with this screen, where you can choose to do either
an upgrade (files, settings, and apps are moved to Windows) or a custom install
(files, settings, and apps aren’t moved). The latter is the one to choose if you prefer a
clean install, which was what we did.

Step 6: Here’s where you select the drive to install Windows 10 on. You can format
a drive here as well.

Step 7: Now, you wait.

Step 8: Before you can start using Windows, there are some personalization,
location, browser and protection, and connectivity and error reporting settings that
you can adjust. You can zip through all these by using the Express settings, which
basically turn everything on, or you can hit the small print that says ‘Customize
settings’ to customize them. We went for the latter.Oh, notice that little icon at the
bottom left? Click on it to access an accessibility menu where you can turn on things
like a narrator, magnifier, or increase the screen contrast.

Step 9: If you choose to customize the settings, the first page deals with your
contact, calendar, input, and location data. Read these carefully to decide if you want
to turn the settings on or off.

Step 10: The next page deals with browser data, connectivity, and error reporting.
Again, read these carefully and toggle the switches accordingly.
Step 11: Next, you need to specify who's the owner of the device. You can choose to
sign in with your company ID, which will give you access to your company's
resources.

Step 12: Microsoft really wants you to sign in to Windows 10 with your Microsoft
account. If you use Microsoft services like Office, Outlook.com, OneDrive, Skype, or
Xbox, it makes sense to sign in with your Microsoft account as it ties them all up and
makes your Windows experience more personal.

If you use two-factor authentication, you’ll need to enter your code. If you don’t
have a Microsoft account, you can create one right away. Alternatively, you can sign
in with a local account. Unlike Windows 8.x, apps like Mail will not force you to
switch to a Microsoft account and stop you from using the app if you don’t comply.

Step 13: Instead of signing in using your Microsoft account password, you’ve the
option to create and use a short PIN instead. In addition to easy typing, another
benefit is that once created, this PIN only works on the device it’s created on.

Step 14: Windows 10 will save new documents and pictures to OneDrive. If you’re
okay with that, just hit Next to continue. Else, you can click the small text that says
‘Save new files only to this PC by default’.

Step 15: You can also decide if you want to turn on the Cortana personal assistant
feature. Some people may not want to use Cortana as this allows Microsoft to collect
and use their location; contacts; voice input; info from email and messages; browser
history; search history; calendar details; and more. If you were to ask us, Cortana is
one of the best features in Windows 10. And for it to be truly useful, it has to be
granted access to such data. Here’s a link to Microsoft’s privacy statement.
(Note: Cortana is only available in select markets. Currently, Cortana on Windows
10 is only available for the U.S., U.K., China, France, Italy, Germany, and Spain.)

At some point, you'll also be asked if you want to set the built-in apps to be the
default apps for certain tasks. Simply untick the checkboxes for those that you don't
want the installer to change.

Step 16: Welcome to Windows 10!

MS WORD
Opening a Word document
For opening a word document do the following steps:
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click on the ‘Open’.
3. Click on the file from the available list.
4. Click on ‘Open’ button.
The selected file will be opened.

Cutting, Copying and Pasting Text

You may require to use the same piece of information at more than one place,
instead of typing it again you can use the feature of cut, copy and paste
provided by word. Follow the steps to do so.
1. Select the text or picture you want to Cut or Copy.
2. Click on the appropriate icon from the toolbar.
3. Place the cursor where you want to paste the text or picture.
4. Click on ‘Paste’ icon from the toolbar to paste.

Modifying Font
Certain text can be displayed in a different format to highlight a particular
point . For doing so perform the following steps:
1. Select the text for which you want to change the Font.
2. Select the Font drop-down list box button.
3. Click on the font ‘Arial’ in the font list box.
4. Select the text for which you want to change the Font size.
5. Select the font size drop-down list box.
6. Click ‘14’ in the font size list box.
7. Select the text for which you want to change the font to bold style.
8. Click ‘Bold’ button. You can undo the effect by clicking on the same
button again.
9. Select the text for which you want to change the font to italic style.
10. Click ‘Italic’ button.
11. Select the text you want to underline.
12. Click ‘Underline’ button. Undo the effect by clicking the same button
again.
Note: Bold, Italic, Underline buttons are toggle buttons.

Aligning Text
1. Select the text for which you want to align to the center of the line.
2. Click the ‘Center’ button.
3. Select the text you want to align to the right of the line.
4. Click on the ‘Align right’ button.
5. Select the text you want to align to the left of the line.
6. Click on the ‘Align left’ , button.
To take care that the text written is always aligned properly with the margins
specified and to get perfect justification of the text on the either side of the line.
7. Click on the ‘Justify’; button.
Note : It is recommended that whenever working with a new document
always keep the alignment in the ‘Justify’ mode for proper alignment of
text.
Indenting Paragraphs and modifying line spacing
1. Select the paragraph for which you want to set the indenting.
2. Click ‘Increase Indent’ as shown in Fig.
3. Click ‘Decrease Indent’ as shown in Fig used to remove the indenting.
4. Select the paragraph you want to set the line spacing.
5. Select the ‘Format’ option from Main Menu.
6. Click ‘Paragraph’ option , a dialogue box.
7. Select ‘Line Spacing’ list box from the dialogue box.
8. Click on ‘Double’ option from the list box.

Setting and Modifying Tabs

To modify the existing tabs do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Format’ option from Main menu.
2. Click ‘Tabs’ option, screen as shown in Fig will be displayed.
3. Enter ‘1’ in the text box for ‘Tab’ stop position.
4. Click ‘Set’ button. The new tab position is set.
5. To remove any unwanted tab stop select the tab from the list.
6. Click ‘Clear’ button. The tab is removed.
7. Click ‘Clear All’ button to remove all the tabs set currently by you.
8. Click ‘OK’ button to reflect the changes made now on to the document.

Inserting Numbers and bullets in the word document

1. Type the following text in the document currently open.
Ceat Cricket Ratings:
Sachin Tendulkar.
Brain Lara.
Steve Waugh.
Alec Stewart.
Nathan Astle.
2. Select only the name from the text you have typed.
3. Select the ‘Format’ option from the Main menu.
4. Click ‘Bullets and Numbering’ option.
5. Screen as shown in fig will appear.
6. Click the bordered box.
7. Click ‘OK’ button. Names will be numbered accordingly.

Inserting Bullets
1. After giving the number to the players, continue the document with the
following text.

Rules & Regulations:

Batsmen gets 2 points after 50 runs and 3 addition points for a hundred.
Bowler gets 1 point for every 2 wicket and 3 additional point for a haul of 5
wickets.
Fielder gets 1 point for every catch.
2. Select the text after the ‘Rules & Regulation’ line.
3. Select ‘Format’ option from the Main menu.
4. Click ‘Bullets and Numbering’ option.
5. Click the ‘Bulleted’ tab page, as shown in Fig.
6. Select the ‘Arrow Mark’ bullets . Refer the Fig.
7. Click ‘OK’ button.
The rules are bulleted now.

Inserting Header and Footer to the document

While preparing a report, you may want some information to appear on
every page, for example company name, report title or page number. This
information would normally appear either in the top or bottom of the page.
You can insert this using Header and Footer option. To do so follow these
steps.
1. Select on the ‘View’ option of the Main Menu.
2. Click on the ‘Header and Footer’ option. The screen as shown in Fig will
be displayed.
3. Click on ‘Insert Date’ icon on the ‘Header Footer Toolbar’ to insert date on the
header.
4. Press a ‘Tab key’ on the key board.
5. Write ‘Radiant Software Ltd’
This is the header of your document.
After adding a header to the document we move ahead to insert a footer.
6. Click on ‘Switch between header and footer icon’ on the toolbar.
Footer screen is displayed.
7. Click on ‘Insert page number’ icon on the toolbar.
8. Press ‘Tab key’ twice on the keyboard.
9. Write ‘Annual Report’.
10. Click ‘Close Header and Footer’ icon on the header/footer toolbar.

