STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME REPORT

HELD AT

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, IKEJA

BY

JOSEPH ABOSEDE OYISA

21HA1026

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY,

FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES, PRINCE ABUBAKAR

AUDU UNIVERSITY, ANYIGBA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGRESS [B.Sc]. IN HUMAN

ANATOMY.

JUNE, 2023 TO NOVEMBER, 2023

i
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this Technical Report was carried out at LAGOS STATE
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, IKEJA, (LASUCOM) by JOSEPH
ABOSEDE OYISA with matric NO; 21HA1026 meets with the regulation of prince audu
abubakar university,for the reward of Bachelor Degree in the Department of Human
Anatomy.

------------------------------ ---------------------------
MR. PAUL IDOKO Date
Supervisor

------------------------------ ---------------------------
MR ABDULLATEEF Date
SIWES coordinator

------------------------------ ---------------------------
PROF. SAMUEL AJAYI Date
Head of Department

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere gratitude goes to my heavenly father for seeing me through my industrial training
at Lagos state university college of medicine. Also, my profound gratitude goes to my
beloved parents and my siblings for their prayers, support and encouragement throughout the
training exercise.

My sincere appreciation goes to the Head of Human Anatomy Department Dr. Mbaka, my
industrial based supervisor Mr. Babalola Olarinwaju (Human Anatomy department),
Madam Esther; HOD of histopathology lab, Mr. Olu Olabisi; industrial-based supervisor
histopathology lab and the entire staff of both Human Anatomy department and
Histopathology Lab for their patience and never-ending willingness in guiding me through
my training.

Finally, I will thank the Academic Staff of Department of Anatomy, Prince Abubakar Audu
University, Anyigba for their effort towards giving me the theoretical knowledge as well as
making it possible for me to undergo my Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES).

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of SIWES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives of SIWES - - - - - - - - - - - 2

1.2 Bodies involved in the Management of SIWES - - - - - - - - 2

1.3 History of Lagos State College of Medicine (Lasucom) - - - - - - 3

1.4 Departments in Lasucom - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

CHAPTER TWO

MOUSE ESTROUS CYCLE IDENTIFICATIONS, TOOLS AND IMAGES

2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

2.2 Stages - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

2.3 Animal Identification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

2.4 Animal Handling- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

2.5 Collection of Vaginal smear - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

CHAPTER THREE

BONE MACERATION
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

3.2 Equipment /Materials used for Bone Maceration - - - - - - - - 6

iv
3.3 Process of Bone Maceration - - - - - - - - - - - 7

CHAPTER FOUR

HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10

4.2 Different Sections under the Histopathology Laboratory Unit- - - - - 10

4.3 The Reception Unit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11

4.4 Materials found/used in Histopathology Department - - - - - - 13

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Attachment Activities - - - - - - - - - - -

5.2 Challenges Encountered - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

5.4 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

v
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF SIWES

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) involves the student, the universities

and the industries. This training is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly

coordinated by the industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission

(NUC). It was designed to help students acquire the necessary practical education/experience in

their fields of study and other related professions. The SIWES was established by the Federal

government in 1973 on realizing the need to introduce a different dimension so as to ensure that

more quality and standard of education is obtained in the country.

The scheme educates students on industrial based skills essential for a smooth transition from

the classroom to the world of work. Students of tertiary institutions is given the opportunity of

being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment

which are usually not available in the educational institutions.

Partaking in SIWES industrial training has become a crucial pre-condition for the award of

diploma and degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in

Nigeria in line with the government education policies. The Operators are; the ITF, the

coordinating agencies (National university commission NUC, National Commission for

Colleges of Education NCCE, National Board for Technical Education NBTE), employers

of labor and various institutions.

Funding- the federal government of Nigeria Beneficiaries are undergraduate students of the

following disciplines: Natural Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Education, Agriculture,

Medical Science, Environmental, and pure and applied sciences. Duration is four months and
1
one year for polytechnics and colleges of education respectively, and of cause, six months for

the universities.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

 To provide an avenue for students in tertiary institutions to acquire industrial skills and

experience in their course of study.

 To prepare students for the work situation that they are likely to meet after graduation

 To provide students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real

work situation, thereby bridging the gap between the university work and the actual work

practices.

 To expose students to the latest developments and technological innovations their chosen

professions.

1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIWES

1 Industrial training fund (ITF)

2 Federal government

3 The supervising Agencies

4 Natural Universities Commission (NUC)

5 National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)

6 National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCC)

1.4 HISTORY OF LAGOS STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE (LASUCOM)

The College is located within the structure of the Hospital, in Ikeja the Lagos State Capital. It

was established in 1999 under the administration of Col.Mohammed Buba Marwa who donated

the building known as Ayinke House to the School.