Creating Page Breaks

For creating Page Breaks, do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Insert’ option from the Main menu.
2. Click ‘Break’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will be displayed.
3. Click on the ‘Page Break’ button.
4. Click on the ‘OK’ button.

Using AutoCorrect
Word allows us to check any grammatical error while you are typing any
document . To use this feature do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Tools’ option from the Main menu.
2. Click ‘AutoCorrect’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
3. Click all the Check Boxes.
4. Click on ‘OK’ button.

Now type the following text and see the effect of AutoCorrect feature:
After the above text is typed it will be automatically displayed in the
following way as the AutoCorrect feature will be used.
tHis is Radiant-MSU Task Team. We are learning Word.
This is Radiant-MSU Task Team. We are learning Word.
Next Steps:
5. Open the ‘AutoCorrect’ dialogueue.
6. Place the cursor in ‘Replace’ text box.
7. Type ‘Radian’
8. Place the cursor in ‘With’ text box.
9. Type ‘Radiant’
10. Click on ‘OK’ button.
Now type the following text and see the feature of Replace/With feature of Word.
The text will automatically turn to:
Radian Software Ltd. Ray Of Hope.
Radiant Software Ltd. Ray Of Hope.

Setting Auto Text

1. Select ‘Insert’ option from the Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Auto Text’ option.
3. A cascade menu is displayed.
4. Click ‘Auto Text’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will be displayed.
5. Enter ‘Radiant Software Ltd’ in the text box ‘Enter Auto Text Entries’
6. Click on ‘Add’ button, to add the auto text.
The text ‘Radiant Software Ltd’ is added to the dictionary.
Type the following text:
While you are typing Radiant you will get a bubble help, which shows the
entire ‘Radiant Software Ltd’.
We are studying in Radiant Software Ltd .
7. Now instead of writing the entire line just press <Enter>key.

Spelling Check and Grammar Tool

After the entire document is typed you can check the spelling mistakes and
the grammatical mistakes with the help of ‘Spelling & Grammar check tool’.
Perform the following steps to do so:
1. Type the following line in a doc.
2. Select ‘Tools’ option from the Main Menu.
3. Click ‘Spelling and Grammar’ option. The screen will look like this.
This will start the Spell and Grammar check. Spell checker will provide
certain suggestions if there are any errors.
4. If you want the text according to the suggestion then, click on ‘Change’ button.
5. Else click on ‘Ignore’ button. The right suggestion is as follows.

Changing default settings

You can change the default setting by changing the options. For changing the
options do the following steps:
This is a tes for spell checking.
This is a test for spell checking.
1. Open the ‘Spelling and Grammar’ dialogueue.
2. Click on ‘Options’ button . Screen will look like the one.
Recheck the document by making some changes in the document and also
some of the options in the above shown screen.

Find Text
To find a particular word throughout the document, we use the feature of
Find. Perform the following steps:
1. Select ‘Edit’ option from Main menu.
2. Click on ‘Find’.
3. Type the text you want to find in the ‘Find What’ text box.
4. Click on ‘Find Next’ button.
5. Cursor will be placed at the first occurrence of the text.
6. Click on ‘Find Next’ again button to get the next occurrence.
You can continue till the end-of-document is reached.

Find and Replace Text

After a specified word is found you may want to replace it with some other
word, which is possible using the replace feature. Perform the following step to find
and replace text:
1. Activate ‘Find’ dialogueue as given above.
2. Click on ‘Replace’ tab. The screen as shown in Fig will appear.
3. Type the word in the ‘Replace with’ text box.
4. Click on ‘Replace’ button, if you want to replace only the first instance.
Or Click on ‘Replace All’ button if you want to replace all the instances of the found
word.
All your word ‘Institute’ will be replaced by ‘Education’.

Closing the Document

For closing the document do the following steps.
Before closing the document be sure that the file is saved first.
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main menu.
2. Click ‘Close’ option from the menu.

Splitting Window
1. Open any document created earlier as learnt previously.
2. Select ‘Window’ option from the Main menu.
3. Click on ‘Split’ option.
A horizontal line appears on the screen, which moves along with the mouse
movement.
4. Click the mouse button where you want the window to split .See the Fig.
The Window will be split.

FLOW CHARTS

A pictorial representation for the solution of a problem is called flowchart.

1. Select ‘Insert’ option from the Main Menu.

2. Click the shapes.
3. It displays a drop down menu.
4. Select the shapes and drag it to the required position.
5. Now to add text in to the shapes right click on the mouse. select add text.
6. Write the appropriate text in the symbols.
Flow chart for finding the total marks of a students.

TEXT WRAPPING
Navigation:  breakstext wrapping

1. Select ‘Page Layout’ option from the Main Menu.

2. Click the Page Setup.
3. Select breaks.
4. Select Text wrapping.
5. Now select the text wrapping image from the drop down list of break.
6. Now give the text.
But after selecting the picture right click on the image.
Then you find the textwrapping menu.
Select text wrapping ,again select any page layout (square) .then,

page after text wrapping:

Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
"Nature" can refer to
the phenomena of the physical world,
and also to life in general. The study
of nature is a large part
of science. Although humans
are part of nature, human activity is
often understood as a separate
category from other natural
phenomena.
The word nature is
derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and
in ancient times, literally meant "birth". Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek
word physis which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants,
animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord. [2][3] The
concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of
the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύ σις by pre-
Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage
continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several
centuries.
Arranging Windows
By splitting a window you can only work with a single document. But
if you want to work with two documents simultaneously then you have
to arrange the windows . Do the following steps to arrange windows.
1. Open any two documents you want to work with at the same time.
2. Select ‘Window’ option from the Main Menu.
3. Click ‘Arrange All’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
Now you can see both documents opened in two separate windows and you
can modify either of them at the same time.
After modifying individual documents save the files one by one, both the
windows get their own menu bar.

Working with Columns

1. Select ‘Format’ option from the Main Menu.
2. Click on ‘Columns’ option. Screen as shown in fig will appear.
3 Click ‘Three’ from the presets group box.
4 Click ‘Equal Column Width’ check box.
5 Click ‘OK’ button .
6. Type ‘Radiant Software Ltd’ in the first column.
7. Select ‘Insert’ option from the Main Menu.
8. Select ‘Break’ from the options.
9. Click ‘Column Break’ radio button.
10. Click ‘Ok’ button.
11. Type ‘Ray of Hope’ in the second column.
12. Repeat 7,8,9,10 .
13. Type ‘Content Development’ in the third column.
Finally you will get a screen as shown in Fig.
Note:
Click on ‘Line between’ check box in ‘Columns’ dialogueue box, it will
display vertical line for the columns. You can also give varying column
widths by not checking the ‘Equal column width’ check box. You can have
maximum 12 columns.

Saving and Protecting the Document

We have already saved the files many time previously, now we will see some
more options with ‘Save’ and ‘Save As’.
1. Create a new document.
2. Type the text, which you want in the document.
3. Select ‘File’ option from the Main Menu.
4. Click ‘Save’ option. Even though we are clicking ‘Save’ option Word opens ‘Save
As’ dialogue box as we are saving the document for the first time.
5. Type the filename in the ‘File Name’ text box.
6. Click on ‘Save’ button.

The file would be saved by the given name. Next time you click on
save the ‘Save As’ dialogue box won’t appear as Word 2000 already
know what is the name of the file by which is should save. You get
more flexibility when you are working with ‘Save As’.
You can change the directory where you want to save the file. You can specify the
directory by using the popup list for the directory .

Protecting documents with Password

While saving a document you should also take care that when the document
is protected form illegal access from any source. For such kind of security we
can give password while we are saving the document. For specifying the
password to a file do the following steps.
1. Select ‘File’ option from the Main Menu.
2. Click on ‘Save as’ option.
3. Click on ‘Tools’ drop down.
4. Click on ‘General Option’ . Screen as shown in Fig will be displayed.
5. Enter the password in the ‘Password to open’ text box.
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Asterisk ‘*’ mark will displayed when the password is typed.
6. Click ‘OK’ button.
Word will ask a confirmation for the password entered. In the above steps we had
given password for just opening the document i.e. when anybody tries to open the
file afterwards, Word will prompt the user for the password.
Do the following steps to find out whether the file is password protected.
7. Close the file for which you have assigned the password.
8. Open the same file. Before the file is opened. Word 2000 prompt for the
password, screen will be displayed .
9. Enter the password you have assigned.
10. Click ‘OK’ button.
If the user enters the proper password then the file will be opened and he
can modify the file.
Now you want that the user should not be able to modify the contents if
he is not knowing the password. For giving the password for not allowing
unauthorized persons to modify the file do the following steps:
11. Perform the step from 1 to 4 given above.
12. Enter the password in ‘Password to modify’ text box.
13. Click ‘OK’ button.
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Do the following steps to find out whether the file is password protected.
Close the file for which you have assigned the password.
14. Open the same file.
15. Enter the assigned password to modify the file.
16. Click ‘OK’ button.
If the user enters the proper password then the file will be opened and he can
modify the file.
17. Click on ‘Read-Only’ button to open the file for reading purpose. If open
in read-only mode the contents of the file cannot be appended or changed.

Protecting document without password

1. Select ‘Tools’ option from the Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Protect Document’ option. Screen as shown in fig will appear.
3. Click ‘Track Changes’ option.
4. Click ‘OK’ button.
This will keep a track of all the changes made to the file by any other user. If
you click on ‘Comments’ option then the user can only insert comments and
cannot modify the contents of the file.
The password is optional while protecting the document this way.

Creating Table
In a document you may want to enter some data, which is in tabular format.
For entering such kind of data you require a table. Following the given steps
to do so:
1. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Insert’ option from the list.
3. Click on ‘Table’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
4. Click on ‘OK’ button.
• A table with 5 columns and 2 rows will be inserted into the document.
• You can change the number of columns or the rows by making the
changes in the number of column and number of rows text box
respectively.
• The table created above will have column cells of same width, as we have
selected the ‘Fixed column width’ radio button. Select ‘AutoFit to contents’
option if you want the column width to variable width depending on what
we enter into the cell.

If you don’t want the table of fixed width as well as AutoFit style , then you
can go for some predefined style. Perform following steps to AutoFormat the
table.
Repeat the steps 1,2,3 as given above.
5. Click on ‘AutoFormat’ button .
6. Select ‘Classic4’ from the formats list box.
7. Click ‘OK’ button.
Table with a classic4 layout will be inserted.
Click the check box ‘Set as default for new tables’ if you want the same format for all
the new tables created hereafter.N Age Marks Rank Paper
John 24 84 First Office Automation
Instead of working with fixed column width and AutoFit width column, now
suppose you want to have the width according to your choice. To do so
follow the given steps:
8. Insert a table using any of the way discussed above.
9. Select the column for which you want to change the width.
10. Select ‘Table’ option from the Main Menu.
11. Click ‘Table Properties’ option.
12. Click ‘Column Tab’ .
13. Enter ‘4’ in the preferred width textbox.
14. Select ‘Measure in’ option as ‘Inches’.
15. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected column will now have the width as 4”. The properties can be
changed for all the columns by using the ‘Previous column’ and ‘Next
column’ buttons.

Adding Columns and Rows to the table

As data keeps on changing, new data is bound to come in. For that we require
to add either columns or rows afterwards. So these are the steps for adding
columns or rows.
1. Select the table in which you want to insert a column.
2. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
3. Select ‘Insert’ option.
4. Click ‘Column to the left’ or ‘Column to the right’
A blank column gets inserted either to the left of the existing column.
5. To insert a row repeat the first 3 steps given above.
6. Click either ‘Row above’ or ‘Row below’
A blank row gets inserted either above or below the existing row.
Deleting columns or rows from the table
To delete the columns or rows from the table do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Table’ option from the Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Delete’ option.
3. Click ‘Row’ to delete the entire row or click ‘Column’ to delete the entire
column or click ‘Cell’ to delete the specified cell .
The specified column, row or the cells gets deleted.
4. If you want to delete the entire table then click ‘Table’ option.
The entire table gets deleted.

Splitting and merging cells

After the table is inserted you may want to enter two values in a single cell or else
you want to use the space of two cells to enter a single value for doing so you have
to split or merge the cells respectively. Perform the following steps to do so:
1. Select the cell, which you want to split.
2. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
3. Click ‘Split Cell’ option.
4. Enter ‘2’ in the number of columns text box.
5. Click ‘OK’ button.
The cell gets split into two parts. For Merging two or more cell do the
following steps:
6. Select the cells you want to merge together.
7. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
8. Click ‘Merge Cells’ option.
The selected cells get merged together.
Text alignment within Tables
The text is always left justified and starts from top most corner of the cell. You can
change this alignment with the help of table properties. Perform the following steps
to do so.
1. Select the cell for which you want to change the alignment.
2. Increase the cell height.
3. Select the ‘Table’ option from the Main Menu.
4. Click on ‘Table Properties’ option.
5. Click on ‘Cell’ tab.
6. Click ‘Center’ from the vertical alignment group box.
7. Click ‘OK’ button.
Now whatever you type it will be displayed in the middle of the cell.

Changing text orientation

You can also change the direction of the text displayed in the cell. Usually it is
horizontal and from left to right . Perform the following steps to do so:
1. Select the cell for which you want to change the direction.
2. Select ‘Format’ option from Main Menu.
3. Click on ‘Text Direction’ option .
4. Click the vertical style of orientation.
5. Click ‘OK’ button.
er
The text typed hence will be displayed vertically in the cell.

Adding Calculations
You may want to show some output by calculating the values from the other cells.
You can do this with the help of formula. Perform the following steps to do so.
1. Select the cell in which you want to display the output.
2. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
3. Click on ‘Formula’ Option.
4. Enter ‘=Sum(ABOVE)’ if the values for which you want the sum are above
the cell where you want to display the sum. OR Enter ‘=Sum(LEFT)’ if the
values are at the cell where you want to display the sum.
5. Click ‘OK’ button to get the sum.
You can change the format of the output by changing the ‘Number format’
option.
You can also choose the functions with the help of ‘Paste Function’ option.

Creating Main Document

When you are working with Merge Documents we normally work with two
different documents, firstly the Main Document, which actually contains the body
matter, Which is common for all , and the other document is the merged document.
You will first create a main document follow the steps given below.
1. Select ‘Tools’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Mail Merge’ option.
3. Click ‘Create’ button. A dropdown list box is displayed.
4. Click ‘Form Letter’ option.
5. Click ‘Active Window’ if you want to create the current window in the
Main Document.
Or
Click ‘New Main Document’ if you want to create a new document as a
main document.
6. Click ‘Close’ button.
7. Write the following text, which you want to be common for all the letters.
To,
Dear
This is to inform you that you have cleared the written test with grade. You
are required to come for the interview on
8. Save the File.