2
The College started with training medical student that led to the award of Bachelor of

Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB;BS) Degree and expanded to other programmes such

as Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS), Bachelor of Nursing Science (BN.Sc), Bachelor of

Science, Physiology (B.Sc. Physiology), Bachelor of Science, Pharmacology (B.Sc.

Pharmacology) and postgraduate programmes in Physiology, Anatomy, Medical

Biochemistry and Public Health.

It currently has six faculties, Clinical sciences, Basic Medical Sciences, Basic Clinical Sciences,

Dentistry, Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, LASUCOM is also the fastest growing College

of Medicine in Nigeria.

1.5 DEPARTMENTS IN LASUCOM

LASUCOM is distinguished by its unique undergraduate academic programs which are;

 Medicine

 Dentistry

 Nursing

 Physiology

 Pharmacology

 Postgraduate’s programs, a world class faculty, administrative and technical staff.

CHAPTER TWO

MOUSE ESTROUS CYCLE IDENTIFICATIONS, TOOLS AND IMAGES.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Identify the stage's of estrus is useful for choosing mice that will mate when paired with a

male (to produce timed pregnancy or pseudopregnancy),or tracking stages of estrous as a

variable that may affect the research.

3
2.2 STAGES

1 Proestrus

2 Estrous

3 Metestrus

4 Diestrus (and repeat every 4 or 5 days unless interrupted by pregnancy; pseudopregnancy

or anestrus).

2.3 ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION

1 Tail marking with marker.

2 Ear nothing

3 Different colours of paint bands

4 Identification tags.

2.4 ANIMAL HANDLING

1 By picking the animal by the tail and allowing it to get familiar with the palm.

2 By carrying the animal by the skin between the shoulder and neck so as to restrain the

animal from moving it's body.

2.5 COLLECTION OF VAGINAL SMEAR

There are different methods used in collecting vaginal smear;

1. Carrying the rat by the skin between the shoulder and neck for easy grip, then use a

pipette with few drops of normal saline then insert into the vagina gently to collect

vagina smear when it turns cloudy then the cells are transferred on a glass slide to view

under microscope.

2. Using of cotton tripped swab, wetted with ambient temperature physiological saline and

inserted into the vagina of the restrained mouse, Swab was gently turned and rolled

4
against the vagina wall and then removed cells were transferred to a dry glass slide by

rolling the swab across the slide.

5
 CHAPTER THREE

BONE MACERATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Maceration is the process of removing soft tissue from bones so as to be able to study the

skeletal elements. This is a necessary process in forensic anthropology because human skeletal

remains can be used to create a biological profile that can aid in the identification of an unknown

individual.

Bone maceration is a preparation method or techniques used in removing soft tissues from bones

whereby parts or all the vertebrae corpse are kept to rot inside a closed container to get a clean

skeleton.

PRECAUTIONS

When carrying out this procedure, one needs to be;

 Properly dressed and covered with a lab coats,

 Must wear nose mask and hand gloves.

 Avoid physical contact with the cadavers in order to avoid contacting bacteria or

infections.

3.2 EQUIPMENT /MATERIALS USED FOR BONE MACERATION

 Dissecting set

 Knife

 A big container for soaking of the bone and boiling also

 Cooking gas cylinder

 Brush for painting

 Hydrogen peroxide

6
  Acetone extra pure

 Lacquer for painting of the bones

Methods of bone maceration

There are number of ways to remove remaining tissue:cold water maceration method,hot water

maceration method,bug box maceration method,enzyme maceration method,chemical

maceration method

3.3 PROCESS OF BONE MACERATION

STEP 1: In the process of maceration, the cadavers is first skinned and de-fleshed by hand as

much as possible and all internal organs are removed carefully. Scrub, pick and gently scrape

away loosened muscles ligaments and soft tissues using a scalpel, opening up all the joints and

separating the bones. Articulated hand and foot, vertebral column and pelvis should be kept

intact at this stage as any attempt to separate them at this stage may cause damage.

STEP 2: Soak the bones in tap water for 24 hours for softening. About 100 litres of water

because of the quantity of bones from numerous cadavers. The bones are completely immersed

and boiled for 2 hours. This is done outdoors and constantly being checked because too much of

boiling can damage the skull. After that is done, caustic soda (200-250gm) is then added to it

and keep simmering for 11-12 hours. Keep checking the bones. Remove as much flesh as

possible. Then remove vertebral column and separate the vertebrae. Similarly, the hand and foot

can be disarticulated and clean off more of the tissue. The flesh is easy to remove with a knife,

scalpel, or pliers then Wash and rinse the bones in tap water at room temperature check the

bones and remove any soft tissue still adherent to the bones with a scalpel until the bones are

clean.

NOTE: Soak the bones in tap water at room temperature for at least 12 hours.

7
STEP 3:(Bleaching) Wash and rinse individual bones,Soak all the bones from one cadaver in

30–35 litres of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 30% w/v solution (M.W. 34.01) ensuring all the

bones covered with H2O2. Cover with a lid and keep for 12-14 hours. Keep checking, as over-

bleaching will make the bones brittle.

STEP 4:(DEGREASING) Wash the bleached bone thoroughly with tap water and make sure

thoroughly rinsing of the bones is done, Soak them in Acetone extra pure M.W. 58.08 Boiling

point (95%) 55.5–56 °C for 12 hours. To degrease them.

STEP 5: (Drying) Remove the bones from Acetone and wash with clean water. Spread the bones

on blotting paper and let the bones dry in normal room temperature for 4-5 days.

Step 6: (Finishing) after they are completely dry, by painting with a mixture of half litre lacquer

and half litre lacquer thinner this is done to prevent erosion at the ends of the bones.

8
9
 CHAPTER FOUR

HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Histopathology refers to the microscopic examination of various forms of human tissue in order

to study the manifestations of disease. Specifically, in clinical medicine, histopathology refers to

the examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been

processed and histological sections have been placed onto glass slides.

During this process, these samples are also preserved in the process so as to retain their original

shape and structure as closely as possible and also to protect tissues from autolysis and

putrefaction.

4.2 DIFFERENT SECTIONS UNDER THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY UNIT

Reception unit: Reception is one of the most important units in histopathology, its activities

involve the collection and documentation of samples received from different patients. These

samples when brought are accompanied with request forms, these forms are very important as

they contain vital information about the sample and the patient.

Samples received in the histopathology can be either histology or cytology

Grossing section: fixed tissues gotten from surgical cut-ups are sorted and sliced for processing,

bigger samples are cut into smaller sizes and are inscribed as “partially embedded” while

smaller tissues i.e. tissue strand are put as a whole into the tissue cassette for processing.

10
Processing section: Already cut up tissues are been processed here in this section, these

processes include dehydration, clearing, hydration, impregnation and embedding. These

processes depends solely on the type of tissue, whether it is histological or cytological.

Microtomy section: Already processed tissues are cutinto thin ribbon using the

microtome. Embedded tissues after been processed appear block like due to the type of

tissue mould used in processing it, these tissue blocks are clamped on the microtome and

sectioned into thin ribbon, this ribbon is placed in a water bath having a temperature of 40

degrees Celsius, this sectioned tissue is then picked using a glass slide and taken for staining.

Staining bench: Already sectioned tissues are stained in this section of the laboratory with the

most acceptable stain. The most widely accepted and common stain is the hematoxylin and eosin

stain. The hematoxylin is basic and stains the tissues blue-black while the eosin is naturally

acidic and stains the cytoplasm pink or red.

4.3 THE RECEPTION UNIT

The reception unit is the first unit in histopathology and has a receptionist. The reception is the

first place where samples are been attended to before been sent to the grossing bench for further

processing. The reception is the point of acceptance of both histological samples and

cytological samples which can be gynecological or non-gynecological. Here in the reception,

samples are been inspected for their integrity and certain criteria must be met by each sample

before it can be accepted.

11
CRITERIAS FOR ACCEPTING A SAMPLE

 For a tissue to be accepted into the laboratory, certain criteria must be me

 Each sample must be accompanied by a request form

 The correct request form must be used (usually distributed to several hospitals)

 The request form must be filled completely and correctly

The sample must come in an appropriate container; the appropriate container is a screw-capped

container with wide opening. The size of the tissue determines the size of the container to be

used, for smaller tissue biopsies, specimen container can be obtained on 60ml, 45ml, 30mml and

15ml (usually transparent) for larger samples like fibroid uterus, 5000ml to 20

Liters (transparent bucket).

Delay in tissue been fixed or inadequate infiltration of fixative into tissue samples is most times

attributed to the fact that tissues are not put in the right containers, the ratio of the volume of the

sample to that of the fixative in the container should be 1:10, therefore if a bigger sample is put

in an inappropriate container (small container) prior its processing may affect the morphological

interpretation, histochemical and immune-histochemical analysis.