Creating Data Source

Once you are through with the main document , you will create data source.
Perform the following steps to do so:
1. Activate the ‘Mail Merger Helper’ window as explained above in Step
1&2.
2. Click ‘Get Data’ button. A dropdown list box is displayed.
3. Click ‘Create data source’ option.
4. The ‘Field names in header row’ list box shows all the possible field names
you may require. The fields that are not required can be removed by
clicking on ‘Remove Field Name’ button.
Thanking You,
For Macro Soft
Mr. Stone.
5. Select FirstName, LastName, Address1, Address2, Postalcode from this list box
and remove the rest of the fields.
6. Type ‘Grade’ in the ‘Field Name’ text box and click ‘Add Field Name’
button to add this additional field . Repeat this step for ‘Date’ and ‘Time’.
7. Click ‘OK’ button after all the fields you want are ready. Now word will
ask you save the data source by prompting you the ‘Save As’ dialogue
box.
8. Save the file. Once you saved the file screen as shown in Fig will appear.
9. Click ‘Edit Data Source’ button. Enter the data.
10. Click ‘Add New’ button and enter the following data.
11. Click ‘OK’ after entering all the records.
The data source gets created. The control is transferred to the main
document .You will also notice the toolbar.
This is a ‘Mail Merge’ toolbar, which allows you to work with mail merge
documents. Now you have to insert the merge fields into the main document.
Position the cursor on the next line after ‘To’ , in the main document.
12. Click ‘Insert merge Field’ button. A drop down list is displayed.
13. Select the ‘Firstname’ field.
14. Press <Enter Key>
15. Click ‘Insert merge Field’ button.
16. Select ‘Address1’ field.
17. Repeat the above steps for inserting all the fields in the main document.
After all the fields are inserted.
18. Click ‘View Merged data’ button to preview the merge data in the main
document.
19. You can scroll through the pages by using the ‘First Record’ , ‘Last Record’,
‘Next Record’, ‘Previous Record’ button«Next Record».
• Once you are satisfied with the output you can actually merge the
documents.
20. Click ‘Start Mail Merge’ button.
21. Select ‘New Document’ option from the ‘Merge to’ list box.
22. Click ‘All’ option from ‘Record to be merged’ group.
23. Click ‘Merge’ button to actually merge the documents.
24. A new document with the name ‘Forms Letter1.doc’ will be created.
25. Save the forms letter1.doc.
The merged document can also be directed to the printer. You can also check
for error in the merged documents by clicking ‘Check for error’ button.

MS-EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by
Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The current versions at the time of
writing this tutorial are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet tool capable of performing calculations, analyzing

data and integrating information from different programs.

By default, documents saved in Excel 2010 are saved with the .xlsx extension where
as the file extension of the prior Excel versions is .xls.

Following is the basic window which you get when you start excel application. Let
us understand various important parts of this window.
Merge Cells:

MS Excel enables you to merge two or more cells. When you merge cells, you don’t
combine the contents of cells. Rather, you combine a group of cells into a single cell
that occupies the same space.

You can merge cells by various ways as below

 Choose Merge & Center control on the Ribbon is simpler.To merge cells,
select the cells that you want to merge and then click the Merge & Center
button.

Wrap Text and Shrink to Fit

If you have text too wide to fit the column width but don’t want that text to spill
over into adjacent cells, you can use either the Wrap Text option or the Shrink to Fit
option to accommodate that text.

Formulas in MS Excel

A formula consists of special code which is entered into a cell. It performs some
calculations and returns a result, which is displayed in the cell. For creating formula
you need to type in Formula Bar. Formula begins with '=' sign. When building
formulas manually, you can either type in the cell addresses or you can point to
them in the worksheet.

Example student table:

screen shot of student marks table

Formula applied to find grade : =IF(AND(C2>=40,D2>=40,E2>=40),
(IF(G2>=80,"dist",IF(G2>=60,"first",IF(G2>=50,"sec",IF(G2>=40,"third"))))),"fail")

Functions in Formula:

Suppose you need to determine the largest value in a range. A formula can’t tell you
the answer without using a function. We will use formula that uses the MAX
function to return the largest value in the range B3:B8 as =MAX(A1:D100)

Another example of functions. Suppose you want to find if cell of month is greater
than 1900 then we can give Bonus to Sales representative. The we can achieve it
with writing formula with IF functions as =IF(B9>1900,"Yes","No")

Built in Functions

MS Excel has many built in functions which we can use in our formula. To see all the
functions by category choose Formulas Tab » Insert Function. Then Insert
function Dialog appears from which we can choose function.

Insert Shape:

Choose Insert Tab » Shapes dropdown

Select the shape you want to insert. Click on shape to insert it.
To edit the inserted shape just drag the shape with the mouse. Shape will adjust the
shape.

Workbook Security

We can apply security to the workbook by the concept of protection available in the
Review Tab of ribbon. MS Excel's protection-related features fall into three
categories.

Worksheet protection : Protecting a worksheet from being modified, or restricting

the modifications to certain users.

 Workbook protection : Protecting a workbook from having sheets inserted

or deleted, and also requiring the use of password to open the workbook

Protect Worksheet: You may want to protect a worksheet for a variety of reasons.
One reason is to prevent yourself or others from accidentally deleting formulas or
other critical data. A common scenario is to protect a worksheet so that the data can
be changed, but the formulas can’t be changed.

To protect a worksheet, choose

Review  Changes group Protect Sheet.

Excel displays the Protect Sheet dialog box. Note that providing a password is
optional. If you enter a password, that password will be required to unprotect the
worksheet. You can selected various option in which the sheet should be
protected.Suppose we checked Format Cells option then Excel will not allow to
format cells.

When somebody tries format the cells he or she will get the error.
To unprotect a protected sheet, choose Review » Changes group » Unprotect Sheet.
If the sheet was protected with a password, you’re prompted to enter that
password.

Protecting a Workbook:

Excel provides three ways to protect a workbook. Require a password to open

the workbook. Prevent users from adding sheets, deleting sheets, hiding sheets, and
unhiding sheets. Prevent users from changing the size or position of windows.

Requiring a password to open a workbook:

Excel lets you save a workbook with a password. After doing so, whoever tries to
open the workbook must enter the password.

To add a password to a workbook, follow these steps.

Choose File » Info » Protect Workbook » Encrypt With Password. Excel displays the
Encrypt Document dialog box.

Type a password and click OK.

Type the password again and click OK.

Save the workbook.

To remove a password from a workbook, repeat the same procedure. In Step 2,

however, delete the existing password symbols.
Protecting workbook’s structure and Windows:

To prevent others (or yourself) from performing certain actions in a workbook, you
can protect the workbook’s structure and windows. When a workbook’s structure
and windows is protected, the user may not Add a sheet, Delete a sheet, Hide a
sheet, unhide a sheet,etc and may not allowed to change size or position of a
workbook’s windows respectively.

To protect a worksheet’s structure and windows follow below steps

 Choose Review » Changes group » Protect Workbook to display the Protect

Workbook dialog box.
 In the Protect Workbook dialog box, select the Structure check box and
Windows check box.
 (Optional) Enter a password.
 Click OK.

Charts: A
chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts (also known as graphs)
have been an integral part of spreadsheets. Charts generated by early spreadsheet
products were quite crude, but thy have improved significantly over the years.

Types of Charts: There are various chart types available in MS Excel.

navigation- insert>charts >column> select the style of representation

column chart:

Pie chart:
 MS POWER POINT

PURPOSE:

PPT is a file extension for a presentation file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint,
the popular presentation software commonly used for office and educational slide
shows. All text images, sound and video used in the presentation are contained in
the PPT file.

Creating Presentation using blank Presentation

1. Select ‘Blank Presentation’, screen as shown in Fig.

2. Click on the first layout from the new slide dialogue box.
3. Click ‘OK’ button.
4. Click ‘Add to title’ to add the title, enter ‘Radiant Software’ as title .
5. Click ‘to add Subtitle’ to add the subtitle enter ‘Ray of Hope’.