 The container having the sample must be labeled

 The information on the sample’s container must tally with that of the accompanying

request form

 The specimen must be fixed with a fixative and in the right volume.

12
  The specimen must be completely paid for and must have a receipt.

4.4 MATERIALS FOUND/USED IN HISTOPATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

 Histology register - used in registering histology samples

 Cytology register - used in registering cytology samples

 Hand gloves - used in covering and protecting the hands from biohazards

 Disinfectants - used in sanitizing and protecting the hands against germs and diseases.

 Sanitizer – used in protecting the hands

 Result register – used in documenting prepared and already issued out results.

 Request forms – accompanies every sample that comes into the reception, contains vital

information of a patient

 Result cabinet – used in storing duplicate of results

 Electronic gadgets such as telephone and a set of computer – telephone aids contact

between patients and the reception and computer used in typing and preparation of

results.

MATERIALS USED IN THE HISTOPATHOLOGY LABORATORY

 Scalpel and blades- for anatomical dissections and surgery

 Surgical knives- for anatomical dissections and surgery

 Gloves- cover and protect hands from biohazards

 Cassettes-for storing samples after grossing and during processing

13
 Cotton wool- for cleaning and also serves as barrier during embedding

 Surgical Cut-up board- where samples are placed and cut-up or grossed

 Syringe and Aspiration needles- for injecting into or withdrawing fluid from the body

 Reagents- mostly fixatives, used to preserve the samples

 Reagent bottles-for storing reagents

 Reagent containers- contains reagents ready for use

 Microtome- for tissue sectioning

 Electric Water bath- for floating tissue sections

 Electric Hot plate- for heating scalpels, knives, and drying of slides

 Automatic Tissue Processor- for processing tissues

 Wax Jar- contains molten wax

 Electric Oven- for melting wax and drying slides

 Pencil and Papers- for marking or labelling

 Electric Embedding machine- for burying tissue inside a molten wax

 Embedding mould- for shaping and moulding wax block during embedding

 Embedding knives and bolts- for pressing the tissue to the surface during embedding

 Wooden Blocks- for mounting wax blocks for sectioning

 Bunsen Burner and Tripod Stand- source of heat

 Gas cylinder- supplies gas to the Bunsen burner

 Binocular Microscope- for viewing very small objects beyond human eyes, e.g.

microorganisms

 Staining racks- for holding slides during processing

 Slides and Cover slips- for sample smears

 Stop watch- for keeping time

14
 Coupling jar- for fixing slides

 Refrigerator- for preserving samples

 Spatula-for lifting, mixing and spreading materials especially cassettes

 Microtome knives and Sharpener- sections tissues and sharpens microtome knives

 Conical flask- for storing reagents ready for use

 Measuring cylinder- for measuring reagents.

15
16
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, AND CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES

During my period at Lagos state university college of medicine and Mayo heights laboratory, I

was engaged in making bone maceration from defleshing the muscles from the cadavers to ……

I also assisted in making the museum pot and

During my period at the Clinick Healthcare, Badore, Lagos State, I was engaged cataloguing

some information materials for the laboratory and I also did some activities at the dispatch such

as: attending to patients, confirming and examining their request forms, entering their details

into the register and the Hnbox, detailing them concerning the test they are to undergo and

directing them to where is to be carried out. I was later transferred to the laboratory and was

introduced to the departments, safety precautions and tests carried out in each department.

5.2 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

The main problems encountered were getting placement and transportation. It was quite

challenging for me that live in far place to get to the organisation every working day. I was not

given any remuneration or allowance, other problems encountered during the training was

attending to different people with different personalities at the reception.

5.3 CONCLUSION

My four months industrial attachment at lagos State university college of medicine and Mayo

heights laboratory has been one of the most interesting, productive, instructive and educative

experience in my life. Through this training, I have gained new insight and more comprehensive

17
understanding about the real industrial working condition and practice and also improved my

soft and functional skills. All these valuable experiences and knowledge that I have gained were

not only acquired through the direct involvement in task but also through other aspects of the

training such as: work observation, supervision, interaction with colleagues, supervisors,

superior and other people l related to the field. It also exposed me to some certain things about

medical environment. And from what I have undergone, I am sure that the industrial training

program has achieved its primary objective.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

I recommend that all institutions or bodies involve in Student Industrial Working Experience

Scheme, should provide places of placement for industrial attachment for Student Industrial

Training Fund and also pay some allowances to students and the company should provide more

safety equipment to prevent further environmental and health hazards. Also, to students that are

to undergo the training, I recommend that they should take it very seriously, because it is one of

the most important parts of their studies which will help them build a very significant and

effective meaning in their career pursuit.

18