Creating a Presentation using AutoContent Wizard

1. Select ‘File’ option from Main menu.
2. Click ‘New’ option, as shown.
3. Click ‘AutoContent Wizard’ option.
4. Select ‘AutoContent Wizard’ option.
5. Click ‘OK’ button .
6. Click ‘Next’ button.
8. Click ‘Corporate’ button.
9. Select ‘Company Meeting’ from the list.
10. Click ‘Next’ button.
11. Click ‘On-Screen Presentation’ option.
12. Click ‘Next’ button.
13. Give the title to the presentation and footer if required.
14. Click ‘Next’ button.
15. Click ‘Finish’ button.
The presentation format is ready for you, which has to be modified to prepare the
presentation the way you please.
16. Close the Presentation.

Using Design Templates

To work with the design template do the following steps:
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main menu.
2. Click ‘New’ option.
3. Select ‘Design template’ tab.
4. Click ‘Radar’ template.
5. Click ‘OK’ button.
Now rest of the steps remains the same as working with blank presentation
slides.
Modify text
1. Select second level of the bulleted text from the slide master.
2. Right click on the text.
3. Click ‘Font’ option.
4. Select ‘Arial’ font and size as 34.
5. Click ‘OK’ button.
6. Close the slide master to reflect the changes elsewhere.

Adding footer to Slide

1. Select ‘View’ option from Main menu.
2. Click ‘Header & Footer’ option.
3. Click ‘Date and Time’ check box.
4. Click ‘Apply to all’ button.
The footer is inserted in the slide master reflecting the effect on all the other slides.

Making Handouts
For creating and viewing handouts do the following steps.
1. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Master’ option.
3. Click ‘Handout Master’ option, screen.
For inserting date, header, footer and the page number do the following steps.
4. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
5. Click ‘Header and Footer’.
6. Select ‘Notes and Handout’ tab.
Making Notes
For creating and viewing notes perform the following steps.
1. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Master’ option.
3. Click ‘Notes Master’ option.
4. Click ‘Update automatically’ option.
5. Enter text in ‘Header’ textbox.
6. Enter text in ‘Footer’ textbox.
7. Click ‘Page number’ check box to display page number on the handouts.
8. Click ‘Apply to All’ button.

Setting the Slide Timings

For setting time gab between every slide you have to set the slide timings.
Perform the following steps to do so:
1. Select ‘Slide Show’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Rehearse Timing’ option.
3. The slide with the Rehearse toolbar will be displayed as shown in Fig.
4. The clock shows the time for every slide to be displayed.
5. Click ‘Next’ button from the Rehearse Toolbar to set the time for the next
slide.
6. After the last slides time is set, a dialogue box as shown in Fig is prompted
which show the total time for the entire presentation.
7. Click on Yes button.

Drawing on Slides
You can also draw on the slides when you are viewing the slide show as you
can highlights the important points when the presentation is on. Perform the
following steps to do so.
1. Start the Slide Show.
2. Right click anywhere on the slide.
3. Select ‘Pointer Options’ from the popup menu.
4. Click ‘Pen’ option.
You will see that the pointer changes from an arrow to a pen. You can use this
pen pointer to highlight any important points, during the slide show. You will
also notice that the slide show will not proceed ahead according to the
rehearse time. It will only continue when you again set the pointer to
automatic.

Customizing a Presentation
To customize a presentation do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Slide Show’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Custom Shows’ option, screen in Fig.
3. Click ‘New’ button, to create a new custom show.
4. When you click on new button, a dialogue box will appear.
5. PowerPoint will give the name as Custom Show1.
6. Slides in presentation will display all the slides in the current presentation.
7. Select the Slide you want to put in the custom show.
8. Click ‘Add’ button to add the slide to custom show.
9. Repeat the 7th and 8th steps for all the slides you want to have in the
custom show.
10. If you want to remove any slide from the selected custom show slides then
click on ‘Remove’ button.
You can also change the sequence of the slides in the custom show by clicking
the ‘Up’ and ‘Down’ buttons on define custom show dialogue box.
8. Click ‘OK’ button.
9. The Custom Show Dialogue Box will be displayed.
10. Click ‘Show’ button to view the custom slide show.

Working with Graphs

1. Create a new slide.
2. Select any slide having chart in it.
3. Double click on the chart icon.
4. Modify the table as shown in Fig. by going to individual cells and
changing the values.
5. Click outside the chart to see the graph.

Insert Objects and graphics

You can add any graphics objects to the slide with the help of drawing
toolbar. We can insert a WordArt text to improve the visual impact of the
slide. Perform the following steps to do so.
1. Insert a new slide.
2. Click the ‘WordArt’ icon from drawing toolbar.
3. Click your favorite style and click ‘OK’ button.
4. Enter ‘Radiant Software’ as the text.
5. Click ‘OK’ button.
6. Place the image properly on the slide.

Adding Transition to the Slide

1. Select the ‘Slide Show’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Slide Transition’ option, as shown in Fig.
3. Select the effect you want from the effect list box.
4. Click ‘Slow’ radio button.
5. Click ‘Apply’ to apply the change to the current slide.
Or Click ‘Apply to all’ if you want the same transition for all the slides.
6. View your presentation using slide show to see the effect.

Adding Slide Animation

1. Select the bulleted slide from the ‘Radiant Software’ presentation.
2. Select ‘Slide Show’ option from Main Menu.
3. Click ‘Custom Animation’ option, a dialogue box will display.
4. Click the ‘Title 1’ object you want to set the animation.
5. Click the ‘Order & Timing’ tab.
6. Click ‘Automatically’ option.
7. Click ‘Preview’ option to view the effect.
8. Click the ‘Effect’ tab. A dialogue box will appear.
9. Select ‘Fly’ option from ‘Entry Animation’ list.
10. Select ‘From-bottom-right’ option.
11. Click ‘Preview’ button.
12. Click ‘OK’ button.

Modify Slide Background Color and Fill Pattern

To change the background color and fill pattern of individual slides do the
following steps:
1. Right click on the slide for which you want to change the color.
2. Select ‘Background’ option, a dialogue box as shown in Fig will appear.
3. Select the background color from the dropdown list.
4. Click ‘Apply’ button. To change the fill pattern when you select the background
color, there is an option for fill effects.
5. Click ‘Fill Effects’, a dialogue box will appear.
6. Click ‘Preset’ color option.
7. Click ‘Diagonal up’ option from shading styles.
8. Click ‘OK’ button.

Saving Presentation
To save the presentation, do the following steps.
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Save’ option.
 MS ACCESS

Microsoft Access is a DBMS (also known as Database Management System) from

Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a
graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the
Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher
editions or sold separately.

Getting started with Access:

When you start Access 2007, you will see the Getting Started window.

In the left pane, the template categories—including the featured local templates—
are listed, as well as the categories on Office Online. Templates are prebuilt
databases focused on a specific task that you can do wnload and use immediately.
Opening a database:

You have three main options on the Getting Started page. You can open a template
database stored locally or online, an existing database, or a blank database.

To view templates included with Access:

 Click Local Templates in the left pane. The center of the screen will change to
display icons for the templates.
 Select an icon in the center of the screen. Details about the database template
will appear on the right.

In the left pane of the Getting Started window, you will see a list of categories for the
templates available on Office Online. You must have an Internet connection to
download these database templates.

The Blank Database command allows you to create a database from scratch. To
open an existing database:

1. In the Open Recent Database section, double-click the file name of the database
you want to open. It will appear in the window.

2. Select the database you want to open.

3. Click Open. The database will appear.

Parts of a database

A database is made up of several components, or objects. These objects include:

 Tables
  Queries
 Forms
 Reports

Creating Microsoft Access Tables

Tables are the foundation of an Access database. Access stores data in tables. This
lesson teaches you how to create a table, add fields to a table, assign data types to
fields, and set field properties.

To add fields to a table:

1. Click the Add New Field column label.

2. Activate the Datasheet tab.
3. Click Rename in the Fields & Columns group.
4. Type the field name.
5. Press Enter. Access creates the field.

Type the next field name. Access creates the field. Continue until you have created
all of the fields in your table. Press Enter without entering a field name to end
your entries.

Name and Save a Table

Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. The Save As dialog box appears.
1. Type the name you want to give your table.
2. Click OK. Access names your table.

To enter data into an AutoNumber field:

1. Press the Tab key. When you make an entry into another field in the
record, Access will automatically make an entry into the AutoNumber
field.

2. Click the down-arrow that appears when you click in the field.

3. lick to select the entry you want.

4. Press the Tab key.

 Create Relationships

In Access, you store data in multiple tables and then use relationships to join the
tables. After you have created relationships, you can use data from all of the related
tables in a query, form, or report.

To create relationships:

1. Close all tables and forms. (Right-click on the tab of any Object. A menu appears.
Click Close All.)

2. Activate the Database Tools tab.

3. Click the Relationships button in the Show/Hide group. The Relationships window
appears.

4. If anything appears in the relationships window, click the Clear Layout button in the
Tools group. If you are prompted, click Yes.

5. Click the Show Table button in the Relationships group. The Show Table dialog box
appears.

6. Activate the Tables tab if your relationships will be based on tables, activate the
Queries tab if your relationships will be based on queries, or activate the Both tab if
your relationships will be based on both.

7. Double-click each table or query you want to use to build a relationship. The tables
appear in the Relationships window.

8. Click the Close button to close the Show Table dialog box.

9. Drag the Primary table’s primary key over the related table’s foreign key. After you
drag the primary key to the related table’s box, the cursor changes to an arrow.
 Make sure the arrow points to the foreign key. The Edit Relationships Dialog box
appears.

10. Click the Enforce Referential Integrity checkbox.

11. Click Create. Access creates a one-to-many relationship between the tables.

12. Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar to save the relationship.

Creating Queries

A query can be based on tables or on other queries. To create a query, you open
the tables or queries on which you are going to base your query in Query Design
view, and then use the options in Design view to create your query. You then click
the Run button to display the results. You can save queries for later use.

To open tables or queries in Query Design view:

1. Activate the Create tab.

2. Click the Query Design button in the Other group. The Show Table dialog box
appears.
3. Activate the Tables tab if you want to base your query on tables, activate the
Queries tab if you want base your query on queries or activate the Both tab if
you want to base your query on both tables and queries.
4. Click to choose the table or query on which you want to base your query.
5. Click Add. The table appears in the window.
 a. Click to choose the next table or query on which you want to base your
query.
b. Continue clicking tables or queries until you have all the tables and
queries you plan to use.

6. Click Close. Access changes to Query Design view.

Change from Datasheet View to Query Design View

After you run a query, you can easily change back to Query Design view and make
modifications to your query or create a new query.

To change to Query Design view:

Activate the Home tab.

Click the down-arrow below View in the Views group. A menu appears.
Click Design View. Access changes to Query Design view. You can modify your
query.

Create a Query That Uses Two or More Tables

If you want to view data from two or more tables or queries, you can create a query
that pulls the data from multiple tables or queries. The tables and queries from
which you pull your data should have a relationship.

To create a query that uses two or more tables:

1. Open the tables and/or queries you want to use in Query Design view.

2. Choose the field names you want to retrieve in the order you want to retrieve them.

3. Choose the field names you want to sort by in the order you want to sort. Under the
fields you want to sort by, choose Ascending or Descending.

4. Enter your selection criteria, if necessary (Not applicable in this example).

5. Deselect the Show button for columns you do not want to display (Not applicable in
this example).

6. Click the Run button. Access retrieves the columns you chose and displays the rows
in the order you specified.

To save a query:

1. Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. Access saves the query unless you
are saving for the first time. If you are saving for the first time, the Save As dialog
box appears.

2. Type the name you want to give your query.

3. Click OK. Access saves the query. You can now access the query by using the
Navigation pane.

Query for calculating grade: SQL QUERY OF GRADE:

UPDATE students SET students.Grade = IIf([students]![marks1]>=40 And

[students]![marks2]>=40 And [students]![marks3]>=40,IIf([students]!
[percentage]>=70,"DISTINCTION",IIf([students]!
[percentage]>=60,"FIRST",IIf([students]!
[percentage]>=50,"SECOND",IIf([students]!
[percentage]>=40,"PASS","FAIL")))),"FAIL");
Creating Forms

Access forms are much like paper forms: you can use them to enter, edit, or display
data. They are based on tables. When using a form, you can choose the format, the
arrangement, and which fields you want to display. This lesson teaches you how to
create forms.

To create a form:

Open the Navigation pane.

1. Click the table or query on which you want to base your form.

2. Activate the Create tab.

3. Click Form in the Forms group. Access creates a form.
You can use the Navigation bars to move through the records on a form.

SCREEN SHOT OF FORMS

Creating Reports

Reports organize and summarize data for viewing online or for printing. A detail
report displays all of the selected records. You can include summary data such as
totals, counts, and percentages in a detail report. A summary report does not list the
selected records but instead summarizes the data and presents totals, counts,
percentages, or other summary data only. Access has several report generation
tools that you can use to create both detail and summary reports quickly. This
lesson teaches you how to create reports

To use the Report button:

1. Open the Navigation pane.

2. Click the table or query on which you want to base your report.
3. Activate the Create tab. Open the Navigation pane.
4. Click the table or query on which you want to base your report.
5. Activate the Create tab.
6. Click the Report button in the Reports group. Access creates your report
and displays your report in Layout view. You can modify the report.
 SCREEN SHOT OF REPORT

SHELL COMMANDS

mkdir: create directories, if they do not already exist.

Synopsis:-

mkdir [option] dir_name

(a) To create single directory.

mkdir dir1

(b) To create multiple directories

mkdir dir1 dir2…

(c) To create sub directories directories directly.

mkdir -p dir1/dir2
cd Change directory

Synopsis:-

cd dir_name

(a) To change directory

cd dir1

(b) To change to the sub-directory directly.

cd dir1/dir2

cd .. To come back to the parent directory.

Synopsis: cd ..

rmdir:

Remove the empty directories if they are existing

Synopsis:

Rmdir [option] dir _name

 a) to remove single directory
rmdir dir1

b) to remove multiple directories

rmdir dir1 dir2

c) to remove the subdirectories directly.

Rmdir -p dir1/dir2

cat:

 Create non-existing file.

 Open an existing file
 Concatenate the files.

(a) Creating the file

Ex: cat >file1

(Note: To exit the text file after giving the data , press cntrl + d )

(b) Opening an existing file

Ex: cat file1

(c) Concatenating files

Ex: cat file1>>file2

ls: List the contents of a directory.

Synopsis:

ls [option] [file]

Options:

 a: do not ignore entries starting with . (dot) (which implies hidden files).
 r: display all the files in reverse order
 R: display all the files including subdirectories recursively like tree structure.
 l: give a long listing of directory contents ( including the information like file
permissions, day and time of file creation, host name etc; )
 i: display inode number of each file.
a) To check the list of the current directory.
Ex: ls

b) To check the list of a particular directory without entering into it.

Ex: ls dir1

c) To print the list of a subdirectory. Ex: ls

dir1/dir2

cp: Copy files and directories.

Synopsis:

cp [option] sourcefile destinationfile

(a) Copy a file to another file.

cp file1 file2

(b) Copy a directory to another directory.

cp –r dir1 dir2
 This command is used to copy the content of source to destination. After copying, both
be same.

mv: move or rename file

Synopsis:-

mv [option] source destination

(a) Move file to a directory.

mv file1 dir

(b) Rename the existing file

mv old_name new_name

This command helps us to move the file to a directory, to rename a file.

sort:

 Sort lines of text files. write sorted FILE(s)

to standard output.

Synopsis:

sort [option] [file]

Option:

b: ignore leading blanks

d: consider only blanks and alphanumeric character

g: general numeric sort.

rm:
 Remove files or directories.

Synopsis:

rm [option file1]

a) To remove specified file

rm file1

b) By default, it does not remove directories but, we can use option (-rf) to remove
non-empty directories.

rm -rf dir1

head:

Output the first part of lines. Print the first 10 lines of each file to standard
output by default.

Synopsis:

head [option] [file]

Options:

-c print the first n bytes of each file

 -n print the first n lines of each file.

a) display first n number of bytes.

head -c 5 file1

b) display first n number of lines.

head -n 5 file1

tail:

Output the last part of files. Print the last 10 lines of the file to to standard output
by default.

Options:

-c print the last n bytes

-n print the last n lines.

a) display the last n number of bytes.

tail –c 5 file 1

b) display the last n number of lines.

tail -n 5 file1

echo:

Display a line of text.

Synopsis:

echo [option] string.

Option:

-n do not output trailing line.

Ex: echo -n “hello”

wc:

Print the number of newlines, words and bytes in files.

Synopsis:

wc [option] file1

Options:

-c print the byte counts

-m print the character counts

-l print the newline counts

-w print the word counts

-L print the length of the longest line.

date:

Print or set the system date and time display the current time in the given format
or set the system date.
Synopsis:

date [option] [format]

Options:

-d display time described by string.

-r display the last modification time of file.

vi:

vi improved, a programmer text editor. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain
text. It is especially used for editing programs.

Synopsis:

vi [option] file in a file.

a) to point certain line in a file.

vi +5 file1

a) to point certain words in a file.

vi +/ [text] file1

b) to edit the text file,

vi file _name

 to insert, press i.
 to save and quit, press esc and :wq
who:

show who is logged on.

Synopsis:

who [option] [file /arg1 arg2]

Options:

-a all

-b time of last system boot.

-d print dead processes.

-h print line of column headings.

-l print system login processes.

Ex: who -a

Output:

Bca2 pts\1 2010-04-22 10:17 (192.168.5.9)

Bca2 pts\1 2010-04-22 10:59 (192.168.5.5)

who am i:
 Show the login details of the user’s system.

Synopsis:

who am i

Output:

Bca2 pts\2 2010-04- 22 10:59 (192. 168. 5. 5)

sleep:

Delay or pause execution for a specified amount of time.

Synopsis:

sleep number [suffix]

Suffixes:

s delay for seconds of time.

m delay for minutes of time.

h delay for hours of time.

d delay for days of time.

Ex: sleep 5s
grep:

grep, egrep – print lines matching a pattern.

Synopsis:

grep [option] pattern file

Description:

Grep searches the named input files for lines containing a match to the given
pattern. By default, grep print the matching lines.

Options:

-c print the number of occurrences of that file\count of occurrences of

pattern.

-n print the line number of occurrence.

-i removes case sensitiveness while matching the pattern.

-v display the lines which does not contain the pattern.

-e used to print the multiple patterns matching the file.

Ex: grep “pattern” file_name

egrep: (extended grep)

It is used to search multiple patterns at the same time. Multiple patterns should
be separated by | symbol.
Synopsis:

egrep ‘pattern 1’ | ’pattern2’ file _name

comm:

Compare two sorted files line by line.

Synopsis:

comm [option] file1 file2 ….

Description:

Compare sorted files line by line.

With no options, produce three column output. Column one contains lines unique to
file1, column three contains line common to both files.

Options:

-1 suppress lines unique to file1

-2 suppress lines unique to file2

-3 suppress lines that appear in both files.

uniq:

Report or omit repeated lines.

Synopsis:

uniq [option] file_name.

Description:

Discard all but one of successive identical lines from input, writing to output.

Options:

-c prefix lines by the number of occurrences.

-d only print duplicate line.

-D only all duplicate lines along with orginal lines.

cmp:

compare two files.

Synopsis:

cmp [option] file1 file2

Description:

The compare utility compares two files of any type and write the results to the
standard output. By default cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte
and line number at which the first difference occurred is reported.
Options:

-l print the byte number and the differing byte values for each difference.

-s print nothing for differing files; return exit status only.

-b print bytes and print difference.

tee:

Read from standard input and write to standard output and files.

Synopsis:

tee new_file_name

Description:

Copy standard input to each file and also to standard output.

Ex: sort file1 | tee file5

cut:

Remove section from each line of files.

Synopsis:
 cut [option] file

Description:

Print selected parts of lines from each file to standard output.

Options:

-b select certain number of bytes.

-c select only these characters.

Ex: cut –b 5 file3

paste:

Merge lines of files.

Synopsis:

paste [option] file.

Description:

Write linesconsisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each file,

separated by tabs, to standard output.

Ex1: paste f2 f3
Output: f2 f3

A x

B y

C z

Ex2: we use option –s to paste horizontally.

paste -s f2 f3

Output: f2 a b c

f3 x y z

pwd:

Print name of current working directory.

Synopsis:

pwd

Output:

/home/bca2/dir1
chmod:

Change files access permissions.

Synopsis:

chmod [option] mode file

Description:

Chmod changes the permission of each given file according to mode, which can
be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number
representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.

Ex: chmod g+w file1

This command is use to make the file writable for the group users.

gzip: Compress or expand files.

Synopsis:

gzip file_name

Description:

Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel –ziv coding. Whenever
possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz. it will only attempt to
compress regular files.
 a) to zip a file
gzip file1

b) to unzip a file, we use –d to decompress

gzip –d file1.gz

gunzip:

Compressed files can be restored to their original from.

Synopsis:

gunzip file_name

Ex: gunzip file1.gz

This command is equal to gzip using option(-d).

SHELL SCRIPTING
Shell scripts allow input/output, manipulation of variables, and a powerful flow-
of-control and iteration constructs for programming.

 To create a shell script, you need to write it in a text file using an editor like
vi.
 Ex: vi filename.sh

 we can use a sequence of commands to write the shell program.

 We can execute the script file in either of the ways of follows:
1) sh filename.sh
2) chmod u+x filename
3) ./filename

# Shell Script To Demonstrate The Arithmetic Operations.

echo "enter any two numbers"

read a

read b

sum=`expr $a + $b`

echo "sum of $a and $b is : $sum"

diff=`expr $a - $b`

echo "difference of $a and $b : $diff"

prdt=`expr $a \* $b`

echo "product of $a and $b : $prdt"

quot=`expr $a / $b`

echo "quotient of $a and $b : $quot"

rem=`expr $a % $b`
echo "remainder when $a is divided by $b : $rem"

Output:

enter any two numbers

10

sum of 10 and 5 is : 15

difference of 10 and 5 : 5

product of 10 and 5 : 50

quotient of 10 and 5 : 2

remainder when 10 is divided by 5 : 0

# Shell Script To Demonstrate “for” loop

echo " enter the range"

read n

echo " Then the series is : "

for((i=1;i<=$n;i++))

do

for((j=1;j<=$i;j++))

do

echo -n "$j"

done

echo " "

done

Output:

enter the range

Then the series is :

12

123

1234

12345

# Shell Script To Demonstrate “for” loop.

echo "enter the range"

read n
echo “The series is : “

for((i=1;i<=$n;i++))

do

for((j=1;j<=$i;j++))

do

echo -n "$i"

done

echo " "

done

Output:

enter the range

The series is :

22

333

4444

55555

# Shell Script To Find The Given Number Is Even Or Odd.

echo "enter any number"

read n
if [ `expr $n % 2` -eq 0 ]

then

echo "$n is an even number"

else

echo "$n is an odd number"

fi

Output:

enter any number

5 is an odd number

# Shell Script To Find The Maximum Of Three Numbers.

echo "enter any three numbers"

read a

read b
read c

if [ $a -gt $b ]

then

max=$a

else

max=$b

fi

if [ $max -gt $c ]

then

echo "the maximum no is $max"

else

echo "the maximum no is $c "

fi

Output:

enter any three numbers

11

4 the maximum no is 11

# Shell Script To Print Multiplication Table Of A Given Number.

echo "enter any number"

read n

for((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do

p=`expr $n \* $i`

echo " $n * $i = $p"

done

Output:

enter any number

5 * 1=5

5 * 2=10

5 * 3=15

5 * 4=20

5 * 5=25

5 * 6=30

5 * 7=35

5 * 8=40

5 * 9=45

5 * 10=50

# Shell Script To Find The Factors Of A Number

echo "enter any number"

read n

echo "factors of $n are : "

for((i=1;i<=$n;i++))

do

if [ `expr $n % $i` -eq 0 ]

then

echo " $i "

fi

done

Output:

enter any number

10

factors of 10 are :

10

# Shell Script To Reverse The Number.

echo "enter any number"

read n

actnum=$n
s=0

while [ $n -gt 0 ]

do

r=`expr $n % 10`

s=`expr $s \* 10 + $r`

n=`expr $n / 10`

done

echo " reverse of $actnum is : $s “

Output:

enter any number

123

reverse of $actnum is : 321

# Shell Script to Find The Given Number Is Prime Or Not.

echo "enter any number"

read n
count=0

for ((i=1;i<=$n;i++))

do

if [ `expr $n % $i` -eq 0 ]

then

count=`expr $count + 1 `

fi

done

if [ $count -eq 2 ]

then

echo "$n is a prime number"

else

echo "$n is a not a prime number"

fi

Output:

enter any number

5 is a prime number

# Shell Script To Find Factorial Of a Number.

echo "enter any number"

read n
s=1

for((i=1; i<=$n; i++))

do

s=`expr $s \* $i`

done

echo "factorial of $n is $s "

Output:

enter any number

factorial of 5 is 120

NetworkConfiguration and Software Installation

Configuring Windows clients for TCP/IP involves installing and configuring the TCP/IP network
protocol.

The following instructions are based on the Configuring TCP/IP function of Windows XP.
1. Click Start > Settings > Control Panel.

2. On the control panel, double-click Network and Dial-Up Connections.

3. Right-click Local Area Connection.
4. Click Properties. If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) does not appear in the list, do the following:
a. Click Install.
b. Select Protocol, and then click Add.
c. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
d. Click OK. This returns you to the Local Area Connection Properties window.
5. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click on Properties.
6. Select Using the Following IP Address. Check with your network administrator to determine
the correct settings for this tab. If your PC does not automatically obtain IP and DNS
addresses, do the following:
a. Enter the IP address of your PC (for example, 199.5.83.205).
b. Enter the subnet mask (for example, 255.255.255.0).
c. Enter the default gateway (for example, 199.5.83.1).
d. Enter the preferred DNS server (for example, 199.5.100.75).
e. Enter the alternate DNS server (for example, 199.5.100.76).
7. If you are using a Windows Internet Name Server, click the Advanced tab, select WINS
Address, and do the following:
a. Click Add.
b. Enter the primary WINS server (for example, 199.5.83.205).
c. Enter the secondary WINS server (for example, 199.5.83.206).
d. The remaining settings should remain as the defaults.
8. Click OK on the Local Area Connection Properties window. It is not necessary to restart
your PC.
 Proxy Setting in Google Chrome
1. Click the Chrome menu Chrome menu on the browser toolbar.
2. Select Settings.
3. Click Show advanced settings.
4. In the "Network" section, click Change proxy settings . ...
5. Click the Connections tab, and then click LAN Settings.
6. Under Proxy server, click to select the Use a proxy server for your LAN check box.

 In the Address box, type the IP address of the proxy server. Your proxies are delivered as
PROXY_IP:PORT_NUMBER like for example 1.2.3.4:0000 so in this example 1.2.3.4 would
be the IP and 0000 would be the port number
 In the Port box, type the port number that is used by the proxy server for client
connections (by default, 8080).
 You can click to select the Bypass proxy server for local addresses check box if you do not
want the proxy server computer to be used when you connect to a computer on the local
network (this may speed up performance).
 Click OK to close the LAN Settings dialog box.
 Click OK again to close the Internet Options dialog box.
 Browse to www.whatismyipaddress.com or www.iplocation.net to check that it shows the
IP of your proxy as being your own

Installing application software system software and tools

 Installation (or setup) of a computer program is the act of making the program ready for execution.
Installation refers to the particular configuration of a software or hardware with a view to making it
 use able with the computer. A soft or digital copy of the piece of software(program) is needed to
install it. There are different processes of installing a piece of software (program). Because the
process varies for each program and each computer, programs (including operating systems) often
come with an installer, a specialized program responsible for doing whatever is needed (see below)
for the installation. Installation may be part of a larger software deployment process.
 Installation typically involves code (program) being copied/generated from the installation files to
new files on the local computer for easier access by the operating system, creating necessary
directories, registering environment variables, providing separate program for un-installation etc..
Because code is generally copied/generated in multiple locations, uninstallation usually involves
more than just erasing the program folder. For example, registry files and other system code may
need to be modified or deleted for a complete uninstallation.

Intenet And World Wide Web-Search Engines

Types Of Search Engines

1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yahoo
4. Ask.com
5. AOL.com
6. Baidu
7. Wolframalpha
8. DuckDuckGo
9. Internet Archive
10. Yandex.ru

Netiquette And Cyber Hygiene

Netiquette" refers to Internet etiquette. This simply means the use of good manners in online
communication such as e-mail, forums, blogs, and social networking sites to name a few. It
is important to use netiquette because communication online is non-verbal.
Netiquette. Netiquette is short for "Internet etiquette." Just like etiquette is a code of polite behavior in
society, netiquette is a code of good behavior on the Internet. ... While there is no official list
of netiquette rules or guidelines, the general idea is to respect others online.

Cyber hygiene is a reference to the practices and steps that users of computers and other devices
take to maintain system health and improve online security.
 Trouble Shooting
Hardware troubleshooting is the process of reviewing, diagnosing and identifying operational or
technical problems within a hardware device or equipment. It aims to resolve physical and/or logical
problems and issues within a computing hardware.

1. Run fewer programs at the same time. Don't have too many programs running at the same
time. ...
2. Restart your computer. ...
3. Remove viruses and malware. ...
4. Free up hard disk space. ...
5. Verify windows system files. ...
6. Uninstall unnecessary programs. ...
7. Adjust windows visual effects. ...
8. Run a disk scan.
9. Defragment your harddisk.
10. Reinstall windows.
11. Advanced step
12. Upgrade your hardware.

Software troubleshoot

Software troubleshooting is the process of scanning, identifying, diagnosing and resolving problems,
errors and bugs in software. It is a systematic process that aims to filter out and resolve problems, and
restore the software to normal operation. It is a subcategory of IT troubleshooting.

1. Free up RAM by closing other open programs. ...

2. Restart the software. ...
3. Shut down and restart your computer. ...
4. Use the Internet to find help. ...
5. Undo any recent hardware or software changes. ...
6. Uninstall the software, then reinstall it. ...
7. Look for software patches. ...
8. Scan for viruses and malware
9. Check For a Fire wall Conflict.
10. Bootup In Safe Mode.
11. Defragment your hardware